Finally, here we are,
Through the mountains of the mountains, the high speed of time and space,
We saw you, a city in the shade,
We have found you, Zosotu, who stands alone,
How many years have you been quietly waiting here?
We meet here today.
It originated from marriage hundreds of years ago.
On May 22, 2017, the moment we walked out of Rehe Mountain Resort, we decided to conduct a cultural investigation in Kazuo, Beiqiao, Fuxin, Karaqin and other places in Liaoning, not only because they were close to Tumut and Ordos pastures in the Northern Yuan Dynasty, but also because the Tumut Department was inextricably linked to these places in the 16th and 17th centuries. After escaping centuries of isolation, from the 80s onwards, the Tumut Left Banner had frequent friendly contacts with the aforementioned autonomous counties. In response to current events, everyone decided to go to Karaqin and other places in Inner Mongolia to conduct cultural investigations, in order to trace a little historical traces and feel the changes in the world.
On May 22, 2017, after a long journey, with the dust and smoke of the car, it was nearly noon, and the comrades of the Kazuo County CPPCC, who had been waiting at the exit of the expressway, led us towards the city. When everyone entered Kazuo, they found that it was a beautiful and quiet steppe city. Walking into Kazuo Street, there are many high-rise buildings, the spacious streets are full of vehicles coming and going, and there are many buildings with ethnic characteristics in the city, giving people a feeling of nomadic civilization and modernization.
Karaqin Left Mongolian Autonomous County is located at the intersection of Liaoning, Hebei and Mongolian provinces, belonging to Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, it is bordered by the desert in the north and the western Liaoning corridor in the south, with a total area of 2237.86 square kilometers and a population of 420,000, of which Mongolians account for one-fifth of the total population. The county border is surrounded by mountains and rolling hills, with the river valley plain in the middle, and the Daling River running through the whole territory from south to north, flowing day and night. Due to its long history and culture, superior location, convenient transportation, rich resources, beautiful environment and cultural convergence, it has had the reputation of "Golden Place" and "Pearl of Cyprus" since ancient times. For a first-time hometown visitor, there is naturally a sense of cultural intimacy with the same connections. The nomadic tribes that live in the water and grass have been the masters of the activity center here since ancient times.
In Kazuo, the best attraction is the People's Square in the downtown area of Linghe Cultural Park, which was built in 2008 as part of the commitment of the county party committee and the county government, and is another strategic move to operate and develop the city from the starting point of Kazuo. Accompanied by the Kazuo Political Association, everyone visited the People's Square. This square covers an area of 200,000 square meters, investment of 25 million yuan, hardened area of 110,000 square meters, it combines the ancient city of Lizhou by the mountains and rivers of the geomorphological characteristics, highlighting the unique cultural landscape of Kazuo County, according to the blue water, blue sky to improve the ecology, garden to create landscape, sculpture to show the functional design concept of culture, with nature, art, humanistic design architectural form, the whole square is wide and open, magnificent, giving people a sense of majesty. The majestic sculpture "Shengshi Lizhou" located at the north entrance echoes the landscape buildings of the square, giving people the beauty of the unity of heaven and earth and the creation of history by the people.
The unique Kazuo charm of the sail lamps are located on the east and west sides of the square, and the scattered locust lanterns, classical lights, searchlights, and high pole lights decorate the entire space. The central main square surrounded by 12 white jade watches covers an area of 44,832 square meters, and the "Lingshui Yun" sculpture dominates the center of the square, changing musical fountains distributed around the sculpture, with various landscape lamp inlays in between, and 12 exquisite white jade bridges connect the fountain to the surrounding area of the square. The passage in the square is convenient and the facilities are complete; The rare trees around the square are rich in shade, the lawn and green space are covered in between, and exotic flowers and plants are blooming in competition, making the square always and everywhere full of vitality and vitality; Four musical fountains with a diameter of more than ten meters are located at the four corners of the artificial river. The main floor of the square is paved with gray-white marble, and strips of cut black stone crisscross it. Surrounded by large and small flower ponds, under the cover of various colored lights, the whole square is beautiful and full of interest.
Ao Mulun artificial lake, located in the People's Square and Binhe Road along the lake green belt. It is formed by the water storage of the west branch of the Daling River, from 150 meters upstream of the Chengxi Bridge in the west to 200 meters downstream of the Ao Mulun Bridge in the east, with a total length of 3,300 meters, controlled by three rubber dams, with a return area of 1 million square meters, a width of 360 meters, an average water depth of 2.5 meters, and a water storage of more than 2.5 million cubic meters. The towers on both sides of the bank are pine in rows, and the water and grass grow on their own, which is decent and kind, no different from Jiangnan.
The green belt along the lake on Binhe Road, with a total area of 250,000 square meters, planted dozens of trees, paved 6,000 meters of pedestrian landscape roads, added 130 street lamps and 470 solar landscape lights, forming a leisure and recreation belt with national characteristics. After a short break in the afternoon, we came to the Kazuo County Museum.
In the 80s of last century, Kazuo County established the Kazuo Museum, with a total building of 1600 square meters of the museum vividly showing the panorama of nomadic life. From the museum, you can see Kazuo history, folk customs, Shang and Zhou bronzes, intangible cultural heritage, Buddhist cultural relics, purple clay ceramic art, etc. The whole square is beautiful and interesting. Through a visit to the museum, people learned that there were human activities here as early as more than 100,000 years ago. More than 10 kinds of ancient human and animal fossils and more than 300 stone tools have been unearthed at the Pigeon Cave site. Various relics and relics left by primitive humans in the cave provide valuable information for studying the life of primitive humans in the Paleolithic period in Northeast China. According to the collection of materials, the Hongshan culture originated in the northeast and west, starting from the agricultural civilization five or six thousand years ago, and is one of the earliest cultural traces of the Chinese civilization. It is distributed in the Rehe area in the west of northeast, from the central and southern regions of Inner Mongolia in the north, to the north of Hebei in the south, to the west of Liaoning in the east, and the upper reaches of the Xilamulun River, Laoha River and Daling River in the Liao River Basin. The remains of the Red Mountain culture were first discovered in 1921. In 1935, the site of Hongshan in the eastern suburbs of Chifeng was excavated, and the name of the Hongshan culture was proposed in 1956. Since the 70s, large-scale archaeological investigations have been carried out in the Zhaowuda League (now Chifeng City) and Chaoyang areas in northwest Liaoning, discovering nearly 1,000 sites, and carrying out large-scale excavations of the Lingyuan, Kazuo Dongshanzui and Jianping Niuheliang sites in the Songling Mountains and Nurur Tiger Mountains, which has brought the study of Hongshan culture to a new stage.
Later, in the pre-Qin period, Shanrong and Donghu lived here. After the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Xianbei, and Khitan ethnic groups were active frequently. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Kumo Xi lived here. The Khitan and Jin Dynasty Jurchens established political power here. In the Yuan Dynasty, this place was originally Yizhou Road, and later belonged to Liaoyang Province, and its provincial capital was established in Yizhou (now Ta Yingzi Township's Ta Yingzi Township) three times, in short, whether it was the Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Xianbei, Khitan and Mongolia, they all stood here with the strength of nomads.
Visiting the museum, it is impressive, but the most important thing is the same lineage of nomadic culture, really feel a dialogue between the ancients and today, especially the Woodyhan people who walked out of the forest, and the Vulma Ti people who walked out of the forest had the same experience, with hundreds of years of fierce social turmoil, the Woodyhan people came out of the forest, changing the state of life of part of the Woodyhan people engaged in animal husbandry, during which great changes have occurred, one is to follow Genghis Khan repeatedly made meritorious achievements, The second is to guard the tomb of Genghis Khan in Bul Khaldun (present-day Kent Mountain, Mongolia) for generations. The steles, statues and ancient texts engraved through the museum indicate that they are examples of art created by nomads, but the most important thing is the relationship with the Tumut Ministry, which has left many inspirations for today's people.
Karaqin, Mongolian means guardian. According to the "Secret History of Mongolia", it is recorded that Zar Chi Wu and Genghis Khan's father should have been a generation of close friends, so when Genghis Khan was busy unifying the Mongolian ministries, Zar Chi Wu sent his two sons Ji Leji and Su Butai to Genghis Khan and became Genghis Khan's "companions". When Genghis Khan achieved a great deed, the two brothers became the heroes of Genghis Khan. Jirama, also translated as "Zirama", saved Genghis Khan's life three times when he unified the Mongol tribes, gave him nine crimes without punishment, and was named the ninth thousand family noyan. Later, Genghis Khan married his daughter Princess Hua Yin to Jiberg, the son of Ji Le Ji, and enjoyed the title of "Tabu Bag" (donkey).
After marrying with the Golden Family, the descendants of Jile led a part of the Wulianghan people to live in the area of Duoyan Mountain and the Qiuer River in the territory of today's Zhalaote Banner in Inner Mongolia. In 1316 (the third year of Yanyou), with them as the core and absorbed the three tribes of Zhaozhou (present-day Nong'an County, Jilin), including Wusu, Hanas, and Kilijisi, they established the Doin Wendul Woody Han Thousand Households here, and during the Ming Hongwu and Yongle years, they became the Ming Dynasty's bondage guards --- Duoyan Wei. During the Jingtai period (1450-1456), it gradually moved south to the Great Wall of Jibei, and the thousands of households in Subutai disappeared, and this part of the Woody Han was called the Southern Wuliang Han.
Later, the Woodyanghan people, who still lived in the northern part of the Mobei, had a thousand-year-old named Woodachi in the time of the Holy Lord, and after the death of the Holy Lord Genghis Khan, his descendants took their own thousand families to guard the tomb of Genghis Khan in Bulhanheldun (present-day Kent Mountain, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia). At the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, Dayan Khan, the British lord of Mongolia, unified Mongolia, and they and some other Woodyhan people became one of the three 10,000 households on the Mongolian left, that is, the Woodyang Khan Ten Thousand Households. Its habitat is in the north and northwest of southern Mongolia.
According to the "Mongol Origins", when Dayan Khan established 60,000 households, he appointed his children and grandchildren to each of the 10,000 households and the ministries under the 10,000 households as lords, and established the rule of Genghis Khan-Kublai Khan's golden family over Eastern Mongolia, but did not send children and grandchildren to the Wuliang Khan families, so the Woody Khan households were neither related to the rulers of the Eastern Mongolian households nor political and economic closeness.
In the sixteenth century, when Dayan Khan's heirs were in a state of confrontation with the Ming Dynasty, the Mongol army often fought against the Ming army on the front line of the Great Wall that stretched for thousands of miles, and although Mongolia had strong military strength, it could not replace it. At this time, Woodyang Han often took advantage of the Mongol army's southward march to attack their old camps in the rear, looting property, women and children.
In order to relieve this worries of Woodyanghan, from 1524 to 1538, Altan Khan, the lord of Tumut, and his brother Gunbilik, lord of Ordos, participated in the military campaign organized by the Khan Court against Mobei Woodyanghan, and after four expeditions, they won a decisive victory. In 1538, the Han court organized a celebration meeting, and the greater significance was the exchange of honorifics. The Mongol left and right wings of the Zhunoyan (lords) gave Bodi Khan "the name Kuden Khan", Gunbilik was named "Murgenzinon" by the Great Khan, and Altan Khan was named "Sodo Khan", which was the beginning of Altan Khan's Khan. During this time, Altan Khan's eldest son, Dulongsen Gehongtaiji, was originally stationed north of Datong, Xuanfu, that is, adjacent to Karaqin. At that time, in order to expand his power, Dulong Senge "raised troops to go to Thistle and Liao" in 1547 and subdued a number of Hideyan Wei people. In order to appease these Hide-Yan Wei tribesmen, Altan Khan married his daughter to the son of Sun Menggu of the 10th Emperor of Le Ji, and Dulongsenge also married his daughter to Fangman, and Dulongsenge married the daughter of Hideyan Wei Wulianghan, including Dayuji, Dayuji, and Baotu Yuji, and Dulongsenge also married two Woodliang Hanyanji when he was stationed in Cheji Dabu near Dishui Cliff. The Tumut tribe used the in-laws as a link to make the Mengke, Menggu Gang, Obi Bald, Boyan Tie Husi, Tupolo, Bosihar, and Banbu belong to the Tupolo, Bosihar, and Banbu tribes. The leader of the Tumut tribe "either followed his mother and wife, or because he was in charge of the ministry, he moved to the border of Jixhen to station herds", so he formed the Wuai camp in the area of Mantaoer (Fengning County, Hebei). The sons of Dulongsenge, Antu Taiji, Chaotu Taiji, Tura Tutaiji, Tuliji Tututaiji, Swinging Rabbit Taiji, and Light and Dark Taiji all stayed here with their mothers. He became a member of the Karaqin households, making the Karaqin Wanhu the premier right-wing Mongol tribe after the Tumut tribe of Bada Khan.
In 1582 (the tenth year of Wanli), after Dulongsenge succeeded to the throne, his descendant An Tutaiji became the leader of the Wuai camp, and tens of thousands of people in Mongolia moved east and nomadic with Antu. In 1615, Antutaiji died, and his son Ombu Chu Shuer led the Wu'ai camp clansmen. In 1627 (the seventh year of the apocalypse), Lin Dan Khan advanced westward and attacked the Karaqin and Tumut departments. In the following year, Ombu Chuur and the leader of Karaqin, Subdi, united with Tumut and other forces, and defeated Lin Dan Khan at Tumut Zhaocheng. On the way back, E, Su defeated Lin Dan Khan again, and went to Zhangjiakou to ask for 3,000 soldiers. In July 1628, in order to avoid the threat of Chahar, Ombuchuur annexed Houjin along with the leaders of the Karaqin tribe, Shanba and Subudi. After Subu was annexed to Later Jin, he made great contributions to the Manchu Qing dynasty in the Central Plains to attack Jinzhou and break the Great Wall, but later died of illness, and his son Gurusi Qib succeeded him as the lord of the Karaqin tribe. In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Emperor Taiji compiled the Karaqin Department as the left and right two banners, with Guru Siqibu as the right wing banner, numbered 95 Zuo, and ruled Longshan on the north bank of Xibe.
During the Kangxi Dynasty, the Karaqin Department was recruited from the Dzungar Division, and later added a banner, which is today's Ningcheng County. Historically, it was also called "Karaqin Zhongqi", and its jurisdiction once included Pingquan County in Hebei Province, where Mongolian villages and Mongolian speakers still exist. The Karaqin Zuo Banner was governed by the three counties of Kazuo, Lingyuan and Jianchang in present-day Liaoning. The original Karaqin Right Banner is the Karaqin Right Wing King Banner, which is now under the jurisdiction of Chifeng City.
In the Qing Dynasty, the three banners of Karaqin were set up 350 li northeast of Xifengkou under Zhizhi, 760 li to Jingshi Division, 500 li from east to west, and 450 li from north to south. It is bordered by Tumut and Ao Han in the east, Shengjing Border Wall in the south, Chahar Zhenglan Banner Pasture in the west, and Weng Niut in the north. The Qing court divided the Karaqin Department into three banners: the Karaqin Right Banner crossed the Laoha River east of the enclosure in the northwest border of Pingquan Prefecture, Chengde Prefecture, and was stationed north of the Xibo River; The Karaqin Left Banner is at the source of the Daling River, stationed in Bayanzhurk; The Karaqin Central Banner is at the source of the Laoha River and is stationed in Qingcheng. The three flags of the department, together with the two banners of the Tumut Department and the two small flags of Khalkha and Kulun, are unified in the Zhuosotu League, and the alliance is in the land of the right banner of Tumut. The Mongols who now live in the territory are mainly the Wuliang Habu, the Karaqin tribe, the Tumut tribe, and the Han people of the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the surnames Bao, Bao and Bai are descendants of Altan Khan, and the surname Wu is the descendants of the Wuliang Habu Emperor Leji. Kazuo Dongmeng folk tales were listed as the first batch of intangible cultural heritage by the state, along with the Mongolian narrative poems "The Legend of King Gesar" and "Jangal". The Kazuo Ulyanghai family tree is the largest Mongolian family tree in the world.
In Kazuo, the best view is Dragon and Phoenix Mountain, and accompanied by the leading comrades of the Kazuo CPPCC, the author and his party walked into the mountain. Enter the mountain gate, but see the peaks of Longfeng Mountain, majestic and magnificent. At the broken wall on the west side of the peak, the axe is chopping and cutting, the strange cliff is strange, and it is rough and bold. The natural cypress is rooted in the cliffs, with branches rising horizontally, dyeing the sea of green clouds, like a phoenix feather swinging in the wind, like the scales of a dragon reflecting the sun. What is particularly amazing is that the main peak of Longfeng Mountain resembles a giant reclining Buddha head with perfect image and facial features. The unique landscape created by nature's magic is amazing.
In addition to Kazuo has a thick history and culture, purple clay pottery is also very famous, at the invitation of Kazuo CPPCC friends, we came to the purple clay pottery museum in Kazuo, the curator learned that we are from Hohhot City, warm reception, according to the information in the museum: as early as 7,000 years ago, that is, the Hongshan culture period, people here already know to use purple-red clay to fire pottery,
After liberation, archaeological teams from Liaoning Province discovered a well-preserved Neolithic cultural site in Dongshanzui village, four kilometers east of the county seat of Kazuo. Three pottery statues have been unearthed in succession at the site. According to research, this is the altar related to the religious ceremonies held by people at that time. Two of the small pottery statues of women highlight the image of pregnancy in the abdomen. Modern people call the Hongshan culture "naked pregnant female god"
In the late Hongshan culture, the Xiaoheyan culture period was as large as 3000-5000 years ago, and people began to use clay to make figures. This pottery figure was excavated from Chaoyang Cave (see photo). Its workmanship is delicate, with a pattern on the body, three ear holes, hands holding the belly, texture on the back, and text.
In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were many utensils that had been smoked here, represented by sand-filled gray pottery and black pottery. On the hills of Rushanwanzi Village, there are fragments of pottery beans and three-legged pottery pipes everywhere, indicating that many people lived here during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the Warring States period, people used purple clay raw materials as tires to make utensils. The Kazuo region of the Han Dynasty had a large population and developed economy, and people were already able to make teapots at that time. In the field south of the bridge in Santai Village, two pottery teapots were unearthed. During the Northern Song Dynasty, daily necessities were mainly fired here, including pottery bowls and clay pots.
During the Liaojin period, the bricks and tiles fired here were large and thick, and there were Liao Dynasty buildings on the north mountain of Xiaoying Village, piling up a large area of bricks and tiles. According to the "Yuan Yi Tongzhi Volume 2": "There is a fine porcelain kiln in Lizhou, which is in the southwest of the prefecture; There is an urn porcelain kiln, in the southeast of the state; "。 The location of the Fangshendian kiln site is the southwest of Lizhou City, so the geographical location and characteristics of the Fangshendian kiln site are in line with the historical records. During the Qing Dynasty, there were kiln sites in Baitazi, Kundu Yingzi and other places, and this period mainly produced pottery, celadon, generally bowls, basins and other daily necessities. During the Republic of China, Xie Geting, a native of Tangshan, came to Kazuo to do business, and found that the raw materials of the large cylinder made in the southern sentinel were very rich, so he contacted Wang Guan, the son of Dachengzi, to build a cylinder kiln together. Wang Guan invested, Xie Geting provided technology, and built the "Dongxing cylinder kiln". After the production of products, the trading prospered, with an annual output of 4,000 large cylinders, and soon made a fortune.
In the 25th year of the Republic of China, the "Dongxing cylinder kiln" began to prepare for the construction of the lower court, and the next year it was put into production, named "Rixin cylinder kiln". By 1947, the two cylinder kilns were discontinued. In 1948, it was taken over by the Nanyao Village Farmers' Association. In 1950, public-private partnership was implemented. By 1952, the Banner government had taken over the cylinder kiln into public ownership, merged the two kilns, and renamed it the local state-owned Nan Seng Ceramics Factory.
In 1962, the County Handicraft Management Department took Nangongyingzi Refractory Factory into a county-run collective enterprise, and changed the name of the factory to Nangongyingzi Ceramics Society, which changed the production of ceramic tubes and ceramic miscellaneous parts. In the spring of 1968, it was renamed Nangongyingzi Ceramics Factory. At that time, Nangongyingzi Ceramics Factory built a ceramic branch factory in Beigongyingzi.
In 1974, the Liaoning Provincial Institute of Ceramics surveyed the purple sand shale in Kazuo, and the county sent technicians to Yixing, Jiangsu Province for inspection and study. After returning, small tests were carried out using local purple sand shale. In 1975, Hu Yongen, a technician at the purple clay factory, made the first all-handmade purple clay pot in Kazuo County, and after firing it in an earthen kiln, the style and quality were intact.
In 1977, the purple clay product workshop was separated from the ceramic factory to build a single purple clay factory. At the beginning of the establishment of the factory, there were only 2 circular pouring kilns, using grouting handwheels to repair blanks, and producing tea sets, flower pots, wine utensils, etc.
In the early nineties of the twentieth century, Kazuo purple sand was in its heyday, during which the number of purple sand production enterprises developed to more than a dozen. The craft products include plates, wall hangings and eye-catching horses and galloping horses, with beautiful shapes, realistic shapes, lifelike, and unique national art styles.
The level of decoration technology of Kazuo purple clay pottery is very high, and the design, carving, and color setting of the picture are very exquisite. In addition to a large number of traditional depictions, the beautiful coat of purple clay pottery also uses embossing, printing, open-cut carving and other craftsmanship. In recent years, the method of stacking and painting glaze has been created to refine various flower pots. The method of colored glaze stacking painting is to paint the designed picture picture with colored glaze dots one by one on the outside of the pottery pot, and after firing, it emits a glass luster, which has a strong three-dimensional sense. There are bright green branches and leaves in the pot, delicate flowers and fruits, and the appearance of the pot is a beautiful picture of pile painting, and the inside and outside of the pot complement each other, which is particularly elegant and beautiful.
Among our visits, the most striking was the Urban Planning Museum in Kazuo. The urban planning hall covers an area of 1,300 square meters, and the museum is divided into two floors, the first floor is the prologue hall, which is composed of sand table video, and the second floor is the planning publicity area. Through the video on the first floor, we learned that Kazuo's urban planning started early, starting from 2010, Kazuo implemented a series of Ling River governance, of which the Daling River main stream comprehensive treatment project is the most prominent, a total of 1,500 acres of ecological greening, the construction of a square of 388 acres, after several years of ecological governance, the water area in the county town reached 10,000 acres, and there were lake islands and riverside roads on the water surface. The infrastructure on the second floor and the exhibition area of large projects are even more dizzying. I saw that the high-rise buildings were unique, the courtyard communities were civilized and orderly, and the roads extended in all directions... Cities are expanding, rural areas are developing, urban and rural areas are gradually integrated, Kazuo County is led by new urbanization, allowing farmers to live a modern urban life. In the process of new-type urbanization construction, Kazuo County takes the county seat as the center, the three major parks as the support, the key organized towns as the link, other townships as the basis, and the new rural construction as the extension, and does a good job in small town planning and functional positioning with a high starting point and high standards, so as to realize a new pattern of industrial concentration, population agglomeration, a line between north and south, and two wings in the east and west. By the end of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", Kazuo County had a built-up area of 15 square kilometers and a population of 150,000, and now Kazuo is striving to move towards a medium-sized city.
Han Dong, pen name Weng Gunshan, is a member of the China Democratic Construction Association, a member of the Inner Mongolia Writers Association, the vice president of the Tumut History and Culture Research Association, and the president of the Hohhot Tumut History and Culture Research Association.
Editor: Ren Ruixin, founder of "Voice of Tumut"