Papro's monologue
Editor|Papro's monologue
On March 26, 1296, Edward I led his army to attack Carlisle, which was then garrisoned by Robert the Bruce. Edward's invasion was not long coming, which would prove the role of the French-Scottish League.
This alliance came into force in June 1296 and culminated in appeals to the royal court of England through MacDuff and others in Fife, the refusal of the Scottish State to attend the trial or the surrender of the three castles he had declared confiscated. The first was the swift capture of Berwick on the River Tweed, where many of its citizens were innocently killed.
Subsequently, the English Society was established in Berwickshire, and it was Edward I who recognized its powers, which was also Edward's wisdom. Edward I's best bet for vested interests in Scotland was to cooperate with political groups that had been very determined and forcefully opposed against him, and this cooperation ensured Edward I's continued victory in the Scottish hinterland.
The Scottish army was routed at Dunbar, and Edward began to penetrate the entire Scottish hinterland, encountering no strong resistance in the process. John had no choice but to obey. Edward ostensibly considered agreeing to King John's status as earldom of England as an inquiry for his renunciation of his legal rights in Scotland. But this benefit was only formal, and it was eventually retracted.
Lord John, as a sad victim, eventually stripped of his treasure costume and was taken to a prison in England. Edward also transported the Stone of Destiny to England, where he was crowned like a traditional Scottish state. More than 1,500 people were recorded to have taken an oath of allegiance to Edward-TT. Whatever his original intentions, the Kingdom of Scotland had fallen into the hands of Edward and Scotland became part of England.
Disrupt the calm in Scotland
Edward I used force to disrupt the peace in Scotland and break the peace between England and Scotland. King John's weakness and subsequent fate inspired the people's debt anger, and also inspired the Scottish people to resist the invaders, and Scotland began to embark on the road of resisting aggression and fighting for national independence, the most typical of which was the Scottish national hero William Wallace.
There are few primary sources about Wallace's origin and life , and all of his deeds are scattered in legends that say that he was deeply influenced by his uncle and had to live undecided due to the invasion of the English army, so he was full of hatred for the English army. Under the banner of Barrio, Wallace united the Scottish nobility against the English army, gradually forming a strong core around him, leading the farmers and citizens of Scotland to fight for Scotland's independence against the English invasion.
In 1296, Wallace led the Scots to defeat the English army at Stirling Bridge, which was a great achievement of the Scottish resistance to the British army, and this victory had great repercussions in Scottish society and attracted the attention of the English army. In July 1298, the British army and Wallace's army fought fiercely at Falkirk, because the difference in strength between the two sides was too great, although the army led by Huaqi fought bravely, but in the end it was outnumbered and the whole army was destroyed, and Wallace Ni escaped.
England's victory at Falcock did not dampen the enthusiasm of the Scots to restore independence, nor did it establish Edward's authority in Scotland, and the struggle for Scottish resistance never ceased. After 1300, 1301, 1303, and 1305, Edward I sent troops to Scotland several times to suppress the Wallace Revolt and force many Scottish nobles to submit, and finally Wallace was sentenced to death for betrayal of his companions.
Edward I was thus seen as a "hammer to swing at the Scots". However, Scotland did not succumb to the hammer of Edward I and did not stop its independence. In 1306, Robert the Bruce ascended the throne of Scotland, changing the weak position of his predecessor and leading the Scots against the English army to restore their political independence. In addition, Robert tried to form an alliance with Ireland to fight the situation in England.
The war with Scotland cost England a lot of money, and poor Scotland could not provide sufficient food and supplies for the English army, which made it difficult for the English army to maintain a garrison in Scotland, and the leaders of the army and the officials of the royal family were reluctant to stay in this scarce area for a long time.
Although in the northern part of Scotland England used local Scottish officials to establish an administration, England did not reap the benefits of the conquest of Wales from its invasion of Scotland, and in those occupied areas the Scots were never willing to submit to English rule, and riots in the region were frequent. According to English scholars, "Edward I had realized that he could not conquer Scotland as he conquered Wales, nor could he turn Scotland into a colony of England".
On the other hand, Edward's policies in Scotland were attacked by all walks of life in England, and Edward lost many supporters at home, as English scholars described it, "For Edward I, Scotland has become a wound with pus." "In 1328, the King of England signed a treaty with Robert in Northampton, in which the King of England recognized Robert as King of Scotland, relinquishing suzerainty over Scotland. The English invasion of Scotland came to an end.
Scotland's alliance with France
As a result of the English invasion of Scotland, the weaker Scotland had to seek the support of other political forces, and although Pope Bonyfacius VIII expressed his support for Scotland after Edward I had expressed his dissatisfaction with the taxation of the English clergy, the Holy See's own predicament caused it to lose its previous religious authority. France, which has a conflict of interest with England, is a reliable supporter that Scotland can find.
Scotland is located in the north of England, which can be said to be the interior of England's hinterland, and it is England's great queen that the countrymen clearly know that they control Scotland, and France has obtained a base to attack England at England's doorstep, France can either directly invade England from southern Scotland, or enter Ireland from Scotland, provoking a rebellion in Ireland and making England unpeaceful. "
As far as Scotland is concerned, although it has a blood relationship with England, it has maintained independent rule for a long time, "taking the language used in Scotland in the 13th century as an example, Norse is spoken in the Orkney Islands and Shetland Islands in the north, French is prevalent in the upper classes and courts, English is spoken in the southeast, Gaelie is spoken in the northwestern Highlands, and Celtic is spoken in the southwest" shows that Scotland at that time was already under French influence.
And at that time, the dominant in Scotland was Roman Catholicism, while England believed in Protestantism, so the Catholic Scotland would inevitably tend to France with the same faith, plus Scotland and France began to interact as early as the Roman Conquest. All the contexts show that the alliance is a common need for both countries. Because the contradictions between France and England had long existed,-- they tried to find ways to limit and weaken England, and the French saw an opportunity as early as William I invaded Scotland.
Some links with Scotland began at the end of the 11th century. After the middle of the 12th century, both sides could usually agree on the treatment of England, for example, in 1174 and 1215, Scotland and France expressed support for the rebellion that broke out in England at the same time. The link between Scotland and France was further strengthened by intermarriage, and in 1239, King Alexander II of Scotland welcomed the daughter of a French nobleman. The increasingly close ties between the Soviet Union and France laid the foundation for an alliance between the two countries in 1295.
England, on the other hand, was disturbed by the increasingly frequent exchanges between the Soviet Union and France, so it pointed the finger at Scotland, intensified its aggression against Scotland, attempted to annex Scotland, and prevented the alliance between France and the Soviet Union. King Barrio of Scotland was weak and did not dare to openly resist the murderous invasion of England at the end of the 13th century, and the Scottish nobles expressed great indignation at this and took a clear and open attitude against England.
In 1294, when the Anglo-French War began, England's main attention was shifted to France, when the Scottish nobles, who saw the opportunity, decided to make friends with France, asking King Philip IV of France to support Scotland against the invasion of England, and France agreed to this request because of the need of war, because "the happiest thing for France is civil strife or foreign attack in England", and France also used Scotland to clamp down on England.
Based on common interests, the two sides signed the Auld Alliancc in Paris on October 23, 1295, establishing an alliance between the two sides. In this covenant, it was agreed that Edward Barrio, eldest son of John I, King of Scotland, would marry Philip IV of France's niece; If either of the two countries is attacked by England, the other side must contain the attack on England.
Under this covenant, France offered Scotland a grant of £50,000 a year, also in exchange for four months a year to fight England. This is known in Scottish history as the "Old League", and it is worth noting that this famous alliance lasted until the 16th century. On 23 February 1295, six municipal representatives of Scotland ratified the Scottish-French agreement in Dunfermline.
"Later, Scotland became a surrogate government of France in the belly of England; At the same time, Scotland became a major problem for England. According to this covenant, Scotland could enter into an alliance with France against England at any time. The signing of this covenant undoubtedly determined Scotland's position in the war that followed between England and France that lasted for more than a century. This covenant was of course also fully in line with France's own interests in resisting England.
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