Editor's note: The results of the 21st Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award were announced recently, and Professor Kong Lingwei of the College of Arts and Humanities won the first prize of the Outstanding Achievement Award for Basic Theoretical Research by Professor Kong Lingwei of the School of Arts and Humanities. The fourth section of the second chapter of the book is now pushed to share with readers.
Collection and bibliography of antiquities of the Huizong Dynasty
Kong Lingwei/Author
Compared with the previous generation, the collection of antiquities in the Northern Song Dynasty is quite impressive, and the collection of ancient ceremonial and bronze ware is far beyond the ancients. Cai Qi said in the "Discussion on the Tiewei Mountain" that at the beginning of the Great View, Emperor Huizong of Song "was following Gonglin's "Archaeology" and "Xuanhe Dian Bogutu", and those who hid it were large and small ceremonial vessels, and there were already five hundred. ...... The independence of the government and the room is the most prosperous, and the Shangfang has stored more than 6,000, and the hundred instruments have been exhausted. ...... After the declaration of peace... Accumulate to more than 10,000. ” [1]
A map is a record of a physical object. The Zhong Ding antiquities of the Song Emperor's room are mainly concentrated in the Secret Cabinet of the Three Pavilions, Taichang Temple and other places. One of the secret cabinet's tasks was to make a catalogue for ancient artifacts, and Yang Nanzhong's "Imperial Three Pavilions Ancient Artifact Map" is an example of this catalogue , which is also one of the "old books of the secret cabinet" that Huang Bosi referred to when compiling the "Bogutu". During the reign of Emperor Huizong, the Xuanhe Hall and the Bohe Hall became the center of antiquities collection, and the artifacts recorded in the Xuanhe Bogutu were mainly from these two palaces.
Cai Jing has the "Records of the Waiters of the Taiqing Building", which describes the scenery of xuanhe hall:
March 2013,...... The edict Jing Yue: "This step to Xuanhe, that is, the so-called golden pillar and jade household of the speaker, is also thickly forbidden by the palace." It makes the children tucked into the view. "East into the small flower path, south of the Bilu bush, and east into the Benmen, to Xuanhe Hall, stop the three trees, left and right, also three trees; the middle of the books, pen stones, ancient Ding, Yi, Jiao, washing." Chen Several cases of Tai Tata. Painted black. Xia Yu Chun Zhu, Shang Dong decorated green, ornamented edge without literary style. There are halls in the east and west, there are halls on the east and west sides, and there are also three temples... [2]
In the fifth year of Zhenghe, Xuanhe Hall began to set up a bachelor's position, and Emperor Huizong issued a hand edict specifically for this matter:
Xuanhe Secret Hall, built from Shao Shengzhong. Destroyed and destroyed. Even to the beginning of Chongning, followed by the completion of the restoration. After a few thousand spare time, between the wandering breaths, I did not live here. Near the straight hall, with the left and right close to the attendants, I have to deal with it. It is advisable to put on new makeup to show the glory and pass it on forever. The class can be placed under the Bachelor of the Yankang Hall, charged with two systems, and the instructions are removed. The number of graces is counted, and it is performed according to the practice of the Yan kang temple. [3]
Cai Jing's eldest son, Cai You, was the first Xuanhedian scholar—both Cai You and Wang You were favored officials of Emperor Huizong. Cai You was unlearned, and during the Xuanhe years, he was in charge of the secretary province and was the leader of nearly a hundred well-educated Confucian courtiers. He once summoned the secretary provincial official Yu Daoshan to eat melons, and the crowd said "melon matters", and every time he said one, "eat a piece of melon". Confucian Chen avoided Cai You and did not dare to speak out. The school secretary Lang Dong Kuilian said several things, most of which were unheard of. Subsequently, Dong Kui was deposed and deposed from Beijing. [4] When the scholar Cai You was favored, he "had a secret play with Wang Yi in the palace." Or a waiter's feast, then short shirts and narrow pants, smeared with green and red, miscellaneous advocates of excellent dwarfs, and many city wells and obscene words." [5] Cai You was in charge of the Confucian ministers of the Inner Province, organizing the examination of antiquities and ancient ceremonies; the Wang Yi who worked with Cai You, who was handsome and beautiful, and who was wise and good, was the editor-in-chief of Xuanhe Bogutu.
During the Huizong period, in addition to the Xuanhe Hall, the newly built Bohol Hall was also an important place for the collection of antiquities. After the completion of the Bohol Hall in September of the third year of Zhenghe, Emperor Huizong also wrote a "Record of the Bohol Hall", Yun:
It is convenient for the commander to move the camp outside the palace wall and move the hundred officials to the house. In order to obtain its land, yanfu palace was relocated to the north of Miyagi Castle, that is, the old site of Yanfu as a baohe hall. The east side hall is known as the light, and the west side hall is known as Baoguang; after the Bohe there is the hall Ofe Yen, and the west side has the hall of Yi Shen and the God of Condensation, and its number of jacarandas is like Baohe. There are seventy-five rooms in total. The work is very clever, and the people are powerful. It begins in April and ends in September. The top is decorated with pure green, the paint is zhu, and there is no weeder painted in five colors. There is no powder in the wall, and the light black is just a cold forest and a long bird bamboo. The former plants are bamboo, wood tree, plum, tong, orange orange, orchid, there is a cold autumn fragrance, Dongting Wuhui fun. The stone of Taihu Lake is listed in the back, and the water of the waves is drawn. The wave pond is continuous, if it rises and falls, the tributaries are judged, the Haunting Isling, the Square Kettle, the Yangtze River Yuanzhu Xing. Zuo Shi Dian Mo taught the history of the scriptures, in the ancient past of the charter, there are rules and regulations; the three generations of Ding Yi Li Dou and Dun Pan Zun Shu of the Right Tibet, with the provincial elephant instrument, reference to the gods, recommended in the suburban temple. The eastern sequence places ancient and modern calligraphy and paintings, the first rank, playing with the mind, gratifying and shocking; the west clip collects the qin Ruan Zhenyan, in order to sprinkle ink with a little ink, and let go of the clouds of suitable feelings. [6]
On September 12 of the first year of Xuanhe, Emperor Huizong again summoned Cai Jing to a banquet. Cai Jing left behind the "Records of the Feast of the Bohol Hall", which recorded the scenery and antiquities of the Bohol Hall:
Beginning with the Bohol Temple. Three jacarandas, seventy shelves, two pavilions, no painted ornaments... The middle is placed on the royal bed, and the east and west rooms are listed as treasures to play with the ancient Ding Yi ware. Wang Zuo's Cabinet is known as "Miaoyou", which is set up ancient and modern Confucian books and Shizi Ink. The right is known as "Ri Xuan", the Taoist Book of Golden Cabinets and Jade Flutes, and the Hidden Texts of the Heavens of Shenxiao. Moving forward, there is a Xuanwang stone drum in the Jigu Pavilion. Li Yigu, Shanggu, Jiangu, Zuogu, Chuangu, Bogu, Mystic Ancient Pavilions, Tibetan Ancestor Xun mo, and Xia Shang Zhou Zun, Yi, Ding, Mane, Jue, Xu, 卣, Dun, Pan, Lu, Han, Jin, Sui, Tang calligraphy and painting, many unsavounded, shocking. The instructions of the Superiors, for the sake of their generality... Arriving at Yulin Xuan, passing through Xuanhe Hall, Liexiu Xuan, Tianzhen Pavilion, east of the Ningde Hall, the chongshi cliffs are hundreds of meters high, and the forest is dense, which is more than in the past. [7]
Cai Jing went to the banquet twice, and the scene can be guessed in Huizong's "Wenhui Map". Cai Jing's personal experience was also echoed by his fourth son, Cai Qi, who said in "Talking about the Tiewei Mountain", Emperor Huizong:
Taste the purpose, with the treasure of the Chongzheng Hall and the two corridors, summon hundreds of officials and declare the Yan ... The three generations of the instruments that are important at the time are only ones, and if the Qin and Han dynasties are things, they will not be accepted unless they are special. And after the declaration of peace, it was recorded in Xianmeng, and the number was accumulated to more than 10,000... After the Xuanhe Hall, the Bohe Hall was founded, and there were various cabinets on the left and right, such as jigu, Bogu, and Shanggu, and the ancient jade seals, the Zhuding Yi ceremonial vessels, and the paintings of the Law books. [8]
The Northern Song Dynasty "Wenhui Tu" axis part, set color silk, Taipei National Palace Museum collection
The "Xuanhe Hall" and the "Bohol Hall" are the living halls of the Song Huizong, and the collection of antiquities here is obviously not an ancestral canon. However, this event marked an important change in the history of the concept of antiquities, and the "tomb objects" have since entered the room and become "aesthetic objects" for people to play with[9]—the sense of history and beauty have been combined, and this custom and practice have continued to this day.
The antiquities of the Inner House did not fall out of thin air, but were gathered through repeated edicts and conscriptions. In ancient China, classics, scroll calligraphy, paintings, and Antiquities were not ordinary possessions, but important symbols of the soul and spirit of the ancients,[10] During the Northern Song Dynasty, one of the ways to punish neighboring countries included prohibiting the sale of books to each other, and Su Shi even played a twist for this. Antiquities themselves are living history, and scholars studying cultural relics can pin their lives on themselves. Emperors studying antiquities should have richer meanings. Bringing together the relics of previous generations – just as in the imperial capital to run architectural wonders and hold grand gatherings – was also an important event for the royal court to subdue the four yi and proclaim orthodoxy. Subjects were obliged to give antiquities to the imperial family unconditionally, and at the same time, this was also an important way to invite favors. In the "Family History", it is recorded: "After reaching Chongning, the ancient artifacts were gathered in the imperial palace, and they were invincible. The value of one vessel, or thousands of taels, is many for the sake of grace, and the ancient tombs are chiseled all over the place. ”[11]
The "Eight Notes of Zunsheng" quotes the "West Lake Chronicle" Yun: "Emperor Gaozong was fortunate to zhang jun, and the imperial relics he entered had a lion barbarian music fairy belt... Long Wending, Shang Yi, Gaozu Yi, Shang Father Yi, Zhou Pan, Zhou Dun, Zhou Juyi, Beast Ear Zhou Jiao, Ru Kiln Wine Bottle two pairs, there is the Imperial Treasure Painting Cao Ba's "Five Flowers"... All are treasures also. [12] Examples of this are not uncommon in all eras. And the emperor did not have to hesitate or bear any psychological burden when asking for antiquities from his subjects. The same is the example of Song Gaozong:
Fanyang Dongshi, a volume of Tibetan Huaisu cursive texts, gaijiang nan li lord's things also. Jianyan heying unitary, Dong Gongdi from driving in Weiyang, suitable for the enemy to arrive, abandoned all the gold veils, but the sleeve of a thousand wen south crossing. His son, Yi Yi, is particularly treasured. One day, zhu Cheng xiang finished the work, and Shanggu said: "Wen Huaisu Qianwen's true handwriting is at Dong Yi's place, and Qing can order him to come in." "The Edict of the Minister, the Advance of the Emperor." [13]
However, for ordinary officials, businessmen and ordinary people, the situation may be completely different - Ye Mengde's "Summer Retreat":
Xuanhejian, the inner house is still ancient. The relics of the three generations, Qin and Han hidden by the scholar's family, no one who dared to hide, were all dedicated to the above. And the good deeds, the re-contention seekers, not the heavier price, a straight thousand. Where the good is, people are racing to search for mountains and excavate graves. Often thousands of years of collection, once seen, innumerable. [14]
Ye Mengde was a guest of Cai Jing, and was recommended by Cai Jing to be moved by Emperor Huizong to be a lang official of the ancestral department. The "Summer Escape Record" also mentions several stories that took place in the homeland of the Chu Kingdom, and according to his description, the local officials' search for antiquities can be described as sparing no effort and crazy:
Wu Jue was the Commander of Gwangju. Light, the kingdom of Shen Bo, and the reason for Chu is also sealed. There are foreign objects in the middle, and they are far away, and the people do not know it, but they make the people guilty and go to the ancient vessel to redeem themselves. If you dismiss the official, you will get fifty or sixty instruments. And Yu Yu on the top, out to show. In the meantime, dozens of instruments are still three generations. After yu zhongbiao continued to keep, smelled, micro-use its method, but also got more than ten instruments, but it is known that such people who have not seen it in the world are still many. Fan Zhicai visited Hubei Province, and there were Ding Ding in The Word Ze, not knowing its size, but the ears were seen outside, during which they could be more than six or seven years old. Urgently, the emissaries of the headquarters of the edict sent the people to dig it up. Only when there is a matter of knowing what is in the territory of Pi Ze, digging dozens of zhang, and having nothing, can he find who. [15]
During the Huizong period, the cultural relics of the Inner Province were so grand that it was another miracle in the history of Chinese art collection. However, after a few years, the old treasures of xuanhe hall and bohol hall were scattered and scattered in the west and east. Or the Yijin people went north, or drifted south with the remnants (the cultural relics of the south are found in Zhang Bao's "Commentary on the Ancient Artifacts of Shaoxing Inner Province"), or they were poisoned by water and fire soldiers, and they did not know the end. [16] Most of the cultural relics that went north flowed into the court of the Jin Dynasty. [17] Some were also scattered, and one of the "Niu Ding" of the zhenghe ceremonial vessels was stranded in Hebei while traveling north with the Jin people, now on display at the Hebei Provincial Museum. Artifacts flowing into the north were occasionally brought back to the south by envoys,[18] or returned to Jiangnan through the fields, similar to today's repatriation auctions. [19] After the fall of the Jin Dynasty, many relics of the old Song Dynasty remained in the north, providing spiritual nourishment for the "Dadu" literati of the Yuan Dynasty. The books and cultural relics in the south have brought a good and pleasant atmosphere to the Suhang region of Jiangnan, and have become the psychological sustenance of the scholars to remember their homeland. After Gu Aying of Kunshan at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the good ancient winds in Suzhou and Hangzhou were even more prosperous, and they could not be harvested at once.
exegesis
[1] (Song) Cai Qi: Discussion on the Tiewei Mountains, vol. IV, pp. 24a-25a.
[2] (Song) Wang Mingqing: "The Aftermath of the Writings", Vol. 1, Song Engraving, pp. 11a, b.
[3] Emperor Huizong of Song and april 24 of the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, in (Song) Anon. "Collected Edicts of the Great Edicts of the Song Dynasty", vol. 164, Qing Banknotes, p. 2a.
[4] "Preface to the Wave": "In XuanheZhong, Cai Ju'an raised the secretary province. In summer, the guild hall works at Doyama and eats melons. Ju An Ling sat on the melon affairs, each reminiscing, each eating a piece. The guests did not dare to say enough, and it was better to live in peace. Wanting to finish, the school secretary Lang Dong Yanyuan even went on several expeditions, but he had never heard of it, and he was well founded and impressed. Those who know yan will not be able to rest in peace, and the fruits will be made up for in the next few days. Su Xun Zhiyun. (Song) Wang Mingqing: "The Preface to the Wave", vol. 3, Song inscription, p. 8 b, p. 9a.
[5] (Qing) Bi Yuan: "Continuation of Zizhi Tongjian" volume 93, Qing Jiaqing 6th year Feng Jiwu and other engravings.
[6] (Song) Chen Jun: Chronicles of the Nine Dynasties, vol. 28, Wen Yuange's Siku Quanshu, pp. 14a-15a.
[7] (Song) Wang Mingqing: "The Aftermath of the Wandering Words", vol. 1, pp. 14a, b.
[8] (Song) Cai Qi: Discussion on the Tiewei Mountains, vol. IV, pp. 25 a, b.
[9] Of course, the earlier approach was the literati group that began in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there was an example in the song Zhenzong period: "Xia Ying Gong Zhen, good sex ancient artifacts and treasures to play." At each swallow, the one who is out of the secret, Shi Qing felt is listed in front, lying on the gum bed, looking at the whole day. The monthly constant is four. (Song) Wu Zeng's "Records of the Nengjie Zhai Manga", vol. XII, "Xia Ying Gong Good Ancient Artifact Treasures", Wen Yuange's "Four Libraries Quanshu" ben, p. 7 a, b.
[10] The most common way to examine or verify the spiritual outlook of a nation is to explain the history of its laws, customs, antiquities or art, and in the West, after Hegel, art has become an important tool for verifying or declaring the national spirit – this insight is thanks to Mr. Yang Siliang, I would like to thank you.
[11] (Song) Lu You: "Family History" Volume, Republic of China Shadow Ming Cave Yan Zhai Banknote.
[12] (Ming) Gao Lian: "Zunsheng Eight Notes", vol. XIV, Wenyuange "Siku Quanshu" ben, pp. 15 a, b.
[13] (Song) Zeng Minxing: Magazine of Awakening Alone, vol. VI, Wen yuange Siku Quanshu, p. 7b.
[14] (Song) Ye Mengde: Summer Escape, Vol. 2, Wen Yuange Siku Quanshu, pp. 18b, p. 19a.
[15] Ibid., pp. 19a, b.
[16] (Song) Shao Bo: Records of Shao's Afterword, vol. 27, p. 1a: "Xuanhe Dian gathers thousands of kinds of Yin Zhou Ding, Zhong, Zun, Jue, and so on. The country is broken, and Kou takes the forbidden objects, and he can't help but work hard under it, and half throw it into the south wall pool. The three generations of Yi instruments in later generations should come from the ruins of the great beam. ”
[17] (Jin) Zhang Siyan's "Record of The Southern Migration": Jin Zhangzong "Fortunately Penglai Temple, see the Chen jade and the treasures, regard its seal knowledge, and use the Song Dynasty Xuanhe shishi, and the color is suddenly moved." Concubine Chen said: "The author may not use it, the user does not have to do it, but the Southern Emperor can do it, thinking that the Lord lang uses the ear." ’”。 Zhong Yuanying (c. 1640 – c. 1680) considered the Records of the Southern Migration to be a forgery, and the Compendium of the General Catalogue of the Siku Quanshu believed that the History of Jin quoted the Records of the Southern Migration. How confused this book is, we can look at it as a barnyard history.
[18] (Qing) Pan Yongyin: Song Barnyard Notes, vol. 32, Wen Yuange Siku Quanshu, pp. 14a-15a: "Jiataijian, Zhang Wenzhuang Gongying, with right history straight forbidden forest." Shi Yuwen Shaojie was a courtier,...... One day of feasting, the public out of the jade cup of wine, the color is like a truncated dish, really in Khotanese production, the guests are praised. Tingchen smiled and said, "Strange! First of all, he made Jin Ri in the void of the Gong Gong, tasted the jade plate obtained in Yanshan, the diameter was more than seven inches, and the yingjie was flawless, or thought that it was a relic of xuanhe temple. Usually, I have not tasted it, but now I look at it with a different color. So the guests wanted to see it quickly, and the fun made it. Both. Then the jade color production is not unusual. The guests were astonished, thinking that the combination of dry and thorax was not enough. ”
[19] Wang Guowei's Book "Xuanhe Bogutu" (後》: "The Gaijin people did not attach much importance to ancient artifacts, and the Song Emperor's vassals bought them with suspension values. The relics of the former Fenjing Inner House and the former family are often gathered in the field. Zai Wang Guowei: Guantang Jilin (Outer Two Kinds), vol. XVIII, compiled by Peng Lin, Hebei Education Publishing House, 2001, pp. 569-570.
About the Author
Kong Lingwei is a professor at the China Academy of Art, a doctoral supervisor, and the vice dean of the School of Arts and Humanities. He is the author of "Fashion and Thought: Popular Concepts in the History of Chinese Art in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Ming Dynasty", "Yuegu"; edited "Selected Documents of Chinese Modern and Contemporary Art History" (in cooperation with Lü Peng), "Philosophy of Art and Theory of Historiography"; and translated "History and Its Images".