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Wen 丨 has seen the big dragon in the world
Editor丨 has seen the big dragon in the world
preface
The situation of the Romans became crucial, as Cedolius was now allied with the pirates of the Mediterranean. He negotiated and began correspondence with rebel slaves in Italy. But intrigue and jealousy arose in his camp.
As a result, he was treacherously murdered by Perpena at a banquet in 72 AD, and with his death the Marian Party in Spain collapsed. A dangerous enemy is threatening Italy within Italy.
Ancient Rome trained armies
In 73 AD, a group of gladiators, led by one of them, named Spartacus, escaped from the training school in Capua and occupied a fortified position on Mount Vesuvius. They were joined by a large number of slaves and wanderers of all stripes, and soon they were able to defeat the two consuls sent against them.
The following year they began their offensive, and Spartacus found himself the leader of 10,000 men and the four generals sent to attack him were defeated. He ravaged Italy and even threatened Rome, but the split bowel manifested itself in his ranks, his deputies began to envy him, and his power began to weaken.
Lucullus, who was born a civilian, first distinguished himself in the social war, where he gained the favor of Sula and accompanied Sura against Mithradatis, as a treasurer, in 88. He was elected consul along with Kota and the territory was allocated to him, and Mithridates invaded Bithynia, defeated Kota and laid siege to him in Calcidon.
Luculus, having reorganized and trained his army, went to help his colleagues, drove the king to Pontus, and defeated him in Kabila in 72 and his fleet in Tenidos in 71, forcing him to take refuge with his son-in-law, King of Armenia.
The intrigue of the ancient Roman army
Lucullus has endeavoured to reform the administration of the eastern provincial government, with revenues outsourced from the provinces and measures aimed at protecting taxpayers from tax collectors. His reforms met with strong opposition in Rome, especially from the same taxes, whose main source of income was often the same taxes.
The men sent from Rome began to arouse discontent with his conspiracy in his army, and he was a strict self-disciplined man. It was easier to turn the soldiers against him, and in 68 AD he defeated Tigranes and Mithradatis, but his legions refused to follow him further, and he had to lead them into winter camps in Mesopotamia.
The following year his soldiers rebelled again, he was replaced by Pompey, and after returning to Rome, Lucullus spent the rest of his life in retirement at the age of around 57, he was very wealthy and was known for serving lavish dinners.
The Sulan system lasted for nine years before being overthrown by a soldier, and the luck of one of the most proud officers, Pompey, allowed him to violate the laws laid down by his generals for the first time.
Living a military life from childhood to death, he fought alongside his father in the civil war between Marius and Sulla. He was a supporter of the latter and associated himself with the aristocratic cause. He defeated the followers of Marius in Sicily and Africa and won in 81, although he was still an equestrian and not legally qualified.
Sulla then greeted him with Magnus's surname, which he has continued ever since. He was then sent to Spain, with the success we saw in the previous chapter. In 70 years Pompey was elected consul with great enthusiasm.
The criteria of the Crassus consuls
Crassus, the conqueror of Spartacus, amassed great wealth through speculative mining, slave trading and other methods, and greed is said to be his passion for domination, although he provided large sums of money to the people for political influence.
According to the laws passed by Cthulla, neither Pompey nor Crassus was eligible to serve as consuls. The former had never been a treasurer and was only thirty-five years old, the latter was still a consul and should wait two years.
Sulla's job was now quickly canceled, and the Tribune regained their privilege, the veto. Control of the criminal court was again transferred from the Senate to the House of Lords, while the most useless members of the former body, who were appointed by the Sulla, were purged.
Pompey remained quietly in Rome for three years after the expiration of his consulship, and he was appointed to charge expeditions against Greek pirates. From the earliest times, the marauders developed the habit of plundering on the Mediterranean coast, and during the Roman Civil War they became so bolder that the city was forced to actively participate in their opposition.
They paralyzed Mediterranean trade, and even the Italian coast was not immune to their attacks, and the tribune Gabinius suggested that Pompey be his commander for three years, and he had supreme power over all Roman magistrates throughout the Mediterranean provinces and inland, 50 miles of coastal areas.
He would have fifteen lieutenants, all former consuls, two hundred ships and all the troops he needed. Three months later, the pirates were swept away from the sea. Pompey's powers were further expanded the following year, and under this law full control of Roman policy in the East was given to Pompey. His appointment was strongly opposed by the Senate, especially by the "father of the Senate" Catullus and the orator Hotansios.
But Cicero assisted Pompey in his first political speech and issued him orders that made him effectively a dictator in the East. His actions there were very successful, and although he undoubtedly owes much to Lucullus' previous victories, he showed himself to be a capable soldier.
The Syrian army occupied in the name of Rome
Pompey went to Syria to occupy the country in the name of Rome and made it a province, and then he was invited to serve as a judge, two men interested in the Jewish throne, his decision went against the will of the people, in order to implement this decision he led an army against Jerusalem, and after three months of siege he captured Jerusalem.
He placed Xukanus on the throne on condition of an annual tribute, and Mithradatis, who had returned to Pontus to continue his old plan. But the fear aroused by the Roman army was so great that even his own son refused to join him. Desperate for the turn of events, the elderly monarch ended his life in 63 after reigning for 57 years.
Under his leadership, all the powerful forces in Asia that opposed Rome ceased for many years. In addition to Syria, Pontus and Crete, to which Bithynia joined, are now also provinces. And by adding to expand the three states of Asia Minor were not yet provinces, but dependencies, they were Galatia, ruled by Diotarus.
Pompey returned to Rome on January 1, 61 after an absence of nearly seven years, and enjoyed the victory he deserved. He completed a truly great work at the age of forty-five, founding several cities that would later become the centers of Greek life and civilization, and was hailed as the conqueror of Spain, Africa and Asia.
The rest of Pompey's life is closely related to Caesar's life, and his wife Julia is Caesar's daughter, and the two have always had a friendly relationship,
The rising political importance of Caesar and Cicero and the conspiracy of Catiline marked Pompey's absence from the East.
Caesar, who has now reached the highest level of the ladder of political office, shows in all his actions that he carefully obeys the Constitution, and that he never gets involved in political disputes except to defend the law from lawlessness. Now he could promote his ideas of reform and show his achievements to the nobility.
If the orator was willing to join forces with Caesar and Pompey, it would be good for Cicero and better for the country. But he was too conceited of his glory to join forces with his superiors, and he clinged to the Senate, feeling that his talents would shine there and was more likely to pay off for his personal fame.
The prestige of the consuls of Caesar
Caesar's consulship increased his popularity among all but the nobility, and his land laws, carefully crafted and worded, were strongly opposed by the Senate, especially by his colleagues Byblos and Cato, who stipulated that large swaths held by wealthy nobles at the time on loose terms were allocated to Pompey's veterans.
Caesar offered to pay a reasonable loss to the landowner, even though they had no legal claim to the land. Despite the outrage of intervention, Parliament passed the law and voted that the Senate must take an oath to abide by it.
They were laws and regulations enacted during Caesar's tenure, and they marked an era of Roman law, as they covered many crimes against the state for a long time. The most important of these was the abuse of power by the governors, which required all the governors to return their accounts in double copies, one left open to inspection in the province and the other in Rome.
When Caesar's term came to an end, he received a five-year appointment as governor of Gaul from the reluctant Senate. He must leave the city in a safe situation, or all his work will be in vain. He arranged the consular election the following year so skillfully that his trusted friends Piso and Gabinius were elected.
There were two men in Rome, and it was dangerous for Caesar to leave them behind, and the extreme nobleman Cato hated him to the bone. Cicero's ambition was to lead the Senate, an institution that was too willing to crush Caesar and could do him a great deal. It was Caesar's good fortune or, as some believed, the result of Caesar's own planning, and both were temporarily excluded.
A young nobleman known for his wild nature, he dressed in women's clothes, received permission to participate in festivals, and only women could celebrate. He was found and tried in the Senate, but was acquitted by public bribery. Cicero played an important role in bringing him to court, something that Claudius never forgot.
In order to become a candidate for tribune, he was adopted into a civilian family and was successful. He proposed to the parliament that anyone who executed a Roman citizen if he did not allow him to appeal to the people would be considered a person who violated the constitution, and the proposal was passed.
Everyone knew that Cicero was intentional, and he immediately fled to Macedonia. His property was confiscated, his houses destroyed, and his palace in the city was dedicated to Lady Liberty. When Alexander died in 80, the Kingdom of Cyprus, long dependent on the Kingdom of Egypt, was bequeathed to Rome.
The Senate delayed accepting the bequest while the island was ruled by Ptolemy of Cyprus, the heir of a late king. Under the pretext that the king harbored pirates, Claudius persuaded the parliament to annex the island and put Cato in charge of the island, which he accepted and missed for two years, and he satisfactorily fulfilled his duties to increase the treasury of Rome.
epilogue
Cicero and Cato were not in town, and none of the leaders of the Senate could work in Caesar's absence. Caesar returned from Spain in 60 with wealth and military fame, and although the Senate feared and loathed him, he was a favorite of the people and could count on their support. Pompey's army was behind him.
He received Caesar with pleasure, as he had been his friend throughout his career, and with the people and the army on his side through Pompey, he only needed capitalists to ensure his success.
The trio formed a combination of the so-called First Three, shrewdness, fame, and wealth, whereby Caesar hoped to gain great power, Pompey wanted to retain his power, and Crassus hoped to obtain greater wealth.
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