【Yangxiong Profile】
Yang Xiong (53 BC – 18 AD), courtesy name Ziyun, was a native of Shu County, Western Han Dynasty (Youai Town, Pi County, Chengdu), and a Western Han official, scholar, philosopher, writer, and linguist. Yang Xiong is less studious, stutters, reads a lot of books, and is good at words. Yang Xiong was the most famous poet of the Western Han Dynasty after Sima Xiangru, the so-called "Xie Ma alone to find stories, the article two Han shame Yang Xiong".
During the Western Han Dynasty, Yan Junping and Luo Hong single-mindedly asked the heavens, peeped into the heavens, and reached the height of no ancients before; Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong were like the two peaks of Emei and Wawu, which achieved the two strange people of Shudi's steep Chinese culture, and at this point, shudi's brilliant literary talent and lonely literary thinking began to condescend to the top and spread the Yangtze River.
Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong were both stutterers. Stuttering is commonly known as stuttering, mozziness, Ya called "heavy words", "double voice", medically known as "language obstruction". Although many stutterers are inferior and incompetent for "big talk", there are huge arms, and with a roar, they can roar a lion, change the situation, and become a shining example for stutterers. Because Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong stuttered, they gave up the stuttering oral narrative, inherited the style of Chu Ci, and then carved out a style of style, and the majestic Bashan Shu water was transformed into a gushing snow wave and an endless forest, paving and determining the second vein of Ren Du of Han Dafu.
Yang Xiong's master Yan Junping
Yang Xiong (53 BC – 18 AD), also known as Yang Xiong, was a Western Han Dynasty official, scholar, philosopher, writer, and linguist of the Western Han Dynasty.
Yang Xiong's ancestor, Ji Zhou Zhishu, took Yang as his clan because he was fed by Yang Yi of Jin. It is said that Yang Xiong's eyes were empty, and he changed his "Yang" to "Yang", which was shocking and vulgar, in order to distinguish him from the Surname of Yang in Shudi, which has no solid evidence. In fact, "Yangxiong" is always "Yangxiong" in ancient texts, there was no vulgar word before the Ming Dynasty, the word "Yang" swarmed, and after the Ming Dynasty, the printed editions were written as "Yangxiong", and the convention became customary, and gradually became the law.
Statue of Yang Xiong
Later, in order to escape the war, Yang Xiong's ancestors moved to Wushan, and then along the river, and lived in present-day Chongqing for a period of time. When the ancestor Yang Ji came to settle in Pi County, Sichuan, at that time the family had more than 100 acres of land, and in the Western Han Dynasty, where the crops were widespread and thinly harvested, the family with 100 acres of land should be said to be very unfundly.
When it came to YangXiong, "the family property is only ten gold, and there is no reserve of danshi", the unit of the Western Han Dynasty gold is jin, ten gold refers to ten jin, and the family wealth is not extensive.
Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the Five Classics, the Tongjing has become the main means for readers to pursue their careers. Once you learn the scriptures and become famous, you can become a doctor or a disciple, and many readers study the scriptures for fame and fortune. Yang Xiong did not become a cowardly student in such an atmosphere, which was largely influenced by his teacher Yan Junping.
According to the "Hanshu Wang Gong Liang Gong Bao Biography", Yan Junping used Bu Zheng as a profession in chengdu, "When there is evil and non-right, then rely on the turtle as a matter of interest." Speaking with the Son of Man depends on filial piety, with the brothers depending on obedience, with the words of the people and subjects depending on loyalty, each according to the situation to lead to goodness..."
In this passage of records, we can find that Chengdu has always had a tenacious folk nature since ancient times, interests and harms, filial piety and obedience, loyalty and kindness, judging from facts, and marking justice, which can be regarded as the source found in Yan Junping, who actually has some of the spiritual characteristics of Sima Qian's "ranger". He did not rely on the government for a living, never wandered the officialdom and begged for food, but set up a brazen manner to support himself with wisdom. Based on this alone, Du Fu was far inferior to Yan Junping. Apparently, the teacher earned enough money for a day's meal before he began to teach the disciples the meaning of Lao Tzu. According to Yang Xiong's family situation, Yan Junping obviously did not teach for tuition fees, which can only be out of "children can be taught".
It is said that Yan Junping died at the age of 91 and was buried in Pingle Mountain, Pi County. He lived in Pingle Mountain for more than forty years, wrote the prophecy of "Wang Mang obeying the curse, Guangwu Zhongxing" on the mountain, and predicted two important historical events of "Wang Mang's usurpation of power" and "Guangwu Zhongxing" more than 20 years in advance. Of course, there is no shortage of side-points.
This period of communication experience is full of gold and precious for Yang Xiong. Many years later, he praised Yan Junpingshi in the "Fa Yan Qing Ming": "Shu Zhuang Shen Meditation, Shu Zhuang's talent is also precious, do not make a gouge, do not negotiate, for a long time do not change their conduct, although Sui and why add it?" Isn't it also a treasure (according to the "Yin Yi", as "Zhen")? Wu Zhen Zhuang also. It can be seen that the teacher's thinking and ethics have had an important impact on Yang Xiong's life.
Yang Xiong jumped off the building
In his early years, Yang Xiong greatly admired Sima Xiangru, "every time he was endowed, he often made it into a style" (Book of Han, Biography of Yang Xiong). His "Ganquan" and "Feather Hunting" are written by simulating Sima Xiang's "Zi Xuan" and "Shanglin", and their content is to lay out the long sacrifice of the Heavenly Son, the greatness of the Yuan Yuan, and the grandeur of the field hunting, and the ending is also allegorical, which also opens up a structural mode of the article of offering advice and offering. Its rhetorical conception is also gorgeous and magnificent, similar to Sima Xiangfu, and it is called "Yang Ma" in later generations.
During the Western Han Dynasty, people's life expectancy was short, and a person in his forties was already considered an old man, and it seemed that he should not travel far. Yang Xiong was more than forty years old, and he actually left Sichuan and came to Chang'an for the first time.
"Biography of Yang Xiong": "When Emperor Xiaocheng was born, there were people who recommended Xiongwen who seemed to be similar, and the upper suburban shrine Ganquan Taishi and Fenyin Houtu, in order to seek heirs, summoned Xiong to wait for the court of Zhao Chengming. In the first month, from the upper Ganquan also, play "Ganquan Fu" to the wind... In March, the sacrifice will be made to the houtu, and the shangnai shuai group of ministers will cross the great river and make fenyin... On "Hedong Fu" to persuade ... Its December feather hunt, male from... Therefore, the chat is because of the "School Hunting Endowment" to the wind. According to Yang Xiong's recommendation "Luo Yu" and playing "Feather Hunting Fu", in addition to "For Lang" to analyze, Yang Xiong was recommended in the first year of Yuan Yan (12 BC), when he was 42 years old.
When Yang Xiong entered the army, he was facing a struggle between the Liu Dynasty and the Wang foreign clique. Yang Xiong was unable to maintain the Liu dynasty and did not dare to offend foreign forces, so the weak scholar had to bury his head in writing in an attempt to transcend the actual political struggle and gain freedom in writing. Unfortunately, his early folk values have seriously not adapted to the ecology of the officialdom, and Yang Xiong has to exaggerate, make false, and gorgeous remarks to wantonly "beauty and newness", sing praises and praises, dance with hundreds of beasts, and sense mountains and rivers, which is obviously a work against his heart to avoid disasters. It's really a deep sea.
The most serious thing is that he actually sang the praises of Wang Mang: "Since the Zhou Gong, there has not been a Han Gong Zhi Yiye, and the industriousness is too Ah Heng." "The Duke of Han refers to Wang Mang, and Ah Heng is Yi Yin. Generations of literati believe that this passage is a tribute to Wang Mang. Yi Yin, Zhou Gong, and the sages praised by the Zhou Dynasty, Yang Xiong compared Wang Mang with him, which seems to be a praise, but in fact, he was intimidated by Wang Mang's power and a kind of gentle persuasion to Wang Mang. However, this kind of "proverb" was so weak to Wang Mang, who was full of momentum! We have always found that the ears of great men can only receive the overwhelming sound of "praise".
When Zhuge Liang, who embroidered his mouth in Jinxin, fought against the Confucians, he had a sharp tongue and a sharp sword, ploughing deep into ancient and modern times, and commented on Yang Xiong in this way: "And just as Yang Xiong is famous for his articles, and he bends down to do things recklessly, he will inevitably throw himself into the cabinet and die, this so-called villain's Confucianism." "The reason why Zhuge Liang said that Yang Xiong is a villain is not necessarily all pejorative in my opinion. Adult, hero Haojie also; villain, peddler pawn. Zhuge Liang wanted to say that Yang Xiong was talented, but he was a tyrant and a tyrant, and the stain was impressive, but he was just a small person. Zhuge favored Liu Bei, Liu Bei had always advocated An Hanxing Liu, and Zhuge Liang used Yang Xiong to tell Eastern Wu Wenchen that a hero should meet the Ming Lord before he could bow down.
Liu Xiang, Liu Xin, and Yang Xiong were all scholars at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and their political and academic tendencies were different. At the behest of Liu Xin, Yang Xiong began to teach Liu Xin's son Liu Di to recognize ancient Chinese characters. Liu Di later made up his own spells, and he and Liu Yong, Ding Long, and Zhen Xun were all killed by Wang Mang, and Yang Xiong was regarded as a party member with Liu Di and others. When the prison messenger came to arrest him, he panicked and jumped from the Tianlu Pavilion, almost dying.
Later, he used the phrase "Yang Xiong to throw himself into the cabinet" to mean that the literati were implicated in the crime for no reason, and it was a metaphor for being cornered.
This year, he was 67 years old.
After smashing the clique that usurped the party's power, Wang Mang heard Yang Xiong jump off the building, and his eyes were like a torch: "Yang Xiong has never participated in his affairs, why is he in this case?" He secretly inquired about the reason, found out that Yang Xiong did not know, and issued an edict not to pursue it. However, Kyoshi commented on this: "Because of loneliness, self-surrender, because of tranquility, do the fate." ”
After the "Cabinet Incident", Yang Xiong was dismissed from his post due to illness, and soon resumed his position as doctor. Yang Xiong was poor all his life, and in his later years, "people wanted to go to his door, and sometimes there were good people carrying wine from traveling to study, and Hou Ba often lived from Xiong. ("The Biography of Yang Xiong") Experienced a shock, Yang Xiong withered in the palace, and ended his life in poverty and loneliness, at the age of 71.
Yang Xiong's "Tai Xuan" book shadow
Experiencing the catastrophe of the "Touge Incident" has also become a watershed between Yang Xiong's writing and academic research. Yang Xiong believed that the words were "carved insect seal carving" and "strong men do not do it", and turned to philosophy. Imitate the Analects as the Dharma, and imitate the I Ching as the Taixuan. He put forward the doctrine of "Xuan" as the root of all things in the universe. Some people laughed at him, so he wrote a "Solution to Ridicule"; in order to comfort himself, he wrote a unique "Eviction of Poverty", writing that he was sad and discouraged, "calling for poverty and language", and he questioned why poverty always followed him. This article vented his anger at living in poverty. Using more four-word sentences, the concept is novel, the tone is witty, but it contains a deep and uneven atmosphere.
It seems that the humor and self-deprecating spirit of the Shu people have returned to Yang Xiong in his old age.
Carry wine and ask questions
Shu people love wine for a long time, Yang Xiong is a celebrity, beyond the reach of ordinary people.
Yang Xiong was once deposed, he had never had savings and was very poor. Cute wine is still, a deep love, how is this good wow?
Because his family was poor, he couldn't drink anymore, so how did Vince get away with it? Someone knew the truth and simply used the car with wine and vegetables to ask him for advice. When Yang Xiong saw the wine and vegetables coming, Wen Si made great progress, his thoughts were exquisite, his words were mysterious, and he was endless, and the people who sent the wine benefited greatly... As soon as word spread, the rich people in the capital often asked him for advice. As a gift for advice, they all pulled wine and vegetables to the door to ask for help... This is where the term "wine-carrying" comes from.
So, what does "asking words" have to do with Yang Xiong?
Yang Xiong has a superb study of paleography, coupled with a strong knowledge and strong memory, and countless books, which is simply a gushing "sea of words". Such as oracle bones, gold scripts, seal books and the like. Some people specifically learned philology from him, which is the origin of "asking words".
The two elegant things of "carrying wine" and "asking words" have come together to become an idiom of high character. It can also be said that Yang Xiong was a symbol of learning at that time.
Yang Xiong had two sons, the youngest son, Tong Wu, who was born different. It is said that when he was 9 years old, he saw his father write the first draft of the Tai xuan jing, and the child bird dared to participate in the discussion. Yao Zhenzong's Book of Han, Yiwenzhi, and Tiaoli, volume II, records: "Liu Xiangbei's biography says that Xiong's (counting) Xuanjing will not, and Zi Wuling will make nine numbers and get it." Xiong also grabbed the "Yi" Yang Touching the Domain, and the Day was not enough, and Zi Wu Yue said: "Why doesn't the Lord Yun He ge enter the hazel?" After an early death. Yang Xiong lamented this genius son in "Fa Yan Xiang Shen" and wrote: "Those who breed but do not sprout, the child of my family Wuhu!" Nine years old and with me Xuanwen. Li Rail explained: "Tong Wu, the son of Zi yun also." Zhongni mourns Yan Yuanmiao but not Xiu, Ziyun hurts Tong Wuyu without Miao; Yan Yuan is weak and has a weak crown with Zhongni Yanyi, Tong Wujiu, and Ling and Yang Ziyun on Xuan. It can be seen from this that the early death of genius seems to have become a predestined ending.
"Xuan" is the highest category in the Yangxiong system.
It is worth mentioning that at that time, when The Great Sikong Wang Yi and Na Yan Yan You heard that Yang Xiong was dead, they said to Huan Tan: "You once praised Xiong's book, can he pass it on to future generations?" Huan Tan replied, "He will definitely be able to circulate." But you and I can't see it. Mortals despise the near and attach importance to the far, and see with their own eyes that Yang Ziyun's status and appearance cannot be moved, they despise his books. In the past, Lao Nie wrote two articles on nothingness, light benevolence and righteousness, and refuted etiquette, but later generations liked it and thought that it exceeded the Five Classics, from Emperor Wen of Han, Emperor Jing, and Sima Qian. Now Yangzi's writings are the most profound, and the discussion does not violate the saints, and if he meets the monarch at that time, and then reads it by the sages, and is praised by them, he will surely surpass the sons. ”
At that time, the corrupt Confucians ridiculed Yang Xiong for not being a saint but daring to write a scripture, just like the Spring and Autumn Wu chu monarch usurped the title of king, which should be the crime of exterminating the clan. Judging from the circumstances of Yang Xiong's death, his "Fa Yan" was widely used in the world, but the "Xuan" was not further manifested.
In addition to philosophy and Hanfu, Yang Xiong has achieved remarkable results in the two fields of philology and history. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Zhiji's "Stone Zhengshi" pointed out that Yang Xiong had continued to write the "History of History", but unfortunately the original book was already heroic.
Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty said in the "On Heng Su Song": "Sima Zi Changji Huangdi and even Xiao Wu, Yang Zi Yunlu Xuan Emperor and even LaiPing, Chen Ping Zhongji Guangwu, Ban Mengjian praised Xiao Ming. It shows that yang xiong, following Sima Qian, wrote the history of The Han Xuan Emperor to the Han Ping Emperor. Yang Xiong also wrote the "Benji of the King of Shu", which is an indispensable historical material for the study of ancient Sichuan.
In terms of philology, Yang Xiong has books such as "Precepts" and "Dialects". The "Hanshu Yangxiong Biography" says that Yang Xiong thought that "shi mo is good at cangjie" and "training";"Huayang Guozhi" points out that Yang Xiong believes that "the classic Mo is in 'Erya', pretending to be 'dialect'". ”
Both of these books are precious classics on paleography.
Distant view of the "Western Shuzi Cloud Pavilion"
Yang Xiong's lifetime was the fourth emperor of The Hancheng Emperor, the Han Lai Emperor, the Han Ping Emperor and the New Dynasty Wang Mang, and he was also a senior official who had gone through two dynasties and four generations of officials. He was brilliant and learned, morally pure, and wonderfully Confucian. Wang Chong said that he had the "talent of Hongmao to participate in the saints"; Han Yu praised him as a "saint disciple" with "great purity and small defects"; and Sima Guang even honored him as a "great Confucian" who surpassed Xun Yuemeng after Confucius. Even the Three Character Classic lists him as one of the "Five Sons": "The Five Sons are Xun Yang, Wen Zhongzi, and Lao Zhuang."
The Shu people who have received such a high reputation are especially eared.
Yang Xiong was born poor and had extremely high achievements, and Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty argued in the "Buried Room Inscription" that thatched huts and grass pavilions could also give birth to Gongqing sages, embodying Confucius's idea of "gentlemen dwelling in it, he is ugly", citing Zhuge Liang and Yang Xiong, and writing down the ancient famous sentence "Nanyang Zhuge Lu, Western Shu Zi Yunting".
The "Book of Han And YangXiong Biography" only says that Ziyun Residence was "in the sun of Minshan Mountain", and was called "Ziyun House" at that time, because there were many people who studied from him and asked for words, so people also called his residence "Questioning Character House". The meaning of "house" and "pavilion" is obviously not the same, and the ancient "pavilion" is a kind of local administrative structure. When was "Ziyun House" changed to "Ziyun Pavilion"?
Mr. Wang Li, a famous linguist, believes that the "Ziyun Pavilion" mentioned by Liu Yuxi is actually "Ziyun Residence", which refers to Yang Xiong's former residence. Liu Yuxi deliberately changed "house" to "pavilion" in order to make the sentences in the "Buried Room Inscription" rhyme.
Since Liu Yuxi's "Buried Room Ming" came out, it has been circulated at home and abroad, and "Ziyun Pavilion" has not gone astray. The people of Pixian County, who were self-proclaimed because they were located in Yangxiong's hometown, also changed the "Qingzi House" to "Qingzi Pavilion". And because Yang Xiong once wrote "Tai Xuan", the influence was very large, so some people called his house "Cao Xuan Pavilion". During the Qing Dynasty, in order to avoid the "Holy Ancestor" Xuan Ye, "Xuan" was changed to "Yuan", also known as "Caoyuan Pavilion".
In view of the great fame of the "Buried Chamber", the "Ziyun Pavilion" in Central Shu was lined up everywhere, and where Yang Xiong had been involved, the "Ziyun Pavilion" was built one after another, of which the more famous ones were Chengdu, Qianwei, Jiange, Mianyang, Pixian and other places.
Where is the real "Western Shuzi Cloud Pavilion"?
According to the Zhili Mianzhou Chronicle, Before Yang Xiong traveled to The Capital Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi), he lived in Fu County, in present-day Mianyang. In Xishan and Zhongyang Town (present-day Xinquan Town, Fucheng District), there are relics such as reading desks and ink washing ponds. The Dictionary of Historical Figures and Places of Sichuan also believes that it is the "Ziyun Pavilion" in Mianyang Xishan, which is also the only remaining "Ziyun Pavilion". Ziyun Pavilion was built in Sui and has been built many times. According to the Mianyang County Chronicle, the Ziyun Pavilion, which was rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty, was a rectangular pavilion with a wooden structure that collapsed in a storm in 1976. Later, on the original site, the Ziyun Pavilion was rebuilt, imitating the wooden structure, which still exists today, called the original site Ziyun Pavilion to distinguish it from the newly built Ziyun Pavilion later.
Mianyang Xishanzi Yunting
Scholar Li Dianyuan pointed out that the "Shaocheng Literature and History Materials" believes that the "Ziyun Pavilion" was in Chengdu, in the original Chengdu Thirteen Middle Schools of Qinglong Street, based on the Song Ren Leshi "Taiping Huanyu Record" and "Reading Yitang Record" and so on. The late Tang Dynasty Zheng Wei wrote the "Book of Shu", that is, Yang Xiong's mansion was 280 steps northwest of the Tang Festival in the Qin Dynasty, and its location was in the current Qinglong Street.
The ruins are all in the past, but what will not be forgotten is Wang Anshi's comment on Yang Xiong: "The Confucian Ling Yi is poor in this way, and there is a Yang Xiong in the thousand autumns." ”