Yuan Dynasty: (1271-1368), the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in history. Capital: Dadu (present-day Beijing), population: 90 million (1341), area: 13.72 million square kilometers (1330) Passed on the 5th Emperor 11, the 98th year of the country.
In 1206, Genghis Khan Temujin unified northern Mobei and established the Great Mongol State. It began to expand outwards, successively attacking and destroying the Western Liao, Western Xia, Hua Lazimo, Eastern Xia, Jin and other countries. After the death of Möngke Khan, it triggered a dispute between Ali Buge and Kublai Khan for the throne, prompting the division of the Great Mongol State. In 1260, Kublai Khan took the throne and established the "Central Unification".
In 1271, Kublai Khan took the meaning of "Dazha Qianyuan" in the I Ching and changed the name of the country to "Dayuan", and the following year moved the capital to Yanjing, calling it Dadu. In 1279 (to the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty), the Yuan army destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty at the Battle of Yashan, ending a long period of war. After that, the Yuan Dynasty continued to expand abroad, but when it went to sea to conquer Japan and Southeast Asian countries, it suffered repeated defeats, such as the Yuan-Japanese War, the Yuan-Vietnam War, the Yuan-Burma War, and the Yuan-Claw War. Coups d'état were frequent in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, and politics was always on the right track. In the later period, political corruption, the interference of powerful ministers in the government, and the intensification of ethnic and class contradictions led to a peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.
In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor to establish the Ming Dynasty, and then the Northern Expedition expelled the Yuan court and captured Beijing. After that, the Yuan court retired to the north of the desert, and the history was called the Northern Yuan. In 1402, the Yuan chancellor Oni Lichi usurped power and established the Tatar (dádá), and the Northern Yuan collapsed.
Yuan Taizu: Bo'er only Jin clan, name Temujin, surname Qiwowen. Yuan Taizong: Wo Kuotai, Yuan Dingzong: Guiyu, Yuan Xianzong: Meng Ge.
1. Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty: (1260-1294) reigned for 35 years. His surname was Chi WoWen, and his name was Kublai Khan, brother of Möngke. The Fifth Great Khan of the Mongols. The Mongolian language honorifies Emperor Xuechan. In 1271, he changed the name of the country to Dayuan, attacked the Southern Song Dynasty from the south, and captured xiangyang, a major town on the Yangtze River, in six years, and then progressed smoothly. In 1279, at the Battle of Mount Gao, Kublai Khan ruled China. Establish a provincial system, strengthen the centralization of power, and gradually restore the social economy. He has repeatedly sent troops to invade neighboring countries and has suffered many failures.
2. Yuan Chengzong Timur: (1294-1307) reigned for 13 years. BoEr only Jin Timur. During his reign, he basically maintained a conservative situation, but indiscriminately increased rewards, could not make ends meet, the national treasury was scarce, and the banknotes depreciated. An army was sent to recruit eight hundred daughters-in-law (in present-day northern Thailand), causing unrest in the Yun and Gui regions. In his later years, he fell ill and appointed Empress Brauhan and Semu ministers, and the government gradually declined.
3. Yuan Wuzong Haishan: (August 1307 – 1311). He won the throne with military strength, strengthened the centralization of power, built a large number of civil engineering, built the capital city, sent a large number of soldiers and civilians to build the Wutaishan Hua Buddhist Temple, ordered the lama to translate buddhist scriptures, and issued an edict beating the Western monks to cut off their hands and scolding the Western monks for cutting off their tongues. In September 1309, in order to get rid of the financial crisis, the Zhiyuan banknote was issued, resulting in the depreciation of the Zhiyuan banknote. The Zhongshu Province was proclaimed and the use of human rights was transferred to Shangshu Province. He was lascivious, over-drunk, and died of illness.
4. Emperor Yuanrenzong Aiyu Li Bali Bada: (1311-1320) Implemented Kublai Khan's "Han Law" government and implemented the imperial examination to ease ethnic contradictions, which was a rare and effective prince among the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty. He was 35 years old.
5. Yuan Yingzong Shuode Ba: (1320-1323) reigned for 3 years. Concubine of Emperor Renzong. Continue to implement the "Han Law" to promulgate the official code of the Yuan Dynasty, the Great Yuan Tong System, and implement some new policies with the help of Zai Xiang Baizhu and Zhang Gui, the political secretary of Zhongshu Province. He was 20 years old. The change of the south slope.
6. Emperor Yuan Taiding also grandson Timur: (1323-1328) reigned for 5 years. Basically retain the reform results of the Ren and British Dynasties. He was 36 years old. His death sparked the bloodiest and most destructive struggle for the throne, which resulted in the return of the imperial lineage to the descendants of Emperor Wuzong of Yuan and continued until the fall of the Yuan Dynasty.
7. Emperor Asokji VIII of Yuantianshun: (September 1328) reigned for 1 month. In 1328, the chancellor fell to the throne and made the 9-year-old Asokyo the Eighth Emperor. In October, the Wen Sect sent Yan Timur to attack Shangdu Tianshun, but was defeated and killed in the battle of Laisha, and the whereabouts of Asoky Bada were unknown.
8. Emperor Yuanwenzong Tu Tiemu'er: (1304 - September 1332) reigned for 4 years. Second son of Emperor Wuzong. Founded Kui Zhangge, edited the "Classics of the Classics", intended to revitalize Wenzhi, fought a civil war with Barbed Sand, and took the throne after victory. He died in 1332 at the age of 29.
9. Emperor Mingzong of Yuan and Shi Lai: (January 1329) reigned for 8 months. The eldest son of Emperor Wuzong. Before he ascended the throne, he proposed a letter of reform, but was refuted, demoted, and later crowned as the King of Ming.
10. Yuanning Zong Yilin Quality Class: (October 1332) reigned for 53 days. Second son of Emperor Mingzong. Before his death, Emperor Wenzong of Yuanwen, in order to wash away his crime of poisoning his brother (Emperor Yuanmingzong), issued an edict for Emperor Yuanmingzong's son to succeed to the throne. He died on 14 December at the age of 7.
11. Emperor Huizong of Yuanhui (1333-1368) reigned for 35 years. Emperor Yuanshun, eldest son of Emperor Mingzong. The contradiction with the right chancellor Boyan became increasingly acute, and later, with the support of Boyan's nephew, Emperor Huizong of Yuan succeeded in deposing Boyan and his unfavorable policies. In 1368, the Ming army attacked Dadu, and Emperor Huizong of Yuan withdrew north, to Shangdu, and transferred to Yingchang. The two organized counteroffensives failed, and the Yuan Dynasty collapsed. On May 28, 1370, he died of illness in Yingchang.