Sheikh (479-502) was a portrait painter and critic of Southern Qi during the Six Dynasties period, who summarized the practical experience and theoretical works of past painting and created a concise, scientific and systematic theory of painting, "Catalogue of Ancient Paintings". The essence of this work is the "Six Laws Theory" proposed at the beginning of the article.
He said: The painter, the advantages and disadvantages of the painting of the cover. The illustrator, the unknown exhortation, the rise and fall, the thousand years of loneliness, the picture can be learned. Although there are six laws of painting, it is rare to do it; And from ancient times to the present, each has a good section. Who are the Six Laws? First, the vivid rhyme is also; Second, the bone method with the pen is also; 3. The hieroglyphs of the object should also be; Fourth, with the class of color is also; Fifth, the business location is also; Sixth, the transfer of mold writing is also.
1. The so-called "vivid rhyme" is to vividly reflect the mental state and personality characteristics of the characters as the highest criterion for artistic expression. That is, the things expressed on the picture must have rhythm, life, thoughts and feelings, in short, to be "god-like", and there is a touching power to impress every viewer. How do you get to this point? It depends on how the "bone method pen" is expressed in the picture, that is, whether the line outline is properly in place, whether the whole image shows bone strength, and so on. If the pen is used improperly, in a bad way, and violates the law, it will make the picture lose its spirit.
Where did the pen come from? It comes from the objective object itself, not from the fabrication. So "respond to the pictogram". It is to see whether its outline is correct and truthful, whether its vigor is consistent, and it cannot draw tiger dogs. To achieve this, it also depends on how "color with the class" is. To see if the color of the picture is in line with the color of the object, it is necessary to take nature as a teacher. "Business position" is to see whether the overall structural layout on the screen is appropriate, whether it is dense and decent, light and heavy, size fit, and far and near. This requires that according to objective reality, but also from the content, the composition of the law, so that the objects are interconnected into a complete work with prominent themes and distinct personalities. "Passing on the mold writing" means that in addition to the nature of the above teachers, it is also necessary to take the ancients as a teacher and learn from the good experience of others, and copy and copy excellent works, which is indispensable for any artist on the artistic path. The "Six Laws" are an interrelated organic whole, "Vivid Qi Rhyme" is the highest aesthetic criterion of paintings, Sheikh regards it as the first of the "Six Laws", and the other five laws are necessary conditions for achieving "Vivid Qi Rhyme".
The "Six Laws" put forward by Sheikh also have an enlightening and reference effect on the art of calligraphy. Among them are the main elements of calligraphy art: the use of pen, ink, knot, chapter, and an important means of learning calligraphy - copying, and more importantly, "vivid and vivid" can also be used as the highest standard of calligraphy art.
"Vivid rhyme" reveals a complete concept of the essence of calligraphy art, which includes the meaning of having a smooth breath, rich poetry and harmonious rhythm, etc., which is the only method that calligraphy art should follow, and has been deeply condensed into the psychological structure of the Chinese nation. "Qi" refers to a supreme concept of our ancestors' understanding of the world, and everything is based on "qi" as its source. The calligrapher has "qi" in his heart, so that the work can have a mixed atmosphere that communicates with the universe. "Rhyme" refers to melody and rhythm, which is a rhythmic expression and feeling of the line by the subject through the creation and appreciation of calligraphy. Wang Shengqian's "Pen Yi Zan" said: "The wonderful way of the book, the spirit is the first, the form is secondary, and the one who is at the same time can be less than the ancients." Huang Tingjianyun: "Calligraphy and painting are mainly rhymes. ...... Those who receive calligraphy and painting will look at this language, and after thirty years they will know less about calligraphy and painting." It can be seen that "vivid rhyme" has become the lifeline and main feature of calligraphy art.
2. "Bone method with pen" refers to the brushwork in calligraphy. The so-called brushwork has two meanings: one is to study the changes in the form of pointillist painting, and the other is to study the movement of the pen. "Calligraphy is based on the use of the pen, and the knot must also be used, and the cover knot is passed down from time to time, and it is not easy to use the pen for eternity." An excellent calligraphy work is all expressed by opposing factors such as the length of the line, thickness, square circle, hidden dew, curved straight, back, fat and thin, etc., and the middle side of the pen, texture, rhythm, gesture, bone strength, etc. are insurmountable theories, which cannot be easily changed. Zhang Changshi's "Folding Strands", Yan Taishi's "House Leak Marks", Wang Youjun's "Cone Painting Sand", "Printing Clay", Huai Su's "Flying Birds Out of the Forest", "Frightening Snakes into the Grass", Suo Jing's "Silver Hook Grasstail", etc., the predecessors of the scribes deeply and carefully felt life, summed up experience, creative rich brushwork, left us a precious artistic heritage, we must actively create a calligraphy language with the significance of the times on the basis of learning the achievements of our ancestors.
3. "Ying Object Pictogram" refers to the knot in calligraphy. The reason why Chinese characters can become the carrier of calligraphy art is because of the pictographic nature of Chinese characters and their spatial awareness, which provides a rich expressive space for the calligrapher's treatment of fonts. When writing, it should conform to the principles of coordinated contrast, change and unity, etc., the spatial arrangement of words should be "self-sufficient", and the words should be "inherited and undulating". Wang Xizhi said: "The cloth is white in the interval, and the upper and lower levels are flush; The size of the system is particularly difficult. Big characters promote the precious and small, small characters promote their preciousness, naturally wide and narrow, do not lose their appropriateness", Tang Ouyang Qing summed up the thirty-six methods of "stacking, avoiding, wearing, interspersing, and back", "sparse places can run horses, secret places can not accommodate needles", it can be seen that the writers of different eras have provided us with a wealth of aesthetic concepts and writing standards for knots.
"Color with class" refers to the use of ink in calligraphy. The "five inks" in Chinese painting refer to scorched, thick, heavy, light and clear, and "six colors" refer to black and white, dry and wet, thick and light. If the ink method in Chinese painting can be properly applied to the calligraphy creation, it will surely present the charm of the ink and the subtle and fantastic color changes. Ancients Cloud: The way of pen and ink, there is ink when there is a pen, and there is no ink without a pen. "Words are born in ink, ink is born in water, and the blood of ink is also". It can be seen that the ancients attached great importance to the use of pens, and ink was said to be in a subordinate position. The use of ink must be based on brushwork, backed by power, and supported by rhythm, in order to express the vivid artistic effect of ink color. The use of the Ming Dynasty scholar Wang Duo's "ink raising method" is a successful attempt on the basis of skillful penmanship and profound skill. The effect of ink is also closely related to the use of strokes, weight, urgency and paper quality.
4. "Business location" refers to the chapter of calligraphy. The chapter is the posture of the whole text. When admiring calligraphy works, the first impression is the chapter law, so it is intended to be a major event in the study of books. The chapter method is composed of a combination of dot painting, structure, ink method, and gestures. Lao Tzu said: "Know its white, keep its black." Feng Ban said, "The measure of black is divided, and the white is pure as cloth." "To study books, we must not only seek rules from the pen and ink, but also from the penless place." In the middle of the line, the empty land is also the law, and it is not far away, and it is not close to the close. "The text of Zhong Ding, the size of the chapter is staggered, like the stars in the sky; Zigzag spacing is sparsely spaced; Yang Ning-style "leek flower paste" gesture wrapped, sparse and not far away; Zhang Ruitu, zodiacal zhou and other lines of grass are densely spaced... From this, we can appreciate the different forms of beauty of calligraphy art.
5. "Passing on the mold writing" means that there is no shortcut to learning calligraphy, and copying the ink of ancient inscriptions is an important way to learn books. The purpose of studying tradition is to grasp its internal objective laws, to use the rules of the ancients, and to transport my own spirit. The method of copying, first, must be carefully observed; The second is more expensive than from the shape to the god. Fengfang Yun: "Those who study books, that is, those who know the skill of using the pen, especially must look at the ancient thesis, arrange the structure, be dense between the lines, take care of the ups and downs, are becoming clumsy, and all of them are silently aware of the heart, so that when they write, there is not a single point that does not come from the Fa-ti, and then they can start a family." "If you are in a hurry to make quick gains, Xi Rong is admiring the situation, and you don't know the truth of pen and ink, and in the end the heavenly opportunity will be extinguished, and you will not be able to get it in your twilight years."
The "Six Laws Theory" proposed by Sheikh theoretically laid the basic aesthetic standards and unique expression rules of Chinese painting, which not only occupies a lofty position in the history of painting, but also has a far-reaching impact, I think that its "imagery" penetrates into the whole process of calligraphy creation and appreciation, which will give a deeper meaning to calligraphy art.
Please enjoy the world's eighth largest book", "Gao Shi Poem", written by Zhu Yun, a member of the Bada Mountain.
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