(3) Huang Taiji's Sinicization Policy - Turning Passive into Active
After Emperor Taiji succeeded to the throne of Jinguo Khan, the system was reformed, and within 10 years, the Jinguo had a new look.
In terms of politics, Huang Taiji strengthened centralized rule, imitated the Ming Dynasty's political system, and set up 6 ministries, and one person sat alone in the south;
In terms of economy, Huang Taiji changed his policy toward the Han Dynasty, emphasizing "anmin" and "heavy capital" in order to appease the Han officials and Han people and stabilize and develop agriculture;
In terms of culture, Huang Taiji, who has good cultural attainments, vigorously promotes measures to revitalize culture and education, and attaches great importance to absorbing the advanced culture of the Han nationality;
In terms of military affairs, Emperor Taiji's external expansion went even further beyond Nurhaci: the Sixteenth Army of the Outer Mongols had surrendered, Korea was no longer able to resist, and All the areas outside the Guanwai except for the parts occupied by the Ming Army were already for themselves.
Qing Dynasty ginkgo tree in lion grove
The "Jin" of 1636 had changed in many respects compared to the "Jin" of the Nurhaci period, and the Strong Enterprising Emperor Taiji of the Jin Dynasty also had the ambition to compete with The Ming Emperor, the main enemy of Guannei.
However, emperor Taiji changed from Jin Guo Khan to Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, which was a great action made under the guidance of this ambition and judging the situation.
This great action of Huang Taiji, at least for the Han people, had a wide range of influences:
The abandonment of the forbidden "Jin" national name and the "Jurchen" ethnic name of the Han people has alleviated the long-standing and deep-settled ethnic contradictions to a certain extent, and diluted the historical memory and antipathy of the Han people;
The designation of the country as "Great Qing" and the determination of a series of related names not only show the intention to replace Daming, but also make those Han people who have been loyal, loyal, and still waiting to see more loyal, loyal, and no longer wait and see this new regime with a new look.
Because this new regime also received the Chuanguo Jade Seal, the Chuanguo Jade Seal unexpectedly fell into the hands of the Emperor Taiji, which was really an auspicious omen for the new Lord of the Mandate of Heaven;
There are also emperors, and the "Kuan Wen Ren Sheng" emperor is based on Han culture;
It also set the era name, taking the "Chongde" era name that is higher than the "Chongzhen" of the Ming Dynasty;
Even more built a national name, that is a matter of opinion, the meaning of the interpretation is often suppressed, better than the "Daming" of the "Great Qing" national name.
Jurchen costumes
All of this can be a reason for the "cultured" Han people to be loyal to the new non-Han regime:
Of course, under the principle of "loyalty to the king", they can throw their heads and spill their blood to support the crisis of the current regime, but they can also support the new lord with peace of mind on the grounds of "knowing the mandate of heaven" or "knowing the great festival";
Of course, the barbarian Di Rong is "sealed the jackal wolf", however, "Confucius's work "Spring and Autumn" also, the princes use Yi li, then Yizhi, into China, then China", this is not set in stone.
The magic of the traditional Confucian culture in The Middle Summer is here! In addition, not only is it contaminated, but also the Emperor Taiji, who is deeply familiar with this cultural wonder, and part of the reason for establishing the name of the country as "Great Qing" lies in this!
Vs 3: Suppressing and Overcoming "Daming"
(1) In the Chinese environment, "Great Qing" is better than "Daming"
Emperor Taiji's "KuanWen Rensheng" Emperor Honorific Title and "Chongde" era name have obvious meanings: the late Qing Dynasty 1st era name Chongde, taking the meaning of "Chongzhen" (chongzhen" (beginning in 1628) that was both similar and higher than the era name set by the Ming Dynasty at that time.
So, was Huang Taiji's national name ,"Daqing", also formulated in contrast to Zhu Youjian's "Daming" national name, which has been traveling for nearly 270 years? And its meaning is also better than "Daming"?
There is no explanation for the meaning of the name of the Great Qing Dynasty, the Records of Emperor Wen of the Qing Dynasty, and the Ming and Qing documents of the time and later. However, in light of the political, military, cultural, and ethnic situation at that time, considering that while the Emperor Taiji built daqing as the national name, he received Han-style honorific titles, used Han-style era names, and Shanghan-style nicknames, and formulated Han-style emperor honors, crowns, and even sacrificed Confucius temples, etc., then the Han-style national name "Daqing" was taken from the Han classics, conformed to the traditional culture of the Han people, and conformed to the general ideological concepts of the Han people. Proceeding from this line of thinking, the "Great Qing" did suppress the "Daming" in terms of momentum and meaning.
First, the five elements. This is also the easiest to see, "Ming" belongs to fire, the Ming Dynasty surname "Zhu" is red, red is fire; and the three words "Qing" and "Manchuria" are watery. This is in line with the five elements of xiangke said that water and fire, implying the auspicious omen of clearing and extinguishing the ming. The original national name "Jin", with the five elements theory, committed the taboo of huo ke jin, and the abolition of "jin" by the emperor Taiji may also be the reason.
Second, aspect orientation. The later Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Ai Xinjueluo Hongli, in the imperial rhyme poem in the "Examination of the Origin of Manchuria", has the sentence "Heaven created the emperor Qing, the birthplace of dadong". According to the "Explanation of Words": "Emperor, Daye"; and "Interpretation of Names and Interpretations": "Qing, Qingye." Go cloudy and dirty, and the color is as green as blue." Qing Ye DeJiong's note: "Qing, Qing Gu Tong." "Huangqing" means "Daqing". Cyan is one of the five colors, five colors with five squares, oriental color blue; and "east" is the head of the four sides. In this way, the Great Qing dynasty created by heaven in the East can "go to the turbidity and far filth" and sweep away the great Ming in the south.
Third, the meaning of words. Extended from the phrase "Heaven created the Emperor Qing", there is also a connection between "Heaven" and "Qing". Common Chinese words include Qingtian, Qingmiao, Qinghan, Qingqiong, Qingdu, etc.; the Manchus also regard "heaven" as the supreme existence, which not only shows absolute loyalty and reverence in religion, but also attaches great importance to the mandate of heaven to protect the country politically. Although the "Ming" characters are separated from the sun and the moon, after all, the sun and the moon are in the sky, and the sky embraces the day and the moon. In this way, the "Qing" that represents the heavens can cover the "Ming" with the sun and the moon. As a result, the momentum of the "Great Qing" returned to the "Daming" and suppressed the "Daming".
Second, the political aspect. As far as government is concerned, "Qing" can represent the demeanor of the king, the ideal of the royal government, such as "Qing Shi" that is, the Taiping And Prosperous World, "Qing Yan" that is, Qing Jing and Tranquility, and "Yong Qing And The Four Seas" that is, the eternal peace of the world.
There is also the word "Qingming", which is originally a fixed collocation since the pre-Qin Dynasty, such as "Li Ji Le Ji": "It is the reason why Qingming is like the sky, the vast elephant land, always like the four hours", "Li Ji • Confucius Idle Residence": "Qingming is bowing, and the qi is like a god". One of the twenty-four solar terms, "Qingming", is also "Qing" before "Ming", and "Qing" is on "Ming".
Then there are those who were "Great Qing" before and above "Daming", such as the "Pipe" that was quite popular at the end of the Ming Dynasty and had no less than a dozen publications during the Wanli to Chongzhen years, and its "Inner Industry" cloud: "In view of the Great Qing, look at the Great Ming", and "Heart Technique": "The mirror of the Great Qing, depends on the Daming." On the contrary, "Ming" before "Qing", "Ming" in "Qing" on "Qing", the word "Ming and Qing" on "Qing", before the "Great Qing" after the founding of the Emperor Taiji, was not found in the literature.
From the above indirect speculation, it can be asserted that in the context of Han culture, the name of the country set by Huang Taiji as "Daqing" lies in the momentum and meaning of "Daqing" that suppresses "Daming". In terms of Jurchen or Manchuria, did the "Great Qing" also pay attention to it? According to the research of many scholars, the answer is yes.
Finish Yan A bone fight
(2) In the Jurchen and Manchurian languages, "Qing" comes from "Jin"
The Japanese scholar Shimura Tsukijiro pointed out: "Jin and Qing should be slightly similar in Beijing, Jin is Chin Shangping, and kissing is the voice of Ching." Beijingers can be clearly distinguished, and foreigners are quite likely to be confused. At that time, it was impossible for the Jurchen people to correctly distinguish the pronunciation of Chinese characters, so they changed the name of the jin country to Qing, which was to take the similarity of the sound of the sound. ”。
Meng Sen sat down and said: "Qing is the harmonic sound of gold, the Gai Nu zhen language has not changed, and the Chinese character ear near the book sound has been changed." ...... The Manchu Jin Shi Hou Liang, who wrote the "Guangxuan Xiaoji", also known as the Harmonic Sound of Qing or Jin, and held up the Shenyang FuJin Gate Forehead, the Han people called the Great Jin Tiancong Nian, and its Manchu is the Great Qing Character of the Final Qing Dynasty. It is known that the gold is clear, and the change of Han is not changed. There is confirmation. ”
The "Complete History of the Qing Dynasty" edited by Li Xun and Xue Hong: "In the chinese characters near the sound of 'Jin', only the meaning of the word 'Qing' is compared as a national name... It is appropriate, and this 'Qing' character has not been used in the dynasties of Chinese history, whether it is the five-element xiangke doctrine or other interpretations, it can also find a basis. ...... The Qing Dynasty has much less national significance than the Jin Dynasty, but its package capacity is much larger. The great dynasties of the Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties in the history of the Qing Dynasty and China are no different in the Han cultural system, indicating that the cause pioneered by Nurhaci and Huang Taiji has begun to enter the track of the traditional Chinese cultural system at this time. ”
The Japanese scholar Inaba Junshan believed that the emperor Taiji removed Jin's old name and new name as Qing, "between the old and new numbers, when there is a sense of contact", and "the choice of the name of the country, must contain a universal appearance". Those who meet these two necessary conditions are only the legend of the ancient Chinese Shaohao Jin Tianshi.
"Shaohao Jin Tianshi's father, Yue Qing, is also known as The Land of Yuqing; according to (Song) Luo Bi, the Shaohao clan takes gold as its treasure, and its history is still white, so it is also known as the Jin Tianshi. As far as the history of Zhengzhi is concerned, it originated in Silla at the southern tip of Korea, also known as kim jong-se. ...... Guan Yu Taizong ascended the throne, with the name of the palace of the next day, the Middle Palace Yue Qingning Palace, the East Palace Yue Guan ju, the West Palace Yue Lin Toe, or the Xuanxiang Fenglong Feilong Pavilion and other good names, in order to decorate the emperor's view, then they were based on the Jin Kingdom to propose shao Hao Jin Tianshi, because the Jin Tianshi was in the Qing Dynasty, so they used the Qing character to name it. ”
The significance of this is that it "not only satisfies the nationalism of the Jurchens, does not hurt their self-esteem, but also alleviates the antipathy that the Han people have harbored towards Jin since the Song Dynasty." ”
Shaohaoling Tomb in Shandong - a pyramid in China
(3) Reasons for choosing the "Qing" and abandoning the "Jin" country name
According to the above conclusions of the Qing history research, each has its own reasons and complements each other. And the Emperor Taiji's easy "gold" is "Great Qing", and it is reasonable to be recognized by the upper and lower levels of the nationality. It can also be pointed out that the Mongolian ministries that return to serve the Emperor Taiji will also approve of the Emperor Taiji's yi "Jin" as "Great Qing".
First of all, you can avoid embarrassment on both sides.
Jurchen and Mongolian Jiutong marriage. During the Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen tribes were again under Mongol rule. Since then, Lamaism has become a common religion between Mongolia and Jurchen.
However, retrospectively, the Jurchen Jinguo was destroyed by the combined forces of the Mongols and the Southern Song Dynasty, and such historical memories not only made the Jurchen Emperor Taiji unwilling to use the "Jin" state name to humiliate Mongolia, but also embarrassed the Mongol princes who had submitted to the Jin Dynasty Khan Taiji.
In the relationship between jurchen and Mongolia, Jin and Jurchen thus became inappropriate national names and clan names, and there was no such problem in the Qing Dynasty and Manchuria.
Second, it is possible to connect the Han unification of the two sides.
The most magnificent and glorious work of the Mongols was the founding of genghis Khan's Great Mongolian State; in Middle-earth, it was the Great Yuan who succeeded the Mongol Great Khan. In December 1634, the Mongol Lama Morgen took Mahagara to the Emperor Taiji, and in August 1635, the Emperor Taiji was handed down to the Mongolian Chahar Department.
Mahagaga is a golden Buddha statue cast by the Great Yuan Emperor Ba Si Pa for Kublai Khan, the great ruler of the Great Yuan Dynasty, and is also a symbol of the Great Yuan Emperor and the Great Khan of the Mongols; the Chuanguo Jade Seal is the symbol of the orthodox emperor of all China.
In other words, the return of the two treasures of Mahaga lama and Chuanguo Jade Seal to Emperor Taiji may be recognized by the Mongol kings as powerful evidence that Emperor Taiji is enough to inherit the throne of emperor Dayuan and great khan of Mongolia.
In October of the year in which Emperor Taiji received the Imperial Jade Seal, the clan was named Manchuria; in April of the following year, the founding name was Daqing. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the Mongol ministries not only recognized the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty returning to China, but also recognized that The Emperor Taiji inherited the rule of genghis Khan, the Great Khan of Mongolia.
Third, we can achieve a win-win situation for both sides.
In terms of the name of the country, the Manchurian "Great Qing" is quite close to the Mongolian "Great Yuan", and it can be said that there is a kinship. Zhu Xizu's "Examination of the Surname of the Later Jin Dynasty Khan" pointed out:
Since the Yuan dynasty entered the Central Plains, it has been the name of the founding of the country with abstract terms. ...... The name of Qing Taizong is "Qing", which is actually a conscious imitation, and Gaipi wants to unify China with Mongolia, and the color of exterminating foreign tribes and annexation is also colored.
This "color of the annihilation of foreign tribes and annexation" of the Great Qing Dynasty was acceptable to the Mongol princes. Moreover, "Dayuan" and "Daqing" are not only good names for "being called by righteousness", "Yuan" is the master of Heavenly Virtue, "Yuan" is the meaning of Wang Zheng's goodness, and "Yuan" is "Dazha Qianyuan", which is in line with the meaning of "Qing" as heaven, for Taiping, for the vast, and so on. In this way, the Mongol princes may even have a considerable liking for the name of the country "Great Qing".
Qing Dynasty costumes
(4) Summary of "turning passive into active"
In 1636, Emperor Taiji changed "Jin" to "Great Qing", which can be described as the result of the combined action of various internal and external factors. As far as the main internal factors are concerned, the "Jin" national name is no longer enough to plan its future development, let alone to appease the Han and Mongolian nationalities under its control.
The key external factors, the "Great Qing" national name is in line with the tradition of "Dayuan" and "Daming" taking the name, and the momentum and righteousness are more suppressed and victorious "Daming".
However, the change of Emperor Taiji from Jin Guo Tiancong Khan to Emperor Wen Rensheng of the Great Qing Dynasty is not a simple change of name, but a great initiative to learn from history, take the culture, serve the reality, and play a role in the future. This pioneering move can be called a key move for Emperor Taiji to turn passivity into initiative and turn disadvantage into advantage in his confrontation with Daming and his relationship with Mongolia.
This crucial move not only shows the names of countries, clans, and years, but can become a powerful weapon in the real struggle. In the face of more urgent practical needs, the national tradition can be abandoned, and the historical memory can be deliberately diluted, which shows the meticulousness of the mind, thoughtfulness, and grandeur of the Emperor Taiji and the Manchu, Han, and Mongolian ministers around him.
On August 9, 1643, Emperor Taiji suffered a sudden stroke and died at the Age of 52 at the Qingning Palace in Shengjing. The exploits of Emperor Taiji can be compared with that of Emperor Wu of chu, Emperor Gao of hou, and Nurhaci, the founder of the Great Qing Dynasty with the temple name Taizu: his title of Emperor Wen and the name of Emperor Taizong.
Of course, Huang Taiji also had regrets, after all, in his lifetime, the momentum of suppressing "Daming" and the "Great Qing" that was better than "Daming" in meaning did not actually suppress and overcome Daming; his dream of entering the Central Plains and moving to Beijing seemed to be an ideal that was far away from reality.
Puyi photo
However, what Huang Taiji would not have imagined was that just over 8 months after his abandonment, with Li Zicheng's peasant army breaking through the east wind of the Daming Jing Division, and with the anger of wu Sangui, the Ming Dynasty general who guarded Shanhaiguan, "rushing the crown and turning into a red face", his half-brother Dolgun led the Qing army composed of Manchu, Han, and Mongolian parties and successfully marched into the Daming Jing Division.
After just over 4 months, Dorgon's 7-year-old son Fu Lin was already sitting on top of daming's golden treasure hall. Less than 15 years later, with the escape of the Yongli Emperor into Burma, the Shunzhi Emperor Fu Lin of the Great Qing Dynasty officially became the co-lord of Kyushu, and the "Great Qing" also officially became the common good of the world.
"Great Qing" is a common name in the world, and the 9th generation of emperor Taiji's grandson Ai Xinjue Luo Puyi died: on December 25, 1912, the third year of Xuanun, that is, on February 12, 1912, the 6-year-old Emperor Puyi of the Great Qing Dynasty abdicated, and the Great Qing withdrew from the stage of history.
Earlier, on January 1, 1912, in Nanjing, the former capital of Daming, a great man of the ming Dynasty, Sun Wen was sworn in as the provisional president and ordered the name of the country to be "Republic of China".
The withdrawal of the "Great Qing" from the stage of history is the end of the dictatorship of the imperial system, and it is also the end of the history of the xia, shang, zhou, qin, and Han dynasties, one family, one surname, one dynasty and one country. The founding of the Republic of China has written a new chapter in the country's good history with a new image of a democratic country in the modern sense. The history of China's national name has also stepped from the long era of "emperor" to the new era of "min" state.
Qing Emperor Riding a Horse