This article is long and will be divided into several parts to tell the history of the hometown of Liaoyang, if you are not interested or feel that you are wasting time, please gently scratch it across. Posting this article is also proud of the status of their hometown, and at the same time, it can also give the younger generation of Liaoyang people a deeper understanding of their hometown.
God bless the gate
Third, from glory to decline
(1) Nurhachi built the capital and moved the capital
The glorious history of Liaoyang was reviewed earlier, so why did the status of the city decline in the later period of Liaoyang?
Liaoyang's political decline began with the founding emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, Nur Hachi. In February of the sixth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1621), Nurhachi won the Battle of Salhu. In March, they conquered Shenyang, followed by more than 70 pillboxes in and around Liaoyang. In April, Nurhachi ordered the Later Jin army and people to move the capital to Liaoyang.
Aisin Kyoro Nurhachi
Liaoyang has been the political, economic, military and cultural center of Northeast China for nearly two thousand years, with prosperous commerce, dense population, and strategic importance. Therefore, after capturing Liaoyang, the largest town in northeast China, Nurha and his Eight Banners army and people were extremely excited and immediately decided to build a capital here. Nurhachi was not located in the old town of Liaoyang, but built a new city on the east bank of the Taizi River, set it as Tokyo, which is now Tokyo City, and began to build a large number of civil works and palaces. It's a pity that now we can see that there is only one Tenyoumon pestle left in Tokyo City, which is a pity. Nurhachi not only moved the capital here, but also moved the tomb of his ancestor to the Tokyo Mausoleum, which fully demonstrates his determination to take root in Liaoyang.
God Bless Gate (after restoration)
However, in March of the tenth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1625), Nurhachi suddenly abandoned Liaoyang, which had spent a lot of energy on construction, and moved the capital to Shenyang. At that time, Shenyang was only one of the 25 acropolises under the jurisdiction of the Liaodong Metropolitan Division, and the city was sparsely populated, which was completely incomparable with Liaoyang.
Nur Hachi moved the capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang, and the decision was sudden, the reasons are vague, and it is still a historical puzzle. But this incident reversed the status of Liaoyang and Shenyang, which has remained until now.
(2) The reasons for moving the capital
Moving the capital to Shenyang was a very sudden decision by Nurhach, who resolutely moved the capital despite the opposition of the princes and ministers. So, what exactly caused Nurhachi to move the capital to Shenyang? There are many theories in history, but so far it has not been determined which reason. Here are a few popular sayings:
Theory 1: Nur Hachi believes that Shenyang is "a place that extends in all directions", and if the west marches to Daming, Liaoyang needs to cross the Prince River and the Hunhe River, which is not as straight and close as the Shenyang Road; If the north marches to Mongolia, Shenyang is closer; If you go south to Korea, Shenyang is also more convenient than Liaoyang. Moreover, Shenyang is surrounded by mountainous areas, high and densely forested, which is conducive to cutting and transporting timber, and can also train the army to hunt, so he decided to move the capital to Shenyang. This is Nurhachi himself said, seemingly true, but on closer analysis, this statement is obviously unreliable. There are two reasons, one is that when Nur Hachi attacked Ningyuan City (Xingcheng) later, his march route was not from Shenyang to choose the so-called "straight and close" route, but south through Liaoyang and crossing the Liao River west from Dongchang Fort in the area of Haicheng Niuzhuang; Second, Liaoyang was the largest metropolis in Northeast China at that time, with the highest military, political and economic status, and Shenyang was not a high-mountainous and forested place, not to mention that the regime had been established at that time, and he was worried about using hunting to train the team, which did not meet the level of Nurha Chixiong's talent.
Myth 2: It is a folk story that says that Liaoyang Hedong is a treasure land of dragon veins, and when Nurhachi built the city of Tokyo, he built three temples to suppress the divine dragon to protect the dragon vein kingly qi. But only the dragon's head, dragon claw and dragon tail were suppressed, the dragon's spine was not suppressed, and the dragon flew away and flew to the north bank of the Hunhe River. Later, a phoenix was found, and when Nurhachi went to watch, the phoenix also flew to the north bank of the Hunhe River. So he decided that feng shui would migrate and Shenyang would become a treasure land of feng shui for the new phoenix dragon diving, so he decided to move the capital to Shenyang. This is just a legend, but it is true that successive dynasties have attached importance to feng shui, and it is possible that Nur Hachi decided that Shenyang was the land of dragons and moved the capital to Shenyang, which is not necessarily groundless nonsense.
Shenyang Imperial Palace
Myth 3: Liaoyang is located in the northeast, but it has belonged to the Central Plains since ancient times, and the Han population is large. After moving the capital to Liaoyang, the Later Jin army brutally suppressed the local Han people, resulting in deep contradictions between the Manchus and Han people, and armed riots of the Han people also broke out one after another. While dealing with the Ming Dynasty's large-scale march and the unrest in the backyard of the capital, Nur Hachi's sense of belonging to Liaoyang made it difficult for Nur Hachi to feel a sense of belonging to Liaoyang, so after weighing the pros and cons repeatedly, he decided to move the capital to Shenyang. This is of positive significance for easing the contradictions between the Manchu and Han nationalities and stabilizing the emerging regime. This is relatively reliable, but it is not very convincing, because in the process of the Manchu unification of China, there was frequent resistance from the Han people, but it did not affect their ambitions and determination, so it was far-fetched to move the capital accordingly. 但从小到大还是听到的这个版本居多。
Tokyo City Ruins
Claim 4: There is now a new statement, which is Mr. Zhang Chunlei's latest research. He published "Nurhachi Abandoned Tokyo Metropolitan City New Interpretation", saying that "in 1983, the Warring States Tomb was discovered and excavated in the kiln site of the North Gate of the New Town Brigade of the Tokyo Mausoleum Commune", which was "rich in relics" and was listed first among the "Warring States Tombs of the same period in the province", and should be "a high-ranking official of Yanguo Town guarding Liaodong County". Curiously, "the two coffins were very close together, one of them was badly damaged and the other was intact", and "the tomb has the remains of rammed earth architecture". What does that mean? That is to say, "Nurhach's palace in Tokyo City was built on an ancient tomb." The folk believed that it was taboo to build houses on top of tombs, and when Nurhachi learned of this news, he feared that "rumors would become the laughing stock of the world and bring panic to the family", so he "randomly found some specious reasons" and hurriedly moved the capital. 个人觉得这种可能性不大，毕竟努尔哈赤身边的风水师肯定还是要有两把刷子的...
The above are several theories of the reasons why Nurhachi moved the capital, and there is no conclusive conclusion. But whatever the reason, the move took away Liaoyang's position as the northeastern center.
Queixing Building
(3) The status of the city has declined again and again
Nurhachi moved the capital, making Liaoyang's status lag behind Shenyang, but why lag behind other cities?
迁都沈阳后，辽阳的地位不复存在，但城市规模不是一下子就变小的。 The main reason is that after modern times, in the era of modern transportation, industry and economic development, Liaoyang, as a non-central city, has been seriously constrained in transportation construction and industrial development. After the founding of New China, according to the needs of national development, the administrative divisions were gradually adjusted, and Liaoyang shrank again and again, resulting in the scenery of the traditional historical city no longer existing.
The development of historical ancient cities such as Liaoyang is completely different from those cities that rose in modern times. Rough analysis, there are three main types of cities that have developed in modern times:
The first is the coastal cities that are among the great powers. 西方侵略者们来到中国，经过一系列战争和一系列不平等条约，强迫中国开放港口（如上海、大连），或是强占港口地区（如青岛），或是划定租界地（如香港），这些地方基本都沿海（也有的沿江），而随着工业化的快速发展，海上运输和贸易的成本是最低的，于是就逐渐发展起来了。
Shanghai Pudong
The second is resource-based cities. There are coal mines, iron ore, oil, or other resources underground in these places, whether they were discovered by imperialist invaders (such as Anshan and Fushun), or after the founding of the People's Republic of China (Daqing, Panjin, Panzhihua, Karamay), and then built factories and immigrants in the surrounding areas, gathered people, and gradually developed into cities.
Angang
The third is the first city to eat the crab of reform and opening up. After the reform and opening up, the state formulated strategies according to regional characteristics, and some places were blessed (such as Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Pudong), quickly gathered wealth, attracted talents, and it was difficult to develop.
Shenzhen
Some of the major cities in the province are no exception. For example, Dalian, which was established in 1897 by Tsarist Russia in order to compete for mainland territory and forcibly open a port in Qingniwa. In 1899, Tsar Nicholas II issued an edict renaming the green mud puddle Дальний (Dalini), which later became known as Dalian. In the marine era, Dalian's location advantages are reflected, and the entire three northeastern provinces are unique. What's more, Dalian is also the earliest city in China to open up, and its development must far exceed that of historical ancient cities such as Liaoyang. Just as the history of Dalian cannot bypass Russia, the history of Anshan cannot bypass Japan. In 1909, the Japanese government illegally explored and seized the mining rights of eight iron ore areas, including Higashi-anshan. In 1918, Anshan Iron and Steel Works was established. After the "18 September" incident, Showa Steel was relocated to Anshan and annexed Anshan Iron and Steel Institute. During this period, a large number of Chinese laborers were forced to work in factories and mines until the surrender of the Japanese invaders. In 1948, the people's power established the Anshan Iron and Steel Company, and it can be said that without Anshan Iron and Steel Company, there would be no Anshan. From the perspective of the ancients, Anshan is not suitable for human habitation, because it is neither close to water nor backed by mountains, but in the context of modernization, there are iron mines around Anshan, factories have been built, and water can be solved from surrounding reservoirs or groundwater, so that the population gathers.
Dalian Xinghai Square
There is another reason that cannot be ignored. We look at the geographical location of Liaoyang, located in the center of Liaoning Province, the central Liaoning urban agglomeration is the most densely populated place in the northeast, the reason why this place is densely populated is not unrelated to the historical status of the northeast center of Liaoyang for more than two thousand years. However, after the Republic of China, especially after the new China, a number of cities were established and rising, Liaoyang's original land was divided into other cities, and now Liaoyang's geographical area is small in the province, look at the cities in Liaoning located on the border, the area is much larger than Liaoyang, which is also related to the sparse population of those cities. The small area means that the population is small, and the population is the most important basis for the original city ranking, which is one of the reasons why Liaoyang ranks low in the province.
To be continued...
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Ruins of Yanzhou City