The cultural climate of the court of Emperor Huizong: Imperial inscriptions and inscriptions of poetry

In the fifth dynasty, there was already a phenomenon of emperors inscribed calligraphy and painting, and the second volume of "Mengxi Pen Talks, Supplementary Pen Talks" contains: "Among the calligraphy and paintings, there is sometimes a theme of Li Hou, but the name of the person who inscribed the calligraphy and painting has not been tasted; Only Zhong Yin painting, all inscribed by the Lord himself, the three characters 'Zhong Yin Pen'. After the lord is good at painting, You Gong Lingmao. Or Yun: Whoever says 'bell hidden pen' is self-drawn by the Lord. Judging from Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD), the court painters of the Southern Tang Dynasty seem to have lost their knowledge, and the Southern Tang Weixian's Gao Shitu, which is considered credible, is also missing. Emperor Huizong of Song (1082-1135 AD), as the creator and collector of court paintings, pioneered the custom of inscriptions for monarchs, as can be seen from his inscription activities with his close minister Cai Jing.

Song Huizong's "Snow River Returns to the Picture" has Cai Jing's inscription on it, mentioning that Song Huizong painted four scenes of spring, summer, autumn and winter, and "Snow River Return" is one of them, which is in line with the Song Dynasty's "Four Times" painting view of time. Cai Jing's pen is graceful and ethereal, and his writing is strong and cheerful, with strong personal style characteristics. Ruchengshu's "Xuanhe Shupu" around 1123 praised him as "the right book is like a crowned sword, the minister discusses on the temple, and the book is like a noble son, with great spirit and brilliance". Volume 4 of "Talks on Tiewei Mountain" says: "The words are strong and strong, and they are happy and calm." In the Holy Room, the world can write books, and there is no one who is public. These comments are fully reflected in this title:

Ministers are watching, and the imperial snow river is returned. The water is far away, and the sky is long. The mountains are clean, and the pedestrians are depressed. The drums are in the middle of the stream, the sails are in the sky, and the meaning of the snow river is complete. The qi of the four times of heaven and earth is different, all things are born between heaven and earth, luck with qi, hot and obscure, life and prosperity, flying away stupid, changing without direction, and no one can be poor. His Majesty the Emperor prepared the scenery of the four seasons with a wonderful pen of Danqing, and studied the state of all things in the four pictures, covering the mind and creation. Daguan Geng Yin Ji Chunshuo, Taishi Chu Guogong to Shichen Jing remember.

(Song) Zhao Jiao Listen to the Qin Diagram Silk Coloring Height 147.2 cm Width 51.3 cm Collection of the Palace Museum

Another picture with Cai Jing's inscription is "Listening to the Qin", which depicts the scene of bureaucratic aristocrats listening to the piano. The protagonist Dao Guan Xuan robe, sitting in the center, concentrating on the piano, two courtiers in gauze hat official uniforms sitting on the front pier sat opposite each other to listen, the green robe on the left side was on his back, and the red robe on the right was holding a fan and bowing his head, the two were leisurely settled, as if they were being dragged by the sound of the piano, completely intoxicated. The blue-shirted boy with a forked hand looks at the protagonist who plucks the strings. The author takes the sound of the piano as the theme, and uses pen and ink to portray the musical mood of "silence is better than sound at this time". At the top of the picture, there is a seven-word epigram of Cai Jing's handbook, the upper right is the three characters of Zhao Yao's thin gold book inscription "Listen to the Qin Tu", and the lower left is the "One Man in the World" flower bet and the "imperial book" Zhu Wenfangyin.

"Chanting to adjust the business stove under the tong, Matsuma is suspected of entering the pine wind. Look up at the low-judge lover, in order to listen to the stringless talent. Chen Jing is respectful. Although "Chenjing" is signed here, there is no small book or space, which is close to the format of the later literati's inscription. It can also be seen that when Emperor Huizong traveled with his courtiers, he did not pay too much attention to the distinction between monarchs and courtiers, showing an atmosphere of "literary and artistic heavenly son".

In terms of inscriptions, as stated in Emperor Gaozong's Zhao Zhi (1107-1187 AD) Han Mo Zhi: "The title and order are all Chen Hanye. Emperor Huizong presided over the Xuanhe Painting Academy, which adopted a fixed-format "Xuanhe costume" in terms of collection, and personally inscribed the name of the painting with a certain format. Among the physical objects that can be seen at present, although the "Xuanhe Decoration" calligraphy and painting have the title of Huizong's book, but the grade has not been seen, and the record of "Han Mozhi" shows that Huizong himself also wrote inscriptions and painted with quality.

In addition to the inscription of Wang Fangqing in the "Long Live the Heavenly Post", Mi Fu's "History of Painting" contains the "White Bull Picture" painted by Dai Song of the Tang Dynasty, which has the three characters "Dai Song Niu" in the imperial book of Emperor Taizong of Tang (599-649 AD). At present, the earliest painting name that can be seen in physical objects is the twelve-character inscription "Jiangxing Chuxue Picture Institute Student Zhao Ganxiang" in "Jiangxing Chuxue Picture Academy". It is generally believed to be the handwriting of Li Yu (937-978 AD), the empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty. As stated in volume 17 of the "Xuanhe Picture Score": "However, Li Shi can write and paint well, and the book is like a trembling pen and a curved shape, and it is as strong as a cold pine and frost bamboo, which is called the 'golden wrong knife', and the painting is also refreshing and extraordinary. It is also mentioned that the Southern Tang dynasty painter Tang Xiya learned Li Yu's wrong knife and pen, and painting bamboo is like calligraphy, which can be described as the earliest example of "the unity of calligraphy and painting". It should also be added that the word "shape" in the title has two meanings: description and presentation, and some scholars believe that the painting may be related to the imperial court's understanding of the people's feelings.

In Zhao Yao's "Xuanhe Decoration" collection and clothing fixed format, if it is a book post, it is generally written with a small moon white signature and gold pen at the yellow silk separator at the head of the volume; The painting is written in the upper left corner of the yellow silk water barrier, with ink inscriptions, which are slightly larger than the silk sticks. However, there are exceptions, such as Mr. Xu Bangda, who pointed out that Wang Xizhi's "Distant Eunuch Post" is an ink title; Paintings are also occasionally inscribed on this canvas, such as the title "Snow River Returns to the Picture" of the imperial painting "Snow River Returns to the Picture".

Emperor Huizong's inscription is not only inscribed with the name of the painting, but also includes the inscription poem and the signature. For example, the Southern Song Dynasty Yang Wang Xiu's "Song Zhongxing Pavilion Storage Pictures" records that the 911-axis paintings in the collection of the Southern Song Dynasty at that time, when Emperor Huizong had 14 axes of imperial paintings in the library, all of which were flower and bird paintings, and 31 axes of imperial inscriptions. Among them, there are 8 paintings of flowers and birds as a set, all of which are inscribed with five sentences, namely "Begonia Flower Phoenix", "Apricot Blossom Parrot", "Hibiscus Brocade Chicken", "Qianye Peach Tomato" (Peach), "Ju Eight Immortals Upside Down" (cherry), "Jinlin Pingyou Spring Warbler" (similar to the picture of fruit trees and birds), "Xiangmei Mountain White Head". "The above eight axes are followed by the imperial book poem and have the seven characters 'Xuanhe Hall Imperial System and Book'." These records are consistent with the physical objects of the "Hibiscus Jinji Map" now in the National Palace Museum and the "Wax Mei Mountain Bird Map" in the "Palace Museum" in Taipei.

In the "Furong Jin Chicken Diagram", Emperor Huizong inscribed: "Autumn strength resists frost, Eguan Jin Feather Chicken." It is known that all five virtues are better than comfort. As the "Han Poem Gaiden" says: "The one who wears the crown on his head, Wen Ye; Foot-to-Full, Takeya; Those who dare to fight before the enemy, brave; See the one who eats each other, Renya; Those who are punctual do not lose faith. In addition, there is also a poem in the "Wax Plum Mountain Bird Diagram": "Mountain fowl are delicate, and plum powder is gentle." There is already a Danqing covenant, and Qianqiu refers to the white head. "All have the seven characters of "Xuanhe Hall Imperial System and Book" and "One Person in the World" flower bet. Poetry and painting are rejuvenated, and it can be considered that Emperor Huizong created a precedent for inscribed poems into the heart of painting, but the literature shows that the inscription poetry into the heart of painting has risen, but it is not yet popular. For example, in the third volume of the "Painting Succession" (1053-1100 AD), Chao Fuzhi inscribed a poem in the "Spring Hall Big Screen": "The chest can swallow the cloud dream, why not the sages at the bottom; Intend to enter Henghuo in early autumn and write Jiang Tian for Jun Endless. ”

In addition, during the reign of Emperor Huizong, he also produced the "Xuanhe Rui Book", as stated in volume 1 of the "Painting Ji": "Animals are the genus of red wu, white magpie, heavenly deer, and literary fowl, and are forbidden; Plants such as juniper, pearl lotus, kumquat, bamboo, melon flower, and bird, are invincible. It is taken from the fifteen kinds of special ones, and the Danqing written is also known as the "Xuanhe Rui Book". ...... Accumulated to a thousand volumes, each auxiliary minister inscribed behind, but also crowned the beauty of ancient and modern. ”

(Song) Zhao He Five-colored parrot figure (partial) Silk coloring Height 53.3 cm Width 125.1 cm [Beauty] Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

(Song) Zhao He Five-colored parrot figure (partial) Silk coloring Height 53.3 cm Width 125.1 cm [Beauty] Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

At present, the three works of the "Xuanhe Rui Book" that are considered credible are "Five-Colored Parrot Map", "Xianglong Stone Map" and "Ruihe Map". Mr. Yu Hui mentioned in the article "Taoist Consciousness in the "Five-Colored Parrot Diagram" that the "Five-Colored Parrot Map" now in the Boston Museum of Art has been circulated, and the "Treasure of the Heavenly Calendar" seal on the canvas indicates that it was owned by Yuannei Mansion, which belonged to Deming Shuo (1609-1686 AD) at the end of the Ming Dynasty, belonged to Song Cang (1634-1713 AD) in the early Qing Dynasty, and later entered the Qianlong and Jiaqing Emperors' inner mansions, and the whole volume was reframed for Qianlong Neifu. When it was reframed, Emperor Huizong's inscription poem was moved to the front, and the twenty-sixth volume of the Shiqu Baoji Chu Compilation was recorded. After that, he was rewarded with Prince Gong Yi (1832-1898 AD), which was sold to antique dealers by his descendants after the Xinhai Revolution, and purchased it in Liuli Factory for Zhang Yunzhong (1881-1960 AD) in 1925. It was purchased by the Japanese Yamamoto Teijiro (1870-1937 AD) and recorded in the first volume of his 1931 Catalogue of Paintings and Calligraphy, which was sold to the Museum of Art in Boston after World War II.

This volume was written out of prayer for the country, and was completed with a pen and a line of coloring, which looks neat and gorgeous, and fully expresses the painter's devotion. On the right side of the frame, there is an inscription on the thin gold book and a poem of seven rhythms:

Five-colored parrot, from the ridge table.

Raise forbidden, tame and cute.

Flying and singing, going back and forth between the gardens.

Fang Zhongchun bloomed all over the apricots, soaring on it,

Ya is surprised and has an attitude of his own.

Looking at it, it is like a picture, because Fu is poetic.

This exotic bird is born in nature, and it comes to pay tribute to the nine depths.

The body is full of five colors and extraordinary quality, and Hui Tu has more words and better sounds.

Fei Yi is like a pity feather, and wanders like a full rice beam.

Sincerity and elegance, for the new chapter of martial arts.

According to the "Xianglong Shitu" volume and the "Ruihe Tu" volume are all written as the six characters of "Imperial Painting and Book" and the flower bet "One Person in the World", it can be judged that the damaged characters of the "Five-Colored Parrot Diagram" volume are "Imperial System Imperial Painting and Book", and the "One Person in the World" is charged, and the "Imperial Book" (Zhu Wen) is printed at the word "System" as the "Xianglong Stone Diagram" volume and the "Ruihe Tu" volume.

(Song) Zhao He Xianglong stone diagram (partial) silk coloring Height 53.9 cm Width 127.8 cm Collection of the Palace Museum

"Auspicious Dragon Stone Diagram" inscription:

The auspicious dragon stone, standing south of the surrounding green pond,

To the west of Fangzhou Bridge, it is relatively victorious.

Its momentum is victorious, if the dragon comes out of the form of Ruiying,

Odd appearance, can not be wonderful.

Draw a picture of the two relatives, and talk about the four rhymes.

Pimei is winding like a dragon, and he is quite dominant.

Yun Ning is good color to borrow from each other, and the water is even more different.

Often with smoke and suspicion, every night rain fears volleys.

Therefore, it is written by color pen himself, and the fusion skill is not easy to end.

(Song) Zhao He Ruihe diagram (partial) Silk coloring Height 51 cm Width 138.2 cm Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum

"Ruihe Diagram" inscription:

On the eve of the first Yuan of Zhenghe Renchen,

Suddenly, there were auspicious clouds, and the low end door was reflected, and everyone looked up to it.

There are cranes flying in the air,

There are still two cranes that stop at the end of the iris, which is quite leisurely,

The rest soared, like a rhythm.

The people of the capital all looked forward and sighed for a long time.

After the passage of time, it flew back to the northwest corner and scattered.

Thanks to Zi Xiangrui, so he wrote poetry to record the fact.

Qingxiao Yao Zhi flickering colorful neon, fairy birds to Rui suddenly come to the instrument;

Piaopiao Yuan is a three-mountain couple, and the two are still in the posture of a thousand years.

It seems to be the Treasure Pavilion of Biluanqi, which is the same as the Red Goose Gathering Tianchi;

Wandering and being a danque, so that longing is known.

(Song) Zhao He Ruihe figure silk coloring Height 51 cm Width 138.2 cm Collection of Liaoning Provincial Museum

The character body of Zhao He is taken from Huang Tingjian, and the brushwork is taken from Xue Ji and Xue Yao, which is hard and thin without losing ethereal. The above three pieces are all written before the poem, and the imperial poem is about three characters higher than the text, followed by "Imperial Painting and Book" and "One Person in the World". Regarding Huabai, according to documents, it began in the Tang Dynasty. "Pictures See Wenzhi on Qi Yun Non-Master" mentions: "And like the art of the world's words, it is called the seal of the heart." The original comes from the source of the heart, wants to form a trace, and the trace is in harmony with the heart, which is called the seal. The editor's note quotes the carefully "Miscellaneous Knowledge of Luxin", mentioning that the flower bet is the formation of the ancients' rhyme, and Wei Sheng of the Tang Dynasty signed his name as "five clouds". In the Northern Song Dynasty, people regarded the escort or flower abbot as a sign of the heart, and even had the appearance of auspiciousness, which is quite noteworthy. According to Wang Zhimin's research, this object may be traced back to the fifth dynasty. It should be added that the unique Chinese flower bet was also introduced to Japan. The Japanese scholar Wise Wisdom mentioned in "The Origin and History of Hanabashi" that Hanabi spread to Japan from the east roughly in the middle of the Heian period (794-1192 AD), called "Kusanagi"; In the Kamakura period (1185-1333 AD), due to the exchange of Zen monks between China and Japan, it was introduced to Japan again, called "two-character combination"; In the Ming Dynasty, the popular style was introduced to Japan with trade, called the "Ming Dynasty style".

In the era of Emperor Huizong, the "Xuanhe costume" inscription format, the inscription of the monarch, and the creation of inscriptions into the heart of the painting, the style of calligraphy and painting inscription in this period was basically complete, and a variety of inscription styles continued to develop in later generations.

(The author of this article works at the Academy of Fine Arts of East China Normal University, and the original title of the article is "The Cultural Meteorology of the Huizong Imperial Court: Inscriptions and Inscriptions of Emperors", the full text was originally published in the Beijing Painting Academy "The Gate of the Great Craftsman".) ）