The rise of Jinshixue since the Song Dynasty, in the past thousand years, famous masters have emerged, writings and sweat cattle, and among them, Chen Jieqi in the Qing Dynasty is unique, an epoch-making figure in the history of Jinshixue, and a leader. For more than a hundred years, the value of ancient artifacts in the Chinese academic circles and Tibetan circles has still been in the same vein as Chen Jieqi's concept of ancient knowledge.
Chen Jieqi (1813–1884) was a Chinese qing dynasty epigrapher. Character Shou Qing, number Qi Zhai, late seaside medical history, Qi Dong Tao father. A native of Weixian County, Shandong (present-day Weifang, Shandong). Born Insan Xiang Mendi, the house of eunuchs. He was deeply taught by his father, Chen Guanjun. When he was a teenager, he studied with his father in Beijing, and at the age of 19, he "went down in the name of poetry". In 1835 (the fifteenth year of Daoguang), he was promoted to the rank of a scholar in the twenty-fifth year of Daoguang (1845), and an official was edited by the Hanlin Academy. When he lived in Beijing, he forgot to eat and sleep, and immersed himself in the classics. For the study of scripture history, righteousness, exhortations, lexicography, phonology, etc., all of them are studied intensively, and in addition to their official duties, they are fond of the search and interpretation of Jinshi scripts. Writings and other bodies. Proficient in appreciation, especially good at ink and tuo skills. In the nineteenth year of Daoguang (1839), Chen Jieqi obtained Zeng Boqi, which was a bronze vessel from the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, so Yan Qiju was called "Baoqi Zhai" and named after Zhen Zhai ( 簠斋) as its name. In the examination of jinshi characters and the identification of artifacts, extremely high achievements have been made. The Draft History of the Qing Dynasty praised him as "the crown of modern times" in his collection of Bell Yi Golden Stones.
collection
Mao Gongding is the treasure of the National Palace Museum in Taipei, China, placed in the most prominent position of the Bronze Exhibition Hall of the Shang Zhou Dynasty, and is an exhibit that will never be replaced in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. It was relocated to Taiwan in 1948. Mao Gongding was a relic of the Western Zhou Dynasty (827 BC - 782 BC). It has important literary and historical value for the study of the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Mao Gongding was excavated in Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, in the last years of the Qing Dynasty. The text has a total of 499 characters and is basically well preserved. So far, Mao Gongding is the Bronze Of the Shang Zhou Dynasty with the most inscriptions, worthy of the Crown of Jijin and the Heavy Treasure of the Country. Guo Moruo called it "worthy of a Book of Shang". Mao Gongding was transported to Beijing by The Shaanxi antique dealer Su Yinian in the second year of Xianfeng (1852), when Chen Jieqi bought the collection for three years of silver. This ding has been hidden in the Chen family for more than 30 years. The ancient artifacts collected by the Chen family were all expanded by the pioneers, or inscribed, or written into books, and most of them exchanged and discussed with the Jinshi family at that time. Only for Mao Gongding, deeply locked and hidden, never shown. At home, I made rubbings with the topographers. It has been handed down to this day, and it is a luxury of auction.
Chen Jieqi has a unique vision for the ancients because of his hard work. Others thought it was a piece of "stubborn iron", but after he identified it, it was the "iron power" (weight) of the Qin Dynasty, and the inscriptions on it were mostly: "Twenty-six years, the emperor annexed the world, and the princes were qianshou Da'an." The title of Emperor is the Emperor, which is the ruler of the Emperor, and the measure of the Law of The Emperor. Then not one, those who apologize, all know one." After this, the Jin Shi family and the good ancients were proud of the Qin Quan.
Chen Jieqi has 11 pieces of Shang and Zhou ancient bells, taken from their whole numbers, and the book is named "Ten Bell Mountain House". There are Jingren Ru Bell, Xi Zhong Bell, Jihou Bell, Chu Gong Bell (1-3), Qian Bing Bell, Uncle Yu Brigade Bell, Xu Ni Chime Bell, etc., most of which are ceremonial instruments. The largest of them is the Jingren Ru Bell, the most famous being the Uncle Yu Brigade Bell and the Chu Gong Bell, and the "Ten Bells of the Chen Family" is now in the collection of the Izumiya Museum in Japan.
Because of the collection of three generations and the Qin and Han seals of about 7,000 squares, its building is called "Ten Thousand Seals Building". In addition, there are 235 pieces of Shang zhou bronzes, more than 80 kinds of Qin and Han artifacts, as well as Qin and Han carved stones, various ancient springs, ancient soldiers, porcelain, bronze, seals, sealing mud, stone carvings, bricks and tiles, Qin Zhao editions, pottery, steles, statues, ancient books, calligraphy and paintings and other fine products of more than 10,000 pieces. It is the crown of the sea.
Among them, Chen Jieqi's collection of bronze famous artifacts also includes Mao Gongding, Tianxing Gui, Zeng Boqi, Xi Jia Pan, Chen Houyin Zidun and so on. Wang Guowei said in the "Xi Jia Pan Bao": "This kind of heavy weapon, its foot feathers and wings are even higher than Mao Gong Zhuding." Zeng Boqi is a bronze vessel from the early years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which was collected by Chen Jieqi in the early days, and Chen Jieqi called himself Qizhai (簠斋), which is the source of this origin. Zeng Bomu has an inscription of 90 characters (a total of two instruments, the other instrument was collected by the famous literati Ruan Yuan at that time, counting 92 characters), which is the largest number of inscriptions in bronze and is an important cultural relic for the study of the history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
ChenHouyin Zidun is a bronze vessel of the late Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with a total inscription of 8 lines and 80 characters. For the first time, the word "Yellow Emperor of Gaozu" appeared in bronze inscriptions. It is the earliest written evidence of the Yellow Emperor. The caster was Tian Yinqi, the king of Qiwei, who reigned from 356 BC to 320 BC. Tian Qi was called Marquis of Chen because his ancestors were from the State of Chen. After Chen was Shun, the Yellow Emperor was Shunzu, so he was called Gaozu Yellow Emperor. As the years passed, Dun is now in the Shanghai Museum.
Chen Jieqi is a treasure trove of wealth, rigorous in his studies, and quite unique. In his lifetime, he hid tens of thousands of ancient artifacts, but none of them were counterfeits. The collection is rich, and there is no one who has come after the ancients.
Chuantuo
Chen Jieqi is especially good at the art of ink tuo, and his hand-extended bell Ding Yi ware, Quan Liang, Pottery, Sealing Mud, Ancient Spring, Wadang, Han Brick, Stone Carving Statue and other rubbings, which enjoyed a high reputation at that time. It is more important to collectors and scholars at home and abroad in later generations.
Full-shaped extension
Rong Geng's "General Theory of Yin Zhou Qing Bronze Ware": "The full-form expansion of Yi instruments began with the washing of Ma Qifeng tuo during the Jiaqing year." Ma Qifeng and his disciple Liu Zhou had Zhou Luhou Jiao and Jiao Shan Ding Full Form Tuo passed down. However, due to the limitations of the times, the initial full-form expansion scale is distorted, and the perspective details are problematic.
In the Daoguang era in which Hezhai was located, Western culture had entered Middle-earth, and Hezhai was not an ancient person, and he had an appreciative and practical attitude towards Western culture. To make a bronze full-shaped extension, Mu Zhai first painted the shape, referring to the Western perspective method, to complete the accurate drawing. The shape is on the drawing, and then the parts are expanded according to the shape on the utensils, and finally the drawings are strictly combined, which is called the paper-splitting method. Due to the accuracy of the drawing, the appropriate ink thickness and lightness, and the basis of Western perspective, the full-shaped topography made is accurate, the effect is realistic, pleasing to the eye, and has a unique charm, and has been regarded as a guideline by the pioneers. In the "Notes on Chen Qizhai with the Codex", Yun said: "The method of drawing is to obtain the dimensions of its instruments." Wear thin bamboo tendon silk or copper filament on the wood piece, so that its silk end is offset, its size can be accurate... Others draw with intent and cut it on the back of the paper. ”
Human face light ink Tuo
He once hid a statue of Cao Wangxi of the Northern Wei Dynasty. There is a fine Tuoben passed down, its human face with cicada wings to expand, the facial features of the details are clear and arguable, the costume and carriage and horse parts are used Ujintuo, resulting in different levels of ink color effect, can be described as ink five colors, increasing the artistic and aesthetic value of the rubbing.
In the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854), the forty-one-year-old Chen Jieqi begged for a leave of absence to return to Li and immersed himself in the study of the Way of the Golden Stone. After returning to his hometown in Weifang, almost all his energy was devoted to the collection of ancients, the collection of ancients, and the transmission of ancient times. Chen Jieqi often spent the night with the pioneers to study and practice the method of spreading and expanding, and enjoyed it tirelessly, indulging in it, and the sound of spreading the Tuo was endless through the night. He is the author of the "Ancient Records of the Transmission of Guizhai" (簋斋傳古別錄) which contains his method of transmission.
Due to the changes of the times, ancient artifacts are damaged and are not easy to preserve. When he was in his hometown in Weixian County, he hired a number of extension workers for a long time to spread the word for him. Therefore, the expanded version produced by the Qizhai is widely circulated. Many ancient artifacts have disappeared without a trace, thanks to the preservation of the Tuoben, giving future generations the opportunity to learn and study, and their contribution to the expansion. Good deeds.
Communication
Chen Jieqi's family origins, but also by the influence of his predecessors, in his youth, he liked antiquities and enjoyed himself from collecting gold and stones. In the Qing Dynasty, epigraphy was influenced by the Qianjia School, and the collection and research of jinshi entered a prosperous period. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing Dynasty attached great importance to the collection and collation of cultural relics and classics, and ordered the archiving and classification of bronzes such as Ding, Zun and Yi treasured by the Inner House, imitating the "Archaeological Map" and "Xuanhe Bogutu" and compiling them into books such as "Western Qing Ancient Classics", which further promoted the rise of folk gold and stone research. During Chen Jieqi's stay in Beijing, in his spare time, he was mostly used for the study of gold and stone collections, and was recognized by the gold and stone circles in Beijing. Among Chen Jieqi's contacts, there are Hongru, who is full of poetry and books, as well as collectors and connoisseurs of antiquities. The figures who are crucial and influential on Chen Jieqi's Jinshi Research Collection include Ruan Yuan, Li Zhangyu and so on.
Ruan Yuan (1764-1849) was a scholar of the first and middle Qing dynasties. He vigorously advocated the collection and study of goldstone artifacts, pushing the study of epigraphy to a climax, and gathered around it a circle of gold and stone centered on officials and scholars. He presided over the writing of the 24 volumes of the "Shanzuo JinshiZhi", and made great contributions to the prosperity of jinshi at the time of Qianjia in Shandong. When Ruan Yuan was the governor of Shandong, he accepted Chen Guanjun as a protégé. Chen Jieqi took this opportunity to ask Ruan Yuan, who praised his "heavenly opportunity and clear magic" and gave many advice. Chen Jieqi mentioned Ruan Yuan's teachings from time to time in his letters to friends decades later, and his love between teachers and students was extraordinary.
Li Zhangyu (1784-1857), Chen Jieqi's father-in-law. Jiaqing 24 years into the army, the official to Zhejiang according to the cha envoy, Jiangsu cloth political envoy and other positions. He was an active figure in the field of jinshi science in Beijing, and presided over the proofreading of Guifu's "Explanation of The Meaning of Words and Characters". Li Zhangyu and Chen Jieqi's father and son are both Beijing officials and fellow villagers. Li Zhangyu greatly appreciated Chen Jieqi's talents and learning, and especially appreciated his love for Jinshi. Later, Li Zhangyu gave his daughter Xu to Chen Jieqi. For Chen Jieqi, Li Zhangyu played a decisive role and helped the son-in-law greatly on many levels.
At the age of twenty-two, Chen Jieqi traveled with the famous antiquities connoisseur and epigrapher Wu Shifen to study the ancient script of the golden stone and began to collect the gold stone antiquities. Chen Jieqi collected 2503 ancient seal seals at that time, and with the help of Jinshi's friends Xu Han, Wu Shifen, He Shaoji and others, he shaoji and others printed twelve volumes of the "Collection of Seals of Qizhai". After Wu Shifen's death, Chen Jieqi urged his eldest son Wu Chongzhou to invite his teacher Xu Han to collate and proofread Wu Shifen's writings and print Wu Shifen's "Ancient Records of Jinwen" and other works. Chen Jieqi incorporated Wu Shifen's collection of sealed mud examination manuscript "Han Feng Ni Kao", plus his own collection of sealed mud into the book co-edited and examined the school, and printed the book "Sealing Mud Examination Strategy" in the 30th year of Guangxu.
Wang Yirong, 32 years younger than Chen Jieqi, was introduced by Bao Kang and Pan Zuyin and began to communicate with Chen Jieqi in the twelfth year of Tongzhi. After that, Chen and Wang frequently passed on books to discuss the golden stone relics and exchange appreciation experiences, and the two became friends for many years. The two exchanged letters back and forth, exchanging more than 240 letters, which shows the depth of friendship. In February of the seventh year of Guangxu (1881), Wang Yirong passed through Weixian County on his way back to Beijing from his hometown, specially visited Chen Jieqi, stayed at Chen's house for three days, admired the huge treasure of the golden stone of The Qizhai And exchanged benefits with Chen Jieqi. This is all beneficial for Wang Yirong to discover the Yin Shang Oracle in the future.
Wu Dazheng (吴大征), courtesy name Qingqing, was the governor of Hedong River and the governor of Hunan. The famous Jinshi family in the late Qing Dynasty. Author of "Shuowen GuZheng Supplement". Chen Jieqi and Wu Dayi's maternal grandfather Han Chong were close friends, which influenced Wu Dayi's preference for jinshi. Later, he became a close friend with Chen Jieqi. The two exchanged letters only and did not mask their faces during their lives. The two exchanged text rubbings of ancient artifacts to appreciate each other. Sometimes in january there are several letters exchanged, as many as ten thousand words. Ancient pottery has also become the focus of the duo's discussion. Wu Dazheng once said: "It is really good to know in the sea, only the elder is alone; the one who knows me is also the only elder." It can be seen that the two have a deep relationship with Jinshi. Chen Jieqi sent Wu Dazheng more than 800 kinds of ancient pottery from three generations, and later Wu Dazheng compiled these ancient pottery rubbings into the "Ancient Pottery Text Interpretation" and gave them high praise. "To make up for the lack of shuowen, it is as important as Ding Yi...", combing through the source of Chinese characters and adding important academic value. Wu Dayi's visit to ancient China in Shaanxi is recorded as the "Shimen Visiting The Monument", and the biography is sent to Chen Jieqi. In his early years, Chen shi had the ambition to complete the "Shaanxi Stele". Hearing that Wu Dayi was working on the compilation of the "Shaanxi Stele", Chen Jieqi sent his manuscripts such as "Shaanxi Stele" and "Tibetan Ancient Catalogue" to Wu Shi and devoted himself to help him complete it.
Chen Jieqi and Xu Han, Bao Kang, Wu Yun, Pan Zuyin, He Shaoji, Liu Xihai and many other Jinshi families, literati exchanges are also frequent. Exploring antiquities, each has its own achievements, which promotes and leads the atmosphere of research and collection of gold and stone at that time.
Chen Jieqi is humble and generous. From the senior division commander, the friend of the Beijing official, the jinshi tonghao, to the merchant who bought antiquities for him, and the hired extension workers, they all got along well. This kind of open-mindedness laid a good foundation for the later generation of Golden Stone people.
epilogue
Throughout Chen Jieqi's life, he is actually the first person in China's Jinshi.
Epigraphy is the predecessor of modern Chinese archaeology. Chen Jieqi is the largest collector of folk antiquities in modern China, and the most outstanding epigrapher and heirloom in China in the late Qing Dynasty. Chen Jieqi has had a great influence on the formation of modern history, archaeology, paleography, naturalism, printing and other disciplines.
Mr. Lu Xun pointed out: "On collecting, there is no one more than Chen Jieqi in Weixian County. Guo Moruo and Mr. Shang Chengzuo believe that Chen Jieqi is a generation of masters who have "never been ancient before and have come after". In the Golden Stone Circle, there used to be a saying of "Southern Pan and Northern Chen", but the famous archaeologist Wang Xiantang recognized it as: "This old fine book, at that time, Pan Wang's second Wu Princes, were all out of his command." "The heart is as delicate as a hair, and the eyes are as bright as a torch", let alone the collection of appreciation research works of The Qizhai, as many as thirty or forty kinds, no one among the scholars at that time was outstanding.
Chen Jieqi Jinshi's life had a great influence on the archaeology of later generations, The Ancients, and the Knowledge of the Ancients. Chen Jieqi widely disseminated the study of jinshi in the form of expanding books, examinations, monographs, and books, such as Ganlin Pu descending, moisturizing things silently. Its academic spirit, the development of micro-truth, influenced and promoted the prosperity of epigraphy in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, and gave scholars a generation of famous families, pioneering a generation of customs. From the current point of view, it still has important learning and research value. Over the past hundred years, it has been highly appreciated by the academic community, and the historians, archaeologists, epigraphers, paleography, calligraphy, collection, and all of them respect him as a leader. With his life's painstaking efforts, he has made great historical achievements in inheriting and carrying forward Chinese civilization.
In the 1960s and 1970s, for various reasons, Western archaeology gradually moved east. Chinese epigraphy gradually declined. After entering the new century, with the revival of traditional Chinese culture, the revival of Jinshi is the wish of many scholars. Sincerely pray that through this article's outline of Mr. Qizhai, it will be very fortunate to be able to play a role in case. (Wang Yinghui)
Source: The third issue of The Golden Stone special issue of "On the Lake"