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There is a passage in the historical drama "The Long River of the World": Kangxi was sleeping, and the eunuch Liang Jiugong carefully informed Kangxi that there was "an urgent military report from eight hundred miles away." Kangxi did not take it seriously, but when Liang Jiugong mentioned that he was a "Yunnanese", Kangxi sat up and was very excited.
Kangxi was very happy to learn that San Francisco had been pacified. As he walked, he said: "The nine gates of the capital celebrate, and the old man who is sixty years old will be rewarded with half a catty of meat and one catty of wine; Retired, rewarded. "Half a pound of meat, one pound of wine." Tomorrow, all retired officials will celebrate at Zhengyangmen and reward the straw hats of the silk robe; All palace maids over the age of sixteen in the palace will be released to marry..."
After saying Kangxi, he went to the Huangji Hall to worship the ancestors, and then went to the Taihe Hall to receive congratulations from hundreds of officials;
At the same time, Aunt Sumala gently woke up Empress Xiaozhuang and tearfully told Xiaozhuang the news that "the three great lords have been pacified". Xiaozhuang was so excited that he couldn't control his feet.
It can be seen how excited Xiaozhuang and Kangxi's grandparents were when they heard the news that "the lord of the San Francisco has been pacified";
Let's go back to the Kangxi period and learn the real facts of history:
Why did Kangxi pacify the three feuds?
How did Kangxi let Wu Sangui fall into his hands step by step?
How did Wu Sangui kill himself?
Let me sum it up first: I greatly admire Kangxi's courage and strategy. Even Wu Sangui, who had experienced hundreds of battles and had seen countless people, could not guess Kangxi's thoughts. It can be said that although Kangxi is only 20 years old, he has abilities that ordinary people cannot match. Idea!
01 San Francisco was originally the "Four Domains", and Wu Sangui was the last
Both the "San Francisco" and the original "Four Domains" are the result of the political situation in the early Qing Dynasty. The Qing emperors Nur Hachi and Emperor Taiji recruited Han generals with high-ranking officials and wealthy Yulu in preparation for their future unification of the Central Plains.
Kong Youde, Shang Kexi, and Geng Zhongming are all from Liaodong;
In 1621, the Qing emperor Nur Hachi conquered eastern Liaoning. Seven years later, Yuan Chonghuan, the governor of Hebei and Liao in the Ming Dynasty, executed Mao Wenlong without authorization, and the Dongjiang River was in chaos, and the people began to kill each other.
Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, and Shang Kexi moved many times. They were so desperate that they turned to Hou Jin.
At this time, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty had already succeeded to the throne in Houjin. He went out of the city ten miles to meet the three surrendered Han generals. It can be seen that Huang Taiji at that time was very eager for talents.
After the three Han generals surrendered to the Jin Dynasty, Emperor Taiji changed the original agreement that the surrendered Han generals were assigned to the Eight Banners of Manchuria:
Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming were appointed as military commanders and led their troops to Liaoyang. Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming's troops were called "Heavenly Blessed Soldiers";
He appointed Shang Kexi as the commander-in-chief and led his troops to garrison Haizhou, known in history as the "Tianhai Soldiers".
In 1636, Emperor Taiji changed the name of the country to Qing, officially became emperor, and promulgated the following holy decree:
Feng Kong Youde is the king of Shun
Geng Zhongming succeeded him as King Huaishun
Shang Ke is very happy to be the king of Zhishun
His care for the three lords was manifold.
The reason why Huang Taiji valued the three Han princes so much was because the three princes at this time were conducive to Huang Taiji strengthening his centralized power, and could also help him resist the Manchu princes to maintain his status and status. Power as emperor.
Seven years later, Emperor Taiji divided the four banners of the Han army into eight banners and issued a holy decree:
Kong Youde belongs to the red flag
Geng Zhongming is a Yellow Banner man
Shang Kexi belongs to the pandan flag
It is said that Wu Sangui is indeed a little special. Jiangsu Gaoyou people, later naturalized Liaodong; His father was Wu Xiang, the general soldier of Jinzhou in the Ming Dynasty, and his uncle was the general soldier of Jinzhou, Zu Dashou.
Wu Sangui served as a guerrilla deputy general during the Ming Dynasty. Later, because his father Wu Xiang was convicted and imprisoned, the Ming court promoted Wu Sangui to be a capital lieutenant and led troops to garrison Ningyuan.
In February 1642, the Ming army suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Jinzhou. The 130,000-strong army was completely destroyed. Hong Chengzhuo, the governor of Hebei and Liao, surrendered to the Qing dynasty.
Wu Sangui fled back instead and gathered troops on the way back. His forces increased to 30,000 to 40,000, and he defended Ningyuan and became a general relied on by the Ming court.
The Qing army captured the surrounding cities, but Ning Yuanjiu was unable to conquer them.
Two years later, Li Zicheng's peasant army entered Shanxi. The Chongzhen Emperor panicked and ordered Wu Sangui to abandon Ningyuan and quickly lead troops into Beijing. The King of Qin also made Wu Sangui Ping Xibo, and Wu Sangui's father Wu Xiang was appointed as the governor of Jingying.
Although Wu Sangui followed orders, he moved very slowly, only advancing tens of miles a day. It was only two days from Ningyuan to Shanhaiguan, but Wu Sangui took 16 days. When he arrived at Fengrun on the 20th, he learned that Li Zicheng had invaded the capital, and Wu Sangui led his troops back to Shanhaiguan.
The Qing court tried to surrender Wu Sangui several times, and Dolgon even promised Wu Sangui: "If Ping Xibo and others lead troops to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, Ning Yuan will be handed over to him to garrison, and he will be crowned" a prince king. ”
"If Boruo returns with his troops, he will be crowned a prince and promoted to prince."
Li Zicheng was also trying to recruit Wu Sangui to surrender, but the peasant army's policy of "cutting the rich and helping the poor" really made Wu Sangui shudder. After much deliberation, Wu Sangui decided to surrender to the Qing Dynasty.
Also in April of the year that Wu Sangui surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, the Qing army defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhaiguan. Dolgon kept his promise and promoted Wu Sangui to the rank of King of Pingxi.
Since then, four clan kings with different surnames have appeared in the Qing Dynasty.
In May of the sixth year of Shunzhi, Kong Youde changed the title of King of Dingnan and led an army of 20,000 to march into Guangxi;
Geng Zhongming was made King of Jingnan, and Shang Kexi was named King of Pingnan, each leading an army of 10,000 to Guangdong;
However, soon after, Geng Zhongming committed suicide due to fear of hiding and his son Geng Jimao succeeded him as King of Jingnan.
In the eighth year of Shunzhi, Wu Sangui was ordered to march into Sichuan. Wu Sangui's army was the strongest, claiming to be 50,000, which was later slowly expanded to 70,000;
In the ninth year of Shunzhi, Kong Youde was killed in battle, and all his sons were killed, leaving only one daughter, Kong Sizhen;
Since Kong Youde's title of Dingnan was not inherited, the Qing government revoked his title;
Since then, "four domains" has been changed to "three domains".
In March of the sixteenth year of Shunzhi, the Shunzhi Emperor issued a holy decree based on Hong Chengzhuo's suggestion:
King Wu Sangui of Pingxi entered Yunnan
Pingnan Wang Shangke is happy to enter Guangdong
Geng Jimao, the king of Jingnan, was stationed in Sichuan (later Fujian).
It can be said that San Francisco's role so far has been positive: it has been conducive to strengthening centralized power and has played a great role in the Qing Dynasty, which needed to pacify the Central Plains; At the same time, effectively resist Zheng Chenggong's interference.
But as the Central Plains calmed down, San Francisco's problems became more and more prominent:
Supporting the army with self-respect, the power is increasing day by day;
Yunnan's annual salary alone has reached more than 9 million.
Kangxi commented on San Francisco in "Kangxi Dynasty":
"Half of the world's wealth is wasted on the three great lords."
Kangxi's biggest concern was not just about the Yulu problem. At this time, the separation of San Francisco seemed to threaten imperial power and was not conducive to strengthening centralized power.
In the more than ten years since Kangxi came to the throne, the power of the San Francisco Empire has become increasingly powerful, and it has become a trend of "the tail is too big to lose".
As an emperor with big ambitions, Kangxi could not allow others to sleep by his bedside!
That is to say: at this time, San Francisco has become a "thorn in the flesh" of the imperial court, and it must be disposed of quickly!
02 Kangxi abolished San Francisco
After Kangxi took charge of the elimination of Ao Bai, he regarded the "three princes of Governing the River, Caoyun, and Ping" as three major events, and wrote down these three major events, pasted them on the pillars in the palace, and looked at them every day to remind himself.
Kangxi knew very well that Wu Sangui at this time was definitely not comparable to the heroes of the Song Dynasty, but a town-like existence of the princes of the Tang Dynasty.
"Wu Sangui is by no means comparable to the heroes of the Song Dynasty, but the princes of the Tang Dynasty."
Aware of the shortcomings of San Francisco, Kangxi paid close attention to the situation and sought a suitable opportunity to propose the abolition of San Francisco.
In 1663, Kangxi sent his internal ministers to ask Wu Yingxiong, the son of Wu Sangui, who was living in the capital: "Because the Yongli Emperor was entrenched in Burma and there were many border matters, he was awarded the general seal." To your father, it is only a temporary measure, although it has been pacified now, but your father has not returned the Great General's Seal, what does it mean? ”
Kangxi's intention was very obvious, that is, to blame Wu Sangui. Wu Yingxiong naturally heard the meaning and conveyed Kangxi's intentions to his father;
Wu Sangui had no choice but to hand over the general seal to the imperial court, but he was actually very unhappy in his heart.
Immediately afterwards, Kangxi began to reduce the number of military personnel in order to save military expenses. In 1665, Kangxi ordered Wu Sangui to discuss with the local assassins how to reduce military personnel and save 1 million taels of military expenditure.
The "Zhongyong Battalion" and "Volunteer Battalion" were Wu Sangui's direct subordinate units and his trump card troops. However, Kangxi ordered the generals of the two battalions to be adjusted and the location of the garrison changed. In fact, they exist only in name.
At the same time, Wu Sangui's cronies were also transferred out of Yunnan one by one. Wu Sangui, whose wings were broken, can be said to be alone.
Kangxi's actions attracted the attention of Wu Sangui's son-in-law Hu Guozhu and his henchman Fang Guangshen. In May 1667, they braved heavy rain to ask to see Wu Sangui, reminding Wu that the imperial court had begun to suspect him, and hoped that Wu Sangui would come up with a foolproof plan as soon as possible.
Wu Sangui was taken aback when he heard this, but then he didn't do anything.
But Wu Sangui is an old fox who has experienced hundreds of battles after all, and he will definitely not do nothing.
Wu Sangui sent a statement to the imperial court, saying that he had a problem with his eyes, and asked the emperor for permission to resign from Yungui's affairs.
Kangxi read Wu Sangui's recital and agreed without hesitation:
"King Wu Sangui of Pingxi has been stationed in the frontier for a long time and is in charge of the affairs of the two provinces. Reading the recital recently, I know that the prince's eyes are dizzy and his energy has dropped sharply, which is all caused by overwork, and I am deeply worried. ”
Kangxi agreed so quickly, which really surprised Wu Sangui. Wu Sangui asked Zhang Guozhu, Bian Sanyuan and others to go to Shu, hoping that Kangxi could take back his life, but Kangxi insisted.
As a result, Wu Sangui was left with only the title of King of Pingxi, and his power was almost hollowed out.
In order to appease Wu Sangui, Kangxi decreed that Princess Heshuo, the fourteenth daughter of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty, be married to Wu Sangui's eldest son, Wu Yingxiong, and promoted Wu Yingxiong to a young mansion, and:
Geng Jimao's two sons were still gratifying, and both were made crown princes and national teachers.
On the surface, it was his honorary favor, but in fact it was a hostage of the third prince of the capital.
Such a combination of soft and hard tactics is indeed very effective. On the occasion of Wu Sangui's 60th birthday, the Kangxi Emperor allowed Wu Yingxiong to return to Yunnan with his wife and children to celebrate Wu Sangui's birthday. Wu Sangui enjoyed the joy of heaven and said happily to the counselor Fang Guangshen:
"Did you see that? How could the imperial court doubt me? You must be careful when you speak in the future! ”
Wu Sangui was indeed convinced by Kangxi's actions that it was impossible for Kangxi to withdraw from the vassal states, but Kangxi did not stop acting for a moment.
At the same time, Southern Ming's widow Cha Rulong wrote to Wu Sangui, hoping that Wu Sangui could reverse the Qing and restore the Ming Dynasty; After the news leaked, Wu Sangui took Cha Rulong into the capital.
Kangxi clearly understood from Cha Rulong's case that as long as Wu Sangui was still there, he was the biggest hidden danger, so he must get rid of it.
And Kangxi was just waiting for an opportunity.
The time soon came: in March 1673, Shang Ke happily visited Kangxi, hoping that the emperor would allow him to return to Liaodong to retire.
Kangxi decided to take advantage of the gratifying situation and began to abolish the lords of the San Francisco.
On January 12, Kangxi issued a divine decree to Shang Kexi, acceding to his request:
"Glad that King Pingnan decided to settle in Guangdong and guard the border, he is seventy this year, and I want to return to Liaodong to farm, my love for him is sincere, and I am deeply pleased to understand the overall situation." ”。
Shang Kexi's withdrawal from the domain did have a great impact on Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong. In order to test Kangxi, Wu Sangui asked to withdraw from the vassal states. His advisers prevented him from doing so, but Wu Sangui was very confident that Kangxi would not allow it, but Wu Sangui was wrong. He judged the situation and even misjudged Kangxi's determination to abolish San Francisco:
"Kangxi, this little emperor, must not dare to do anything to me, Shangshu is just to dispel his doubts!"
In this way, Wu Sangui and Geng Jingzhong both entered Shu to abolish San Francisco, which was exactly what Kangxi wanted. Kangxi directly agreed to this plan and ordered the ministers to discuss the specific matters of abolishing San Francisco.
The ministers had no objection to the removal of Geng Jingzhong and Shang Kexi, but disagreed on Wu Sangui.
In particular, Tu Hai, Suo Etu and others resolutely opposed the removal of Wu Sangui. The political monarchs were unable to settle the dispute and left it to Kangxi to decide.
Kangxi thought deeply, promulgated a holy decree, and resolutely decided to abolish San Francisco:
Wu Sangui asked to be accommodated and expressed his sincere love. Wu Sangui led the officers and soldiers to move here. ”
On the morning of the second day of Kangxi's decree, Suo Etu took the lead in raising questions;
At this time, Kangxi was only 20 years old and full of energy. He's not the kind of person who looks ahead;
What's more, after experiencing the capture of Ao Bai, he became more determined and decisive; Even if he had to pay for it, he would not hesitate.
03 Wu Sangui suppressed the rebellion for 8 years
In September 1673, the imperial court sent Qin to Kunming to read the holy decree. When Wu Sangui learned that Kangxi had decided to abolish San Francisco, he decided to take a desperate step;
On December 21, Wu Sangui gathered all his soldiers and horses, killed the governor of Yunnan, Zhu Guozhi, and sacrificed the banner, officially launching a rebellion under the banner of "anti-Qing and restoration".
When Kangxi learned of Wu Sangui's rebellion, he quickly summoned the ministers to discuss how to deal with it;
Suo Etu suggested that Kangxi put to death the ministers who supported the abolition of San Francisco, but Kangxi did not agree. Kangxi decided to take all the responsibility for himself and was determined to retain the ministers who supported his abolition:
"The withdrawal of the princely states was of my own free will, what is the fault of others? I always thought that the princely states of San Francisco were so arrogant that they had to withdraw, how could Wu Sangui blame others for his rebellion? ”
I have to admit: I really admire Kangxi at this point. He is courageous, can distinguish right from wrong, and will not let others back the pot.
Kangxi quickly mobilized soldiers and horse generals:
The commander of the vanguard force, Shuo Dai, led his troops to march into Changde.
King Lerkin of Dorocheng County entered Jingzhou
Sun Yanling, son-in-law of Dingnan King Kong Youde, stayed in Guangxi
...
However, in 1674, Sun Yanling and Geng Jingzhong successively launched rebellions, and Kangxi successively dispatched six armies;
Meantime:
Kangxi ordered to appease Geng Jingzhong and Shang Kexi, hoping that they would not fall for Wu Sangui;
and issued a decree informing the whole country:
"The traitor Wu Sangui is on his deathbed and begs for mercy. Emperor Zhang, our ancestor, remembered his surrender, granted him military service, made him a royal prince, and made him a prince in Yunnan, and attached himself to him. "With all my heart... Whoever captures and kills the head of Wu Sangui and returns to the imperial court as a soldier and horse city, and is rewarded according to the knighthood, I will never break my word, and the local officials can widely declare that I will abide by it.
On April 13, Kangxi decided to destroy his relatives and ordered the execution of Wu Sangui's eldest son Wu Yingxiong and eldest grandson Wu Shilin;
This time, he killed his relatives without hesitation, and indeed achieved the effect that Kangxi wanted.
Wu Sangui was furious when he heard the news.
In December 1674, a fire broke out in the Kangxi backyard. Shaanxi Governor Wang Fuchen killed Shangshu Moluo of the Ministry of Punishment and rebelled.
Kangxi calmly analyzed the situation and decided to readjust the deployment:
Leerjin captures the thief and captures the king, mainly attacks Hunan, and destroys Wu Sangui;
King Anle attacked Jiangxi
Prince Kang conquers Zhejiang
In order to quickly obtain military intelligence on the front line, Kangxi deliberately planned to set up a post station every 400 kilometers. In this way, Gansu is five thousand miles from the capital and can be delivered in only nine days, while Xi'an and other places only need four or five days.
Wu Sangui originally did not take Kangxi, a "fresh boy", seriously, but when he heard that the post station was so fast, he sighed:
"It's over, you are not allowed to fight him anymore!"
Faced with the Shaanxi governor Wang Fuchen, Kangxi changed his strategy and planned to appease him: he issued a touching holy decree in Taoism, and was brought back by Wang Fuchen's son Wang Jizhen. This edict is deeply moving, like a letter reminiscing about the past;
Kangxi's sincerity moved Wang Fuchen, and instead of going south to Wu Sangui, he stayed in Pingliang City.
In February 1676, the Fuyuan general Tu Hai did not attack Pingliang, besieged the city of Pingliang, and summoned Wang Fuchen to surrender. Kangxi kept his word and did not blame Wang Fu, but promoted him to general of Jingkou.
With the surrender of Wang Fuchen, the Qing army recovered a large number of lost territories;
After solving the northwest battlefield, we went all out to the main battlefield of Huguang.
Based on the experience of recruiting Wang Fuchen, Kangxi decided to adopt the strategy of package raising, and the effect was indeed very obvious:
In October 1676, Geng Jingzhong surrendered;
In May 1677, Shang Zhixin surrendered;
The Qing army slowly surrounded Hunan and other places where Wu Sangui was located.
In 1678, in order to boost morale, Wu Sangui ascended the throne in Yuezhou and proclaimed himself emperor, establishing the Great Zhou Dynasty; However, only five months later, Wu Sangui died of illness in the army, and his grandson Wu Shifan succeeded him.
Taking advantage of this favorable situation, Kangxi ordered the Qing army to attack Yuezhou by land and water, and soon captured Yuezhou.
04 Conclusion
In February 1681, the Qing army arrived in Kunming and besieged Kunming for more than half a year. Wu Shifan committed suicide by taking poison;
In October of the same year, the Qing army entered the city of Kunming, and the San Francisco Rebellion, which lasted for eight years, was finally put down.
The news of the victory of the Three Enemies reached the capital, and hundreds of officials came to the Qianqing Gate to congratulate Kangxi.
Kangxi was only 20 years old when he began to abolish San Francisco. Despite the opposition of many ministers, he was determined to abolish San Francisco. Even though Wu Sangui rebelled, he still took the responsibility on himself and did not take out his anger on the courtiers. This is indeed valuable to the body; This is really valuable to the body.
Throughout the process of pacifying San Francisco, Kangxi's strategy of changing his plans in time and paying San Francisco was very effective. I have to admit: the emperors of the past have indeed done things thoughtfully and calmly!
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