Text|Contains winter and summer
Edit|Contains winter and summer
In the "Book of Han", "Old Tang Book" and other Han historical materials, the ancestors of the Uygur people are called Beidi, Yuan Su, Hui Hui, etc., whose ethnic origin first lived in the area around Lake Baikal, and lived adjacent to the Chinese tribes for thousands of years.
Chang'an City is inhabited by a large number of Uighurs, who speak the Central Plains language and wear Hanfu, and at the same time, the Han people are also influenced by its culture, wearing Hufu and eating Hu cakes. Militarily, the Tang Dynasty united with the Hui to quell rebellions, conquer the Quartet, recover lost territory, and maintain the stability and unity of the country. It has had a profound impact on the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic State.
Hui went south and entered the Central Plains
In the early years, the Hui people had contacts with the Central Plains Dynasty, mainly in non-governmental trade, small-scale population movements, etc., but in the official form, large scale, high standard is rare. The Tang Dynasty "red land from the north of Yinshan to the desert" occupied the southern Turkic homeland. In this year, the leaders of various ethnic minorities in the northwest were sent to Chang'an to support Tang Taizong as the "Heavenly Khan". Since then, northern China has been freed from the chaos of the Great War, and the unity of various ethnic groups with the Tang Dynasty as the core has gradually begun to take shape. At the same time, the demise of the Eastern Turks gave the Hui tribes the opportunity to have direct contact with the Central Plains Dynasty.
Tang Taizong once said that "since ancient times, all China has been noble, and I have loved each other as one", and formulated the national policy of "Yanwu Xingwen, Bude and Beneficial", which made the leaders and upper-class figures of ethnic minorities who came to Chang'an to enter the court become active, and they were either rewarded and served in the imperial court, or stayed in Chang'an. Zhenguan four years of Turkic fall, "its chieftain to worship as a general, Zhonglang general and other officials, the court of Bulie, more than five products more than 100 people, so live in Chang'an thousands of homes", among which there are also many Hui people. The scale of the Hui people's southward movement and stationing in Chang'an gradually expanded.
In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty continued to expand its territory, and after completely controlling the Mongolian steppe, it further conquered the Western Turks, destroyed the Goryeo Kingdom, and opened up a vast territory from the Aral Sea in the west, to the city of Pyongyang in the east, and to Lake Baikal in the north. Almost every new territory was opened up thanks to the Uighur cavalry. In the fourth year of Zhenguan, the Tang government began to operate the Western Regions, and the Western Turks started a contest, Zhenguan occupied Gaochang in the fourteenth year, and set up the Anxi Protectorate.
Later, 100,000 Helu troops were defeated in the north of the Ili River and pacified the north. Then, to the east, he defeated the Goryeo that harassed the Liaodong area. The Tang Dynasty relied on military force to conquer the east and west, and almost every expedition had the shadow of the Hui army participating in the war, especially the Hui cavalry played an important role in the previous wars, which made the Tang Dynasty appear unprecedentedly prosperous and powerful, and laid the foundation for the formation of a unified multi-ethnic state.
The political exchanges between the Hui and the Tang Dynasty
Send an envoy to the court. The Tang Dynasty had strong national strength, an enlightened domestic and foreign policy, and a favorable situation for all countries to come to the court. The prestige of Tang Taizong has been greatly enhanced in the minds of all ethnic groups, and he has become the master of the Eastern world. During the Tang Dynasty, there were more than 70 people who established tributary relations with China and sent envoys to the court. Compared with the foreign fan, Hui and Tang are close at hand and have frequent contacts. Politically, the Hui had been canonized by the Tang central government as many as 12 khans, and the Hui often consciously or invited envoys to Beijing to visit the imperial court.
From Taizong to Wuzong, there are many records about Hui sending envoys into the court. It is not difficult to see that the frequent dispatch of envoys to the DPRK reflects the political recognition and submission of the Hui to the central power. At the same time, as a form of communication, sending envoys is conducive to the Tang central government to show its national prestige and influence, and to send envoys to and fro to enhance understanding and trust between them.
Tang and Hui Hui's harmony. In the political activities of the Tang Dynasty and the Hui Dynasty, it is more common to see records such as the Tang central government and the Hui Dynasty "making peace and canonizing".
Due to the strength of the Tang Dynasty, the surrounding ethnic regimes and the Tang Dynasty had more "harmony" than any dynasty before and after it, and the scale was large, and the specifications and effects were good. There are passive forms of "harmony" and active "harmony". Unlike previous dynasties, the Tang Dynasty and the Hui Emperor married his own daughter or sister to the Hui Emperor, rather than the daughter of a fake clan to marry the princess.
According to records, the Tang Dynasty made peace with neighboring minority regimes more than 20 times, including nine times with the Hui, five times with the Turks, four times with the Khitan, three times with Tuyuhun, three times with Xi, and two times with Tubo. It can be seen that the Tang Dynasty and the Hui Hui had the largest number of friendships and the most frequent, accounting for about one-third of the total number of friendships in the entire Tang Dynasty.
Hui and Tang Dynasty's economic dealings
In the Tang Dynasty, Chang'an, as the capital of the Sui and Tang dynasties and an international metropolis, was the starting point of the Silk Road, and many foreigners came to Chang'an to engage in trade activities. Merchants of various ethnic minorities living in the northern Tang Dynasty were also quite active, including Xue Yantuo, Turkic, Hui, Dangxiang, Khitan and other ethnic merchants, among which the most influential was the Hui merchants, so Chang'an and other places gathered a large number of Hui merchants.
In the early years of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, there were a large number of Turks living in Chang'an, and there should be many Hui people among them. Some Uighurs and Han Chinese intermarried, married and had children, and lived for a long time without returning. In Chang'an, there were some Hui merchants who engaged in financial business activities, and even usurers. The son of the famous general Li Sheng once borrowed 10,000 yuan from the Hui merchants, and was prosecuted to the government for failing to repay it when due.
Hu merchants are active in all walks of life in the Central Plains, especially in the jewelry, catering, lending and other industries. After the Anshi Rebellion, many Hu people from Central Asia often came to the interior to do business under the guise of Uighurs. Hui Hui made an important contribution to assisting the Tang Dynasty to quell the Anshi Rebellion, Tang Suzong in order to reward Hui Hui, 70,000 silk horses per year, but also agreed to the silk horse market, that is, from the Qianyuan period, the two sides began a large number of silk horse trade. The Hui nobles and merchants took advantage of the trade agreement with the Tang government to export large quantities of horses to the Tang Dynasty in exchange for silk silk, and resold silk and other goods from the Central Plains to West Asia and Europe to earn high profits.
The Tang Dynasty's business environment and trade policies promoted economic ties with the Hui and other ethnic minorities. Tang has obtained good horses from Hui, and his farming and transportation capabilities can be improved to a certain extent. The Hui purchased silk, tea and other daily necessities from the Tang Dynasty, which enriched and developed their lives and promoted the economic and social development of both sides. It can be said that economic exchanges deepened the national feelings and mutual identity between the Tang Dynasty and the surrounding ethnic minorities.
Military cooperation between the Hui and the Tang Dynasty
In the later period of Tang Xuanzong, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and after Tang Suzong ascended the throne, he entered Chang'an and Luoyang with the help of Hui troops to defeat the rebels and recover the two capitals. In addition, Hui helped Tang to quell civil strife and quell foreign harassment many times. It mainly includes: in the twenty-first year of Tang Zhenguan, the Hui united with the Mobei tribes to assist the Tang army in destroying the Xue Yantuo Khanate; In the second year of Yonghui and the first year of Xianqing, Hui Po Yan Khan was twice ordered to help the Tang army quell the Ashina Helu Rebellion in the Western Turkic Department.
When the Tang Dynasty sent troops against the Later Turks in the Western Regions, the Hui capital gave full military and other support. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Hui cooperated with the Tang Dynasty to resist the invasion of Tubo on Hexi and the Western Regions.
A bilingual epitaph in Chinese and Turkic Runi written by the Tang Dynasty government burying a Uighur prince found in Xi'an in early 2013 is known as the only bilingual stone epitaph in Chinese and Turkic Runi found in mainland China so far. From the Chinese record of the epitaph, it can be seen that the owner of the tomb was the Uighur prince Ge Si of the Tang Dynasty. Because of his family's participation in the suppression of the rebellion against An Lushan, he was treated by the Tang Dynasty as "special from other countries".
In May of the tenth year of Zhenyuan, the prince of Hui Ge Si came to the court, in Chang'an Honglu Temple, "enjoy the glory, light in the Tibetan department", received courtesy, and died of illness in Chang'an on May 20 of the following year, at the age of 20. The Tang government held a funeral for him, and he was buried in Zhang Duyuan, Chang'an County, on June 7 of the same year.
Hui Hui's historical contribution and influence to the Tang Dynasty
The Hui had a close relationship with the Tang Dynasty and had frequent contacts. At the same time, the Han culture of the Central Plains also influenced the Hui people, and the political, economic and cultural contacts and exchanges between the two sides have made important contributions to the formation and development of a unified multi-ethnic state on the mainland, and have had a far-reaching impact.
It has promoted national and cultural exchanges. Openness, inclusiveness, and inclusiveness were a characteristic of the Tang Dynasty's domestic and foreign policies. The clothing, hairstyle, wine, Hu cakes and other clothing, food and entertainment activities of the Hu people such as the Hui and other ethnic groups were gradually accepted and loved by the Tang nobles and the majority of the Han people in the Central Plains. At the same time, the Tang Dynasty consciously spread advanced Han culture to the Hui. For example, marrying a princess and carrying many objects to the border areas is also a form of material culture transmission. The Hui nobles sent their children to Chang'an, and the Tang government taught Han Shu in accordance with the etiquette of diplomatic relations. The Hui children who stayed in Chang'an for a long time were deeply influenced by the Han culture of the Central Plains, and after they returned to their hometown, they played an important role in the spread of Han culture and the absorption of Han cultural elements by the Hui culture.
Politically, alliances contribute to the unity and prosperity of the country. The Tang Dynasty formed the gift of "the position of the monarch and the minister" through the canonization system and the surrounding ethnic minorities, which was a way for the Tang Dynasty to follow the previous dynasty. Attached to the Tang Dynasty, most of the Tang government granted knighthood or military positions. The Tang Dynasty recognized the prestige of the Uighur Khanate and canonized it with a solemn ceremony by the Son of Heaven, who obeyed the Tang decree and accepted the conscription, thus being loyal to the Tang Dynasty. This political alliance deepened mutual understanding and trust, consolidated Tang's dominance over the Hui territory, and was conducive to the unity and prosperity of the country.
With harmony as a bond, ethnic relations have been maintained and developed. The history of mutual exchanges in the name of harmony has been going on since ancient times. In the Tang Dynasty, when he married a princess, he borrowed the friendship of his nephew and son-in-law to gather and appease the surrounding ethnic groups and maintain the close relationship between the Han and Hui peoples. At the same time, harmony brought economic and cultural exchanges.
The daughter of the royal family married away from Hudi, and brought exquisite daily necessities and advanced production tools from the Central Plains, as well as attachés such as exquisite craftsmen, and returned to Hui to obtain economic benefits, which also changed their economic life. After Princess Tang got married, "from its national customs". Han and Hui ethnic Xi customs are different, and the norms and marriage practices are different, such as the remnants of the backward Xi customs of the dead father's and mother's mothers in the Hui Dynasty, that is, the princesses did not resist and accepted the customs of the Han Dynasty, and the Tang court also allowed it, indicating that if this is not the case, it will affect ethnic relations, so that following customs is also a political need.
Another characteristic of the Tang Dynasty and the Hui Hui is that since the Han Dynasty, most of the relatives are clan women, and the Tang Dynasty is to the Hui Hui, but the princesses are all the princesses and sisters, and the Tang Emperor gave the Hui Khan this special honor, which shows the importance that the Tang court attaches to the Hui Hui. This kind of "sincerity" between the two ethnic groups shows the all-encompassing bearing and demeanor of the Tang Dynasty, and also reflects the Tang government's trust and recognition of the Hui Dynasty.
epilogue
In the late Tang Dynasty, the Hui were forced to move westward due to the collapse of the Khanate, and most of them moved to the Tianshan Mountains, becoming one of the main ethnic groups in Xinjiang. From ancient times to the present, the ancestors of various ethnic groups in Xinjiang, especially the Uygurs, were once active in the northern part of the mainland, and had close relations with the Central Plains dynasties.
Historically, the Hui Dynasty has made important contributions to safeguarding the stability of the motherland, opposing separatism, and safeguarding national unity and national unity. It is precisely because of the joint efforts of all nationalities, including the Hui and others, that the cohesion within the Chinese nation has been strengthened, the cause of border construction has been opened up, and the unity and consolidation of the Chinese nation today have been formed.