#暑期创作大赛#
On the morning of March 28, the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China in 2022 were announced in Beijing, and "Fire and Civilization: The Shaping of 10,000 Years of Culture - Xuyao Site of Zhaojia in Linzi, Shandong" was successfully selected. This is the third time that the archaeological excavation project carried out in Zibo has been selected as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China, following Li Chunqiu Chemakeng and Zihedian No. 2 Warring States Tomb and Gaoqing Chenzhuang-Tangkou Site.
The National Top Ten Archaeological New Discoveries Promotion Activity is supervised by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, sponsored by China Cultural Heritage News and the Chinese Archaeological Society, to promote and publicize an important activity of the major archaeological discoveries of the year nationwide, and its selection criteria require compliance with the approval procedures of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and ensure the quality of excavation, the excavation content should have historical, artistic and scientific value and provide new content information and new understanding for the discipline of Chinese archaeology. The activity began in 1990, after more than 30 years of development, it has been highly recognized by the industry and highly concerned by the whole social media and the public, opening a window for the public to "enter archaeology", and also building a bridge for archaeology to "get out of the ivory tower", becoming a phenomenal communication case in the field of culture and museums.
Linzi Hou Li Chunqiu Chemakeng and Zihedian No. 2 Warring States Tomb: the naming place of the Later Li culture
Linzi Hou Li Chunqiu Che Ma Keng and Zihedian No. 2 Warring States Tomb are "Top Ten National Archaeological Discoveries in 1990", Later Li Chunqiu Che Ma Keng includes No. 1 and No. 2 two car and horse pits, located in Houli Village. According to the excavated artifacts and strata, it is inferred that it was the burial pit of the king or nobles in the middle of Spring and Autumn or slightly earlier. Zihedian No. 2 Warring States Tomb is located near the Qi King Mausoleum in Qiling Town, Linzi District, and a considerable number of imitation copper pottery ceremonial tools and copper and stone musical instruments have been unearthed. More than 100 pieces of copper and pottery were unearthed. The discovery of more than 20 one-way carriages in the tomb is a major gain from the excavation, which is roughly divided into three categories according to the structure and use of the carriage: military vehicles (light vehicles), security vehicles, and service vehicles (pallet cars). In particular, many prototype specimens poured with plaster during excavation provide important physical materials for studying the structure of ancient duyuan cars and the Warring States vehicle system. A large martyrdom pit was found on the north side of the burial chamber, with 69 martyred horses, which is one of the most preserved burial objects among the excavated tombs of the State of Qi.
After Linzi, Li Chunqiu Chemakeng and Zihedian No. 2 Warring States Tomb are one of the "Top Ten National Archaeological Discoveries in 1990", when it is the middle of Spring and Autumn or slightly earlier, the martyrdom pit of kings or nobles. The picture shows the remains of the carriage and horse unearthed in the car and horse pit after Li Chunqiu.
After Li Chunqiu car horse pit
Zihedian Tomb No. 2
The Hou-Li site is the naming site of the early and middle Neolithic culture in Shandong, the Hou-Li culture, and has an important position in the history of Chinese archaeology. The site is located on a terrace about 500 meters northwest of Houli Guanzhuang Village in Qiling Town, Linzi District, and about 2.5 kilometers northwest of the former city of Linzi Qi. The cultural accumulation order of the Hou Li site is 2 to 5 meters, from top to bottom, there are 12 layers, and the bottom-up layers are: 12 to 10 layers are the early Neolithic Hou Li cultural remains, 9 layers are the Beixin cultural remains of the middle Neolithic period, 8 to 6 layers are the remains of the Zhou Dynasty, and 5 to 3 layers are the remains of the Western Han to the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Houli site contains three major stages: Neolithic cultural remains, two-week (Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou) cultural remains and late cultural remains, and buries cultural remains spanning nearly 8,000 years from the early Neolithic period to the Qing Dynasty, showing the rich historical accumulation of the region and providing rich physical historical materials for the study of the historical process of the region. In addition, a large number of discoveries of Hou Li and Beixin cultural relics have provided rare materials for the study of cultural evolution, dating, recipe analysis, genetic research and other aspects of early culture in Lubei.
Chen Zhuang Site in Gaoqing County: Filling many gaps in the archaeology of the Zhou Dynasty in Shandong
The Chen Zhuang site in Gaoqing County, also known as the Chen Zhuang-Tangkou Site, is one of the "Top Ten National Archaeological New Discoveries in 2009" and is located on both sides of the Xiaoqing River at the junction of Gaoqing County and Zouping City. The main part is located between Chen Zhuang Village and Tangkou Village in Huagou Town, Gaoqing County on the north bank of the Xiaoqing River, and extends south to the east of Zouping Dong'an Village on the other side of the Xiaoqing River. Important relics such as the early and middle Western Zhou city sites, Western Zhou aristocratic tombs, altars, horse pits, and car and horse pits were found in the site, and a large number of pottery and more bones, bronzes, jade and other precious cultural relics were unearthed, among which the remains of the Western Zhou period were also the most important, which was the earliest Western Zhou city site confirmed in Shandong and the first Western Zhou city site found in Lubei area.
Gaoqing Chenzhuang-Tangkou site excavation site
The Gaoqing Chenzhuang-Tangkou site is one of the "Top Ten National Archaeological New Discoveries in 2009", which is of great value for the study of the history of the early Qi state. The picture shows the interior of the Chen Zhuang Tangkou Western Zhou Site Museum.
Another important discovery was the rammed earth pedestal located south-central of the city. From its structure and location, it is preliminarily judged to be related to sacrifice, or "altar", which is the first discovery of archaeology in the Zhou Dynasty in Shandong, and it is also very rare in this period in the country, providing valuable information for the study of the sacrifice rites of the Zhou Dynasty. The content of the inscription on the bronze artifacts unearthed from the tomb also indicates that it has a direct relationship with the state of Qi, especially the word "Duke of Qi" in the inscription, which is the first found in the golden text materials and is of great value for the study of the history of the early state of Qi. In addition, the excavation also found the first case of Western Zhou inscription Bujia in Shandong.
Chen Zhuang Tangkou Western Zhou Site Museum
It fills the gap in the archaeology of the Zhou Dynasty in Shandong in many aspects, provides important precious materials for the study of the early history of the Qi state, provides important clues for exploring the geomorphology of Yingqiu, the capital of the early Qi state, and provides scientifically important physical materials for the study of the founder of the Qi state, Jiang Taigong. The major discovery of the site of Chen Zhuang has coordinate significance for exploring the capital of Yingqiu. Regarding the nature of the city site, expert research believes: first, the early capital of the Qi state - Yingqiu; the second is the tomb of the King of Zhou during the Western Zhou period of the State of Qi; The third is the nature of a military castle during the Western Zhou period of the Qi state.
In August 2012, the China Yinshang Culture Society held the "International Symposium on Oracle Osteology and Major Discoveries of the West Zhou City Site of Gaoqing Chen Zhuang" in Gaoqing. The meeting said: "Gao Qing was the original fief of Jiang Taigong, and the site of Chen Zhuang's Western Zhou City was used as the political and cultural center of the Qi state in the early days, while the burial area of the princes of the Jiang state in the middle and late Western Zhou was the burial area of the princes of the Jiang state. If so, the site of Chen Zhuang's Western Zhou City or Jiang Taigong's construction of Yingqiu City, the capital of the early Qi state, or Yingqiu City is in the vicinity here. ”
The Xu Yao Site of the Zhao Family in Linzi: An Important Empirical Evidence of the Mainland's 10,000-year Cultural Development History
The Linzi Zhaojia Xuyao Site is one of the "Top Ten National Archaeological New Discoveries in 2022", located in the west of Zhaojia Xuyao Village in the east of Linzi District, 1.2 kilometers away from the Zi River in the south and 4.2 kilometers away from the Houli site in the east. It belongs to the transition zone from the Taiyi Mountains of Luzhong to the alluvial plain of northern Lubei.
Location map of the Xuyao site of the Zhao family, elevation map
The Xuyao site of Zhaojia in Linzi is one of the "Top Ten National Archaeological New Discoveries in 2022", which has important academic value for understanding the social organization form and human life mode at that time. The picture shows excavated pottery pieces.
The site was discovered during the excavation of the Warring States-Han Dynasty cemetery in conjunction with the capital construction project in Linzi District, and the excavators carried out large-scale excavation, excavation and research based on the thin layer of red-burned clay buried 4 to 6 meters below the current surface, and finally confirmed the human site of the old Neolithic transition stage.
Between 1.1 and 15,000 years ago, large-scale, multi-frequency red-burned soil deposits buried in the alluvial fan accumulation process have been discovered, and the confirmed distribution area has reached several square kilometers. In the process of excavating the accumulation of red-boiled soil, a temporary activity camp 13,100 to 13,300 years ago was found in the west of Xuyao Village of Zhaojia, with a total area of about 400 square meters, at least 3 fire ponds, distributed in a zigzag shape, and more than 1,000 relics were found around the fire pond. Mainly animal bones, followed by ceramic chips and ceramic sculptures, a small number of stone products and mussel shell products. Among them, there are more than 200 pieces of pottery, including 2 pieces of restorable pottery, 6 pieces of lace edge, and 5 pieces of perforated pottery. All are charcoal red pottery, uniform texture, regular shape, and polished surface. There are more than 100 ceramic sculptures, with delicate texture and diverse forms. There are more than 20 mussel products, including 1 perforated mussel ware. More than 50 stone products, multi-expedient tools. There are more than 500 skeletal specimens, mainly birds and deer.
The site of the Zhao family Xuyao is completely preserved, rich in relics, clear in nature and critical in age. It is a major archaeological discovery in North China and even in China in the transition stage between the old and the new, and has important academic value for understanding the social organization form and human life mode at that time.
The site is not only the earliest pottery excavated in northern China, but also the largest number of early pottery pieces unearthed in China, which fully reflects the technical achievements of pottery technology. This also fully shows that there is an earlier stage of pottery origin in the region, refreshing people's understanding of the level of pottery in this stage, and providing important materials for a deeper understanding of the origin of pottery internationally.
The Zhaojia Xuyao site has found the earliest and direct archaeological evidence of human use of fire to manage landscapes, and it is also a new archaeological material worldwide. It not only fills the key gap of prehistoric archaeology in China, but also provides key evidence for understanding the major historical change of the transition of the old Neolithic, which is an important empirical evidence of the development history of the mainland for 10,000 years.
The Xuyao site of the Zhao family witnessed the large-scale use of fire to extract resources from nature, use fire to change tool materials, and create and invent pottery. Here, human beings show the process from adapting to nature to transforming nature and creating new things. This paper provides a new perspective for understanding the complex relationship between human behavior, technological selection, ecological niche construction, landscape change and social organization mode in the process of agricultural origin, and changes the observation dimension of agricultural origin mode in East Asia, thereby revealing the difference between the transition of the Old Neolithic period and the origin path of agriculture in the East and the West.