【Original/Debut】
After the Xinhai Revolution, Yuan Shikai had talks with the southern revolutionaries.
In the end, it was agreed that Yuan Shikai would force the Qing dynasty to abdicate and hand over power.
Yuan Shikai did as promised and tried to find a way to make the Qing Emperor abdicate peacefully in Beijing.
However, in the abdication of the Qing Emperor, he encountered the stubborn forces of the Qing Dynasty.
First of all, it was a group of courtiers of the Constitutional Monarchy faction of the Qing court, who had strong opposition, and Yu Shan, a member of the Senior Council, and 20 other people jointly called Yuan Shikai's cabinet, accusing Tang Shaoyi, who was engaged in north-south negotiations, of "criticizing peace and giving to Jiangshan'er" and "being called a qing court representative, but in fact everything was designed for the revolutionary army"... Yushan also said: "Sincerely fear that once the throne is gone, great chaos will arise."
Secondly, of course, it was the Prince of the Qing Dynasty, the Guizong Socialist Party, whose opposition was very fierce-
Ai Xin Jue Luo Liangbi (1877 – January 29, 1912), courtesy name Zhao Chen, Manchurian Yellow Banner man, minister of the late Qing Dynasty and leader of the Zongshe Party. He was the grandson of Iribu, a university scholar who signed the Treaty of Nanking with Britain during the Daoguang years. Studied in Japan and entered the Infantry Section of the Non-Commissioned Officer School. After graduating and returning to China, he joined the Military Training Department and was promoted to deputy director of the Supervision Department of the Military Science Department of the War Department. The Janissaries were established, and he served as the commander of the First Association and the commander of the White Flag. Boasting of being a soldier, he participated in the Qing court's reform of the military system, trained the new army, established military studies, paid special attention to recruiting military talents, and was known as a Qing Ji cadre general with Tie Liang. After the "Wuchang Uprising" in October 1911 (the third year of Xuanun), he became the leader of the Zongshe Party, firmly advocating suppression and opposing the use of Yuan Shikai.
Good bow
Tie Liang (1863–1938), zi Baochen, Oflcha clan, Manchurian white flag man. Minister of the late Qing Dynasty. Tie Liang called himself "Zhi Bing". He was a member of Ronglu's staff. Later, he served as a waiter in the household department and the military department. In 1903, he went to Japan to investigate the military, and after returning to China, he served as the minister of military training, assisting Yuan Shikai in creating a new army in the six towns of Beiyang. Succeeded as Minister of Military Aircraft. In 1906, he was appointed Shangshu of the War Department, and competed with Yuan Shikai for the command of the Beiyang New Army. In 1910, he was transferred to General Jiang Ning. During the Xinhai Revolution, he defended Nanjing, fought against the revolutionary army, and organized the Zongshe Party with members of the imperial family such as Shanqi to oppose the abdication of the Qing Emperor.
Tie Liang
Aisin Kyora Zenki (15 March 1866 – 14 March 1922) was the owner of the Pavilion. Manchurian white flag man, late Qing dynasty nobleman, one of the twelve iron hat kings of the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Taiji of the Qing Dynasty was the eldest grandson of Prince Suwu of Hauge the Tenth Grandson, and the biological father of the female spy Kawashima Yoshiko. After the Xinhai Revolution, he was the backbone of the Sectarian Socialist Party and refused to sign the edict of abdication of the Qing Emperor.
Good old
Ai Xin Jueluo Puwei (30 December 1880 – 10 October 1936), also known as the Lord of Xijin Dynasty, was a great-grandson of the Daoguang Emperor Minning, the grandson of Prince Gong Yixuan, and the son of Belle Zaiying. Puyi his brother. In 1898 (the twenty-fourth year of Guangxu), he succeeded to the throne. He successively held important positions such as Minister of Government And Housing, The Unification of Manchuria under the Red Banner, and Minister of Anti-Smoking Affairs. In 1911 (three years after the declaration of reunification), after the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, Yuan Shikai made a comeback, which was resolutely opposed by Pu wei and Liangbi, and organized the Sectarian Socialist Party in an attempt to prevent peace talks between the north and the south. 【Original/Debut】
Pu Wei
Aisin Kyora Zaizawa (March 17, 1868 – June 1929), first known as Zaisho, was a character in The Plain. Late Qing Dynasty Patriarch, an important figure in the Constitutionalist Faction, manchurian Yellow Bannerman. Qing Shengzu ai Xinjue Luo Xuan Ye VI grandson, Yu Ke Junwang Ai Xin Jue Luo Yin Yu V grandson. In the third year of Xuan reunification (1911), Zai Ze served as the minister of the degree branch and the minister of salt administration of the newly established "Imperial Cabinet" (Prince Qing's Cabinet) of the Qing government, but Zai Ze and Prince Qing's recall of Yuan Shikai disagreed and tried to kill Yuan Shikai. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution and Yuan Shikai's comeback under the protection of Yi Xi and others, Zaize was forced to resign and secretly participate in the activities of the Zongshe Party to maintain the autocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Zaizawa
This is a group of die-hards, the hardcore of the Qing Dynasty, who resolutely disagree with the abdication of the Qing Emperor and do not agree to hand over power.
They intended to use the Janissaries to fight the revolutionaries to the end.
Third, the foundation of the Qing Dynasty.
These people, especially the princes and nobles of the Zongshe Party, were the biggest obstacle for Yuan Shikai to force the Qing Emperor to abdicate.
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Of course, in the imperial court, there were also those who persuaded the Qing Dynasty to abandon resistance and hand over the power.
Among them, the most important force is the envoys stationed abroad. Like what:
Lu Zhengxiang, then minister in Russia.
Lu Zhengxiang
Lu Zhengxiang (June 12, 1871 – January 15, 1949), courtesy name Zixin, was a native of Taicang, Jiangsu Province. Graduated from the Canton dialect hall and the Tongwen museum, he worked as an interpreter in the Embassy in Russia with Xu Jingcheng, the minister of Qincha in Russia, Germany, Austria and the Netherlands, and has been serving in the diplomatic circles ever since, becoming the first generation of professional diplomats in China. After the end of World War I, he led a delegation to France on behalf of the Republic of China to participate in the Paris Peace Conference.
Minister to Italy Wu Zonglian.
Wu Zonglian
Wu Zonglian (1856-1933) was a native of Jiading, Jiangsu Province. Qing Jiansheng. In 1909 he was appointed Minister of Chincha, Italy. In 1912, he was renamed Diplomatic Representative. In 1909, Wu Zonglian was sent to be the minister of Chincha in Italy. In 1911, turin held the World Exposition. Prior to this, in 1907, the Italian government had sent a note to Qian Nianyi, an envoy of the Qing government in Italy, inviting China to participate in the exhibition. However, the Qing government, which was in a precarious situation, had no time to take care of the meeting, so it refused Italy's invitation. After Wu Zonglian became an envoy to Italy, he made many efforts and actively suggested that the Qing government attend the meeting, and China finally decided to participate in the Turin World Expo.
Ambassador to Japan Wang Daxie.
Wang Da Xie
Wang Da Xie (1859 ~ 1929), zi Botang, ancestral home of Yixian Inter-county Town, Hongcun, was born in Hangzhou. In 1907, he returned to China, and soon served as a constitutional minister with Dashou, Yu Shimei and others, and visited Britain, Japan, Germany and other countries. In 1908, the Qing government appointed Wang Da xie, who had returned to China, as a warehouse waiter, and soon transferred to the Left Waiter of the Ministry of Posts and Communications. In June of the second year of Xuan reunification (1910), he returned to the diplomatic stage in 1910 and served as a minister to Japan.
Local officials, who were also in favor of peace talks, sent a telegram asking the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to play the imperial court's "edict to allow the republic." 【Original/Debut】
Zhang Xiluan, The Governor of Shanxi, Wang Ruxian, commander-in-chief of the Right Army of Wuwei, Zhang Zhenfang, acting Governor of Liangjiang, Zhang Xun, Acting Governor of Liangjiang, Duan Qirui, Acting Governor of Lianghu, Zhang Guangjian, Acting Governor of Shandong, Zhang Huaizhi, Inspector of Anhui, Li Shengduo, Acting Governor of Shanxi, and Chen Zhaochang, Governor of Jilin Province. They played together.
It can be said that the telegrams of this period flew like snowflakes to the highest institutions of the imperial court.
At this time, the imperial court held real power by Empress Longyu.
Longyu (3 February 1868 – 22 February 1913) was a Manchurian yellow flagrant of the Yehenara clan. Nicknamed Xizi, daughter of Cixi's younger brother Yehenara Guixiang, the deputy governor, was Guangxu's cousin. In the fourteenth year of Guangxu (1888), he was hand-picked by Empress Dowager Cixi to marry, and the following year she was made empress, and after the marriage date, she lived in Zhong Pu Palace, one of the six palaces in the East.
When Longyu married Guangxu, it seemed that there were bad omens.
The wedding celebration was scheduled for the 27th day of the first month of the 15th year of Guangxu (February 26, 1889). Just as the harem was busy with the emperor's big wedding, an unexpected thing happened. On the night of December 15, 1889 (January 16, 1889), it was a cold winter night with snowflakes flying every nine days, but the Forbidden City burst into flames and burned the Taihe Gate in front of the Taihe Temple.
After the fire, the Taihe Gate was reduced to rubble. Cixi made a decisive decision: the wedding would take place as scheduled, and the empress would have to pass through the Taihe Gate to re-enter the harem. How to solve the problem of the empress entering the second way to the door, Cixi once again made a decision that surprised everyone: she actually ordered the Craftsmen to rush to work day and night to build a Taihe Gate Cai Shed in the fire! In the end, a Taihe Gate was also erected that could fake the truth, so that people who had been walking in the inner court for a long time would be difficult to distinguish between true and false at once.
The real Taihe Gate was burned down, and it was used to paint cakes to fill the hunger.
Longyu big wedding picture
In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), the Guangxu Emperor died at the Hanyuan Hall in Yingtai, Nanhai, and was succeeded by Emperor Xuantong on the orders of Empress Dowager Cixi. According to the orders of Emperor Xuantong, she was honored as the Empress Dowager Longyu, known as "Empress Dowager Qimu", with the upper emblem "Longyu", and was known as the Empress Dowager Longyu in history. Emperor Xuantong was only three years old when he ascended the throne, so the empress dowager raised Emperor Xuantong. At the same time, Empress Dowager Longyu also practiced curtain-raising and listening to the government, and co-ruled the stormy Qing Dynasty with the regent Zaifeng (The biological father of Emperor Xuantong and the younger brother of the Guangxu Emperor).
Empress Longyu's big wedding picture
Longyu is a woman with ordinary intelligence and is not good at controlling people, so she does not have many cronies, and she is a relatively honest woman. Since becoming empress dowager, when Zaifeng Shu Wei Lixin was preparing to build a ruling team, Long Yu had to find ways to recruit some ministers to prevent Zaifeng from having too much power and endangering his position. Longyu's object of co-optation was Prince Yili of Qing. Once Zaifeng proposed to nominate Na Tong as the minister of military aircraft, asked Longyu, did not want Longyu but recommended Yuan Shikai's brother Xu Shichang as the minister of military aircraft. At this moment, Zaifeng was provoked, although he also promised to let the two become military ministers at the same time, but without warning reminded Longyu that only major events in the imperial court could the empress dowager come forward to discuss, and these specific administrative affairs did not have to be bothered. Long Yu knew in his heart that Zaifeng was telling her not to overstep.
After the Xinhai Revolution, the peace talks between the North and the South, Empress Longyu did not foresee the unmanageability of things at the beginning.
She wanted to learn from Empress Dowager Cixi, and she wanted to be free from Zaifeng's anger.
Yuan Shikai's mind at this time was to force the Qing Emperor to abdicate. However, XuanTong was only 5 years old, and of course he could only start from Empress Longyu. Seeing a female streamer, there is no idea, Yuan Shikai is inconvenient to say: Hey, you abdicate! He did not want to bear the name of the traitor in history, and he did not want to bear the notoriety of bullying orphans and widows.
What to do? Yuan Shikai had no choice but to go around in circles and borrow the revolutionaries to talk about things.
Yuan looked for the truth, saying that there was no military salary or the like. Who expected that Empress Longyu was real, she really donated. Empress Dowager Longyu made a decree to hand over all the wealth that Cixi had accumulated over the years. However, after an inventory, it was found that there was only 11 million taels of silver. People who are familiar with the situation in the palace feel that it is not right, because Cixi has been scavenging for decades, and she can only enter and leave, which is definitely not this number. Where the wealth went, no one knows. Empress Longyu couldn't do anything about it. Yuan Shikai said that the silver was not enough, and said that he would apportion the "national tax" to the princes and nobles, and Longyu really agreed. The royals and magnates had to pay this temporary tax.
Empress Dowager Longyu sincerely believed that Yuan Shikai could protect her son Xuantong from the throne.
Empress Longyu
At this time, the eunuch Xiao Dezhang wanted to seduce Yuan Shikai and walked around with Yuan Shikai privately. How could Yuan Shikai not see it. Xiao Dezhang walked around with himself at the behest of Empress Longyu, who wanted to protect her son as emperor with all his heart. Yuan Shikai will calculate it. Because he knew that the only powerful faction that could oppose him in the DPRK at this time and prevent the peace talks between the north and the south was the regent Zaifeng—this person had never been able to get along with Yuan Shikai, and had once killed Yuan Shikai. Therefore, Yuan Shikai took the opportunity to borrow Longyu to take away Zaifeng.
Yuan Shikai privately gave Xiao De Zhang 10,000 silver tickets. Xiao Dezhang said bad things about Zaifeng in front of Longyu and said good things about Yuan. Longyu decided to reuse only Yuan Shikai. She first squeezed Zaifeng, and then stripped Zaifeng of the title of regent, and withdrew Zaifeng from the court. She thought that by relying on yuan shikai, who had strength, she could listen to the government like Cixi. After Zaifeng withdrew from the court, he sat in the carriage and drove out of Donghua Gate crying all the way, which could be heard by passers-by along the way. Zaifeng left, Xiao Dezhang came to yuan shikai to discuss the matter of the empress dowager's curtain and listening to the government, but he ate Yuan Shikai's closed door soup and went back to report it, and LongYu knew that he had been deceived.
However, this woman did not scold Yuan Shikai, she said to Yuan Shikai at the imperial meeting: "You can do whatever you see, no matter how the overall situation changes, I will not blame you." Yuan Shikai replied: "Ministers and other ministers of state are only responsible for administrative affairs, as for the safety of the imperial family, they must also consult with the princes of the near branch, and when it is the turn of the government, it should be a constitutional monarchy, but now it cannot be done, because the revolutionaries do not admit that if there is a war, there is no military salary, and the inventory is only 200,000, where can it be used?" Foreign countries are not willing to borrow, so they are not at all sure. ”
Yuan Shikai knew how to deal with the Qing Room and pushed his responsibilities and connections clean.
He had to secretly point out a way out for Longyu, but he wanted Longyu to make up his own mind and consult with the royals himself, and he himself only carried out your empress's orders. Yuan Shikai designed it, guided by his own design, and said to Empress Dowager Longyu: "Tang Shaoyi suggested convening a referendum in the National Assembly, if the constitution is decided, of course, it is better, if the decision on the republic does not matter, because there are preferential conditions there." If the war is lost, the preferential conditions are difficult to say. ”
Yuan Shikai was really an old bureaucrat, and he wanted to abdicate the Qing Dynasty itself without bloodshed. Such an approach should be regarded as the most moderate method in history. Everyone does not tear their faces and fight lawsuits in the belly. Although hypocritical, it is still polite.
In fact, when the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, it was not only bloodied, but also had such an excuse in public opinion: The world that our Qing Dynasty got was not obtained from the Ming Monarchs, and we did not rob the Ming Emperor of the throne. We seized the throne from Li Zicheng. Therefore, the thirteen tombs of the Ming Emperor have all been preserved and maintained quite well.
Yuan Shikai's idea is also like this: I did not get the world from your Qing Dynasty, but from the revolutionary party. He thinks and does this, try not to kill, not to shed blood, and to be a relatively clean and good ruler.
Yuan Shikai
The revolutionaries had already seen through Yuan Shikai, and they did not want Yuan Shikai to be so comfortable.
Doesn't the revolutionary party want revolution, it wants to shed blood?
In order to control Yuan Shikai, the Nanjing side made public the secret that Yuan Shikai had privately promised in the North-South peace talks.
Mr. Sun publicly declared in the newspaper: As long as you let the Qing court abdicate, immediately elect you Yuan Datou as the president.
When the Qing court relatives learned of this news, they focused their anger on Yuan Shikai, accusing him of being a traitor, a traitor, and a traitor to the revolutionary party.
Empress Dowager Longyu woke up like a dream, saw through Yuan Shikai, and felt that the clan relatives were right before.
hehe. The intention of the Southern Revolutionary Party was very clear, they wanted Yuan Shikai and the Qing court to tear their faces. Not allowing him to collude with the Qing court was not conducive to the revolutionary cause. His intentions can also be understood, what if you cooperate with the Qing court and betray us? The heart of harming others must not be there, and the heart of preventing people must not be without. You Yuan Datou is originally a cunning person.
However, in this way, the plan to peacefully force the Qing Emperor to abdicate may be in vain.
At this moment, the emergence of an emergency made Yuan Shikai, who was in a difficult situation, have a big turnaround...
Historical figures commented on later generations
Taking history as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses!