This article is an intensive reading of Chinese history in series 291, and the History of the Ming Dynasty is serialized in 16 series, welcome to watch.
01. The decadent Hongguang regime
When news of the fall of Beijing by the Dashun army and the hanging of coal mountains by the Chongzhen Emperor reached the Ming dynasty capital of Nanjing, the officials in the city were in a panic, and in order to make the Zhu Ming Dynasty survive, they were busy supporting the establishment of a new monarch.
At that time, the Ming Dynasty clan who fled from the north to the south included Ming Shenzong's nephew Zhu Changshu the Prince of Lu and Ming Shenzong's grandson Zhu Yousong the Prince of Fu, the son of Zhu Changxun, the old Fu King who was killed by peasant troops in Luoyang.
The courtiers of Nanjing were divided over who would be the new monarch. On the Donglin party side, Lü Daqi, Jiang Yueguang, Zhang Shenyan, Shi Kefa, and others believed that although Zhu Yousong was a relative and grandson of Emperor Shenzong and was relatively close, he was known for his fainting and greed, and they were worried that after Zhu Yousong came to power, he would remember the former enmity of "fighting for the foundation of the country" and the "attack case" and would not be able to get along with the Donglin Party, so they advocated the establishment of a more accessible Lu king Zhu Changshu, on the grounds that Lixian was Lixian.
However, the viceroy of Fengyang, Ma Shiying, and Ruan Dacheng, who had been dismissed as a "reverse case" and deposed from their posts and living idly in Nanjing, had already conspired to do so, and they precisely wanted to take advantage of Zhu Yousong's feud with the Donglin Party to help him come to power in order to strike at the Donglin Party, so they strongly advocated that the reunification should be carried on in the order of ethics.
The two factions of bureaucrats, each for their own selfish interests, each pregnant with a ghost fetus, want to take advantage of the opportunity of supporting the new monarch to hunt for political status and seize great power. Ma Shiying, in collusion with Gao Jie, Liu Liangzuo, Liu Zeqing, Huang Degong, and other general soldiers of the four towns, sent troops to bring Zhu Yousong to Nanjing, backed by force. The Donglin Party had no choice but to submit.
King Fu was proclaimed the governor of the state in May of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), and within a few days, he was officially proclaimed emperor, with the second year as the first year of Hongguang. This was the first Southern Ming regime established by the Ming imperial family in the south after the fall of the Chongzhen regime.
The degree of corruption of this regime, organized by the emperor supported by the remnants of the castrated party, is conceivable. Ma Shiying was put in charge of the cabinet by supporting Yuan Xun, while The highly regarded Shi Kefa was excluded from yangzhou as the governor. Ma Shiying also used Ruan Dacheng as the Shangshu of the Bingbu and entered the cabinet to handle affairs. The two men committed adultery and stirred up the government and politics into a mess.
In the name of Xingfu, Ma and Nguyen looted major matters under the pretext of preparing military expenses, indiscriminately levied taxes, and increased the people's burdens, and openly sold official titles and knighthoods, calling them "aiding salaries."
In this critical autumn of survival, there was still a fierce party struggle in the small imperial court of Hongguang. Ma Shiying, Ruan Dacheng, and other remnants of the castrated party retaliated against the Donglin party members for major incidents, and Zhang Shenyan, Gao Hongtu, Jiang Yueguang, and others were ostracized and retreated one by one. Ruan Dacheng was indignant because he had been included in the reverse case, saying: "If they attack the reverse case, I will do the right case." ”
The so-called Shun case is to punish the officials who have submitted to the Dashun peasant army. He also compiled a blacklist called "Locust Record," referring to Donglin as a locust and referring to another political group of intellectuals in the Jiangnan landlord class at that time, who was reinstated as a locust, and that all those who were included in the "Locust Record" were brutally persecuted.
The small court of Hongguang wanted the Qing soldiers to stop the southern invasion so that they could go to the south of the river, so at any cost, they bent their knees to the Qing court to seek peace, sent a mission, and brought 100,000 taels of silver, 1,000 taels of gold, and 10,000 pieces of satin silk gifts to the Qing court to beg for peace, and shamelessly described these gifts as a reward for the Qing army to fight back Li Zicheng for the Ming Dynasty, and the other conditions for peace were: cutting off land outside the Shanhaiguan, and paying 100,000 taels of silver to the Qing Dynasty every year.
However, the Qing court sought national power, not half of the rivers and mountains, and it was not the guanwai land that had long been actually occupied by the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, not only did he reject the peace agreement of the Hongguang Dynasty, but he even arrested the Envoys, accusing the Hongguang Emperor of "usurping the south of the Jiangsu", and after invading Shaanxi and defeating the Dashun army, he dispatched an army to attack the Hongguang regime.
When the Qing soldiers marched south, the hongguang regime was in a state of internal party strife. The commanders of the four towns of Gao Jie, Liu Liangzuo, Liu Zeqing, and Huang Degong stationed on the jiangbei front were fighting each other in order to compete for rich territory and loot the people's wealth, and although they were later mediated by the Shi Kefa Committee, they could only maintain a superficial peace and could not cooperate in defense.
In March of the first year of Hongguang (1645), when the Qing army approached Huaibei, Zuo Liangyu, who was stationed in Wuchang, at the instigation of Donglin Party officials, under the name of "Qing Junfang", marched down the river and pointed directly to Nanjing. Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng declared that "it is better to knock the horses of the Northern Soldiers (referring to the Qing Army) than to try the sword of the Southern Thief (referring to the Zuo Liangyu Army)", disregarding the pressure of the Qing army, transferring Huang Degong to resist the Left Army, and then transferring Liu Liangzuo and Liu Zeqing to lead the army into the guard.
Zuo Liangyu fell ill and died in Jiujiang, and his son Zuo Menggeng was defeated by Huang Degong and led his army to surrender. Although the left army was repulsed, the four towns in northern Jiangbei were withdrawn (Gao Jie was also attacked and killed by the rebel general Xu Dingguo at this time), and the Qing army was in no man's land, and only when they arrived in Yangzhou in mid-April was they resisted by the Yangzhou military and civilians led by Shi Kefa.
Shi Kefa ( Shi Kefa ) , also spelled Xianzhi , was a native of Xiangfu ( present-day Kaifeng ) , a native of Henan , and a jinshi of Chongzhen Shi. In his youth, he was appreciated by the Donglin Party member Zuo Guangdou, was deeply influenced by it, and was determined to focus on state affairs. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), when the Qing army entered the customs, he served as the Shangshu of the Nanjing Bingbu, and the Hongguang Emperor took the throne, increasing the rank of bachelor and calling it shigebu.
When the Qing army entered the customs, under the banner of "revenge on behalf of the emperor's father," Shi Kefa also fantasized about "joining forces with the Qing army to enter the discussion and ask qinzhong" to jointly attack the peasant army. Later, he served as the inspector of Jiangbei as a soldier Shangshu. Although they are dressed and fed at night and work hard to govern, there are horses and Nguyen on the inside, and everything is constrained; outside, the four towns will be difficult to resist and cannot cooperate. Shi Kefa was alone and could not save the restoration of the Hongguang regime.
When the Qing army besieged Yangzhou, Shi Kefa held the isolated city and fought a bloody battle for ten days. The city was destroyed, and Shi Kefa committed suicide without dying, and was captured by the Qing army. King Duoduo of Qingyu advised him to surrender, saying, "The city survives and exists, and the city dies and dies." My head is broken, and my ambition is indomitable. So, calmly and righteously.
When Yangzhou fell, the Ming general Liu Zhaoji and others led the remnants and the people in the city to continue to engage in street battles with the Qing soldiers until they were exhausted.
The rulers of the Qing Dynasty hated the heroic resistance of the soldiers and civilians of Yangzhou, and after occupying Yangzhou, they vainly wanted to kill a hundred people and ordered the slaughter of the city. After ten days of slashing and killing, the sword was ordered to be sealed, and hundreds of thousands of people were slaughtered tragically, the corpses piled up into mountains, the blood flowed into canals, and the bustling city of Yangzhou became a ruin. This is the tragic event known in history as the "Ten Days of Yangzhou".
The city of Yangzhou was destroyed, the Generals defending the Yangtze River of the Ming Dynasty fled, and the soldiers surrendered. The Qing army crossed the Yangtze River without any obstacles, and marched into the city of Nanjing on May 16.
The Hongguang Emperor had fled in a panic on May 11 and fled to The Huang Degong Army in Wuhu. Huang Degong was killed in battle, and the Hongguang Emperor was captured in Nanjing, and later escorted to Beijing to be beheaded. The Hongguang regime collapsed in this way, only for a year.
Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng fled to Hangzhou after the fall of Nanjing, and later both surrendered to the Qing Dynasty.
02. King Lu supervised the country, and King Tang was proclaimed emperor
After the fall of Nanjing, the Southern Ming officials and scholars Fang Guoan, Zhang Huangyan, and Qian Sule in Zhejiang were equal to the second year of Shunzhi (1645) leap June to support the establishment of the Ming Dynasty's royal Lu king in Shaoxing.
King Lu' name was Zhu Yihai, the tenth grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, and was enfeoffed in Yanzhou, Shandong. After the peasant army invaded Beijing, he fled south to Zhejiang and lived in Taizhou. After being called a jianguo, it has Shaoxing, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and other places in eastern Zhejiang, which is almost the area east of the Qiantang River. The army consisted of Southern Ming officers and men led by Wang Zhiren and Fang Guoan, and the righteous divisions led by Qian Sule and Zhang Huangyan, and their strength was still quite strong.
At the same time as King Lu was proclaimed the overseer of the state, the Tang king Zhu Yujian was proclaimed emperor in Fuzhou. Zhu Yujian was the ninth grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang and was enfeoffed in Nanyang, Henan. In the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), the Qing army entered the blockade, and Beijing was under martial law, Zhu Yujian led his troops north to defend Beijing without being ordered, and was impeached as a rebel, deposed as a Shuren, and imprisoned in Fengyang Prison. King Fu ascended the throne in Nanjing, pardoning the world, and only then was he released.
After the fall of Nanjing, Zhu Yujian encountered Zheng Hongkui, the commander-in-chief of Zhenjiang who had fled in defeat and fleeing, on his way to the south. Zheng believed that the Tang King was "a strange commodity" and could use him as a puppet to expand his political power in this turbulent situation. Therefore, after escorting the Tang king into Fujian, Zheng Hongkui and his brother, Nan'an Bo Zheng Zhilong and Wenchen Huang Daozhou proclaimed the tang king emperor, changed Fujian to Fujing, changed Fuzhou to Tianxing Province, and built Yuan Longwu.
After the founding of Longwu, ming officers and soldiers and righteous teachers in various places responded enthusiastically, and the areas under his jurisdiction included Fujian, Liangguang, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, and parts of Anhui, Jiangxi, and Hubei.
However, in the feudal era, there were no two days in the sky, no two kings in the country, and it was impossible for the two kings of Tang and Lu to coexist at the same time. Regardless of the present momentum of the great enemy, they did not work together in harmony and jointly resisted the Qing Dynasty, but were enthusiastic about competing for the title of name and the division of kings and subjects, and they made a situation of common ground.
The Tang king wanted King Lu to be a vassal, but King Lu was unwilling to submit. The envoys sent by the Tang king were killed by the generals of the King of Lu. The Tang king was furious and also killed the envoys of the king of Lu, and even thought that "the current affairs are worrying, not in the Qing, but in Lu." The two kings fought each other, reversing the relationship between the enemy and ourselves, so that the Qing Dynasty could take advantage of the contradiction and break it each other.
The internal affairs of both regimes are as corrupt as those of the Hongguang regime. King Lu's power was in the hands of eunuchs and warlords. These people have formed a traitorous party, are arbitrary, and exclude upright officials. Although King Lu's army once crossed the Qiantang River and conquered some of the prefectures and counties occupied by the Qing army, due to internal corruption, the Qing army soon counterattacked the river in March of the third year of Shunzhi (1646), and Shoujiang Ming would either surrender or flee. The Qing army took Shaoxing directly, and Wenzhou and Taizhou also fell one after another.
Under the protection of Zhang Mingzhen, King Lu drifted on the sea and had nowhere to live. In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), although he conquered the 30 prefectures and counties of Fujian occupied by the Qing army and reopened the situation, due to internal discord, they were all soon lost, and they were floating back to Zhejiang and Fujian, living a bleak life of "taking the sea as the golden soup, the boat as the temple, the sunset and the waves, and the monarchs and subjects facing each other".
Later, Zhang Mingzhen and Zhang Huangyan protected King Lu and defected to Zheng Chenggong at Kinmen. King Lu had been in exile for many years and had long since ceased to be a prisoner of the state, and at this time he sent people to the fence, and under the persuasion of Zhang Huangyan, he revoked the name of the state of supervision, accepted the control of the later Southern Ming Yongli regime, and cooperated with Zheng Chenggong to resist the Qing. After Zheng successfully recovered Taiwan, he took him to Taiwan. In the first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1662), King Lu died in Taiwan.
The authority of the Longwu Dynasty was in the hands of the Zheng family, headed by Zheng Zhilong. Zheng Zhilong was a native of Nan'an County, Fujian Province, who had been doing business in Japan in his early years, and later gathered a crowd to occupy the coastal areas of Taiwan and Fujian, controlling the shipping routes to Japan and the Nanyang Islands, and all merchant ships that came and went had to pay taxes and silver to him. Across the sea, officers and men had no choice.
In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Zheng Zhilong was invited by Xiong Wencan, the governor of Fujian, and was given the title of Nan Amber when he was hongguang. He and Zheng Hongkui supported the Tang Dynasty king Zhu Yujian, regarded themselves as supporting the Founding Fathers and founding heroes, and controlled hundreds of thousands of troops in their hands, and they controlled all the power of the Longwu Dynasty.
The Zheng brothers brutally plundered the people's fat and people's anointing, indiscriminately levied commercial taxes, increased the number of dispatches and pre-levy land gifts, and sold officials and knights, and the price of official positions was hundreds of taels, and the price of the few was two silver. Those who take money to buy official titles, after taking office, they extort a lot of money and make a lot of money, making the people unhappy and complaining.
Zheng Zhilong squeezed out the zodiac zhou in the dprk. Zodiac Zhou saw that the politics of the Longwu Dynasty were so corrupt, knew that there was no hope of recovery, and was not willing to sit still, so he led the students to flee Zhejiang and Anzheng to recruit troops to resist the Qing. This army, composed of white-faced students and unarmed masses, without strict combat training and poorly equipped, was defeated as soon as it encountered qing troops in Wuyuan, Anhui. Huang Daozhou was captured in Nanjing, and Hong Chengyu tried everything to persuade him to surrender, but he was reprimanded and scolded by him, and finally killed.
Zheng Zhilong supported hundreds of thousands of troops, and finally did not send a single soldier to resist the Qing, and sat and watched the rebels and other Ming troops fight with the Qing soldiers. Seeing that the Longwu regime had little hope, in order to protect his own countryside throughout Fujian and Guangdong, the property and life of the "Marquis of Fujia", he secretly colluded with the Qing army.
Hong Chengzu and Zheng Zhilong were originally fellow townsmen, so they sent people to negotiate privately with Zheng Zhilong and make a secret agreement. After the Qing army defeated King Lu, in June of the third year of Shunzhi attacked Fujian, Zheng Zhilong completely withdrew the defenders of the 200-mile-long Xianxialing defense line, fulfilled his promise of surrender, and did not resist on land and water, in order to flatter the Qing Dynasty. The Qing soldiers were able to drive straight in and take Fuzhou.
When the Qing army marched into Fujian, Emperor Longwu was in Yanping (present-day Nanping), so he hurried out of Benting Prefecture (present-day Changting), and in August, he was chased and killed by Qing forces in Tingzhou. The longwu regime was declared to be extinguished, which lasted one year and three months.
After the Qing army entered Fujian, they used the official title of governor of Fujian and Guangdong as bait to surrender Zheng Zhilong. His son Zheng Chenggong resolutely opposed the surrender of Qing, but Zheng Zhilong Lilu smoked his heart, did not listen to Zheng Chenggong's bitter advice, offered his seal and shaved his hair, and ran to the Qing camp to surrender.
Zheng Chenggong then led his comrades-in-arms to Nan'ao, Guangdong Province, to raise the banner of "betraying his father to save the country" and recruiting the old troops to carry out the anti-Qing struggle.
After Zheng Zhilong surrendered, he was coaxed and sent to Beijing under house arrest, and the dream of the governor of Fujian and Guangdong was disappointed, and later because he could not persuade Zheng Chenggong to submit, the whole family was killed by the Qing Dynasty.
03. Shaowu and Yongli regimes
After the defeat of Emperor Longwu at Tingzhou, his brother Zhu Yulei fled to Guangzhou, where he was supported by Su Guansheng, a scholar of the Longwu Dynasty who had also fled to Guangzhou, and was proclaimed the overseer of the state on the second day of November in the third year of Shunzhi.
Before Zhu Yulei was proclaimed the overseer of the state, Ding Kuichu, the governor of Liangguang, and He Tengjiao, the governor of Huguang, had already established the Gui king Zhu Youluo to oversee the state in Zhaoqing in October. Su Guansheng was going to support King Gui with Ding Kuichu, but because of their discord, he came to Guangzhou, and just happened to meet Zhu Yulei, so he supported him and confronted King Gui.
Zhu Yulei claimed that the state had only been in prison for three days, and he hurriedly declared himself emperor on the fifth day of the first month, and changed his name to Yuan Shaowu. Because of the haste, even the wen and martial costumes were too late to prepare, so they had to put on the costumes used for singing and opera.
The Guangzhou side thought that as long as Zhu Yulei preemptively claimed the title of emperor, the King of Gui would have to submit to his orders. However, zhaoqing was not willing to show weakness, and still supported the gui king Zhu Youluo as emperor on November 18, with the following year as the first year of the yong calendar.
As a result, the two regimes fought for orthodoxy. The Shaowu regime believed that Zhu Yulei was the younger brother of Emperor Longwu, the elder brother and the righteous; the Yongli regime believed that Zhu Youluo was the grandson of the Ming Shen Sect, and that the Lun order was relatively close, and should be the greatest.
Both sides considered themselves to be the most qualified to be emperors, and neither of them was a vassal of the other. Later, the envoys of the Yongli regime were killed by the Shaowu regime, resulting in a battle between the two sides in Sanshui, which resulted in the defeat of the Yongli regime. Shaowu was proud of himself, celebrated major events, and whitewashed Taiping.
Just as the civil war between the two Southern Ming regimes was in full swing, the Qing army divided into two roads and pointed directly at Guangdong.
Li Chengdong led a way south from the Fujian coast, captured Chaozhou and Huizhou, and sent people to send false information stamped with the Great Seal of the Chaohui Official Office of the Ming Dynasty to the Shaowu small imperial court, saying that there were no military affairs in the Chaohui area. Shao Wujun had no doubts. On December 15, Zhu Yulei was studying and a hundred officials gathered, when suddenly there was a detailed probe to report that the Qing army was pressing on the city, and Su Guansheng loudly rebuked: "Yesterday Chaozhou just reported that there was nothing to do, and if you arrive in Guangzhou so soon, it must be a vain remark to confuse the people." "Drink order to push the detective out to be beheaded."
In this way, three times in a row, three people were beheaded. It was not until the Qing soldiers broke through the east gate and entered the city that they woke up like a dream. However, the soldiers were scattered and there was no resistance. Su Guansheng committed suicide behind closed doors. Zhu Yulei hurriedly took off his dragon robe, jumped the wall from the backyard and fled, was captured by the Qing soldiers, and committed suicide. The Shaowu regime, which lasted 40 days, ended in such a playful way.
With the support of the peasant armies of Dashun and Daxi, the Yongli regime once recovered some places that were captured by the Qing army, and there was a brief period of revival. In the first year of the Yong Calendar (1647), the Dashun army hao waving banner department and the Southern Ming He Tengjiao and Qu Shiyun combined to defeat the Qing army in Quanzhou, Guangxi, and took advantage of the victory to attack Hunan. Taking advantage of this favorable situation and cooperating with the Ming army, the DaShun army recaptured Hunan, so that the Yongli Dynasty had seven provinces such as Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou, and entered its peak period.
However, the Yongli small imperial court did not take advantage of the favorable opportunity to expand the fruits of the victory, nor did it learn the lesson of the fierce battle with the Shaowu regime in Sanshui, and resumed the civil war with Zhu Rongfan, the ming emperor who claimed to be the superintendent of the state, in Sichuan.
The Yongli Emperor Zhu Youluo was a cowardly and incompetent, greedy and afraid of death, and fled when he heard the police. The officials of the Yongli Dynasty were also mostly corrupt and incompetent reactionary bureaucrats. They have no intention of resisting the Qing, but are enthusiastic about scavenging the people's fat and amassing treasure. Under the current situation of the great enemy, there is still a fierce internal struggle between the Wu and Chu parties.
Both factions were outrivered with powerful generals, eunuchs and the emperor's close associates, and they fell in love with each other, vying for power and profit, so that they repeatedly built up prisons and caused a miasma. As for the peasant army that united with the Yongli regime to resist the Qing, the Southern Ming officials did not trust it, but squeezed out and made it difficult.
The corruption of the Yongli regime has led to the recovery of the prefectures and counties that were once recovered. In the third year of the Yong calendar (shunzhi sixth year, 1649), qing soldiers conquered Jiangxi and Hunan. The following year, the Qing army occupied Liangguang again. The Yongli Emperor fled from Zhaoqing to Wuzhou and from Wuzhou to Nanning; in the sixth year of the Yongli Calendar (9th year of Shunzhi, 1652), he went from Nanning to Guizhou, relying on the general of the Great Western Army, Sun Kewang, who was displaced and embarrassed.
In the sixth year of the Yong calendar, the Soldiers of the Great Western Army fought back against the Qing army in two ways. Led by Li Dingguo, he won successive victories, recovered large areas of land in Hunan and Guangxi provinces, shook Guangdong and Jiangxi, and revived the Yongli regime.
However, due to the contradictions between Sun Kewang and Li Dingguo within the Great Western Army, the excellent anti-Qing situation was destroyed. Li Dingguo took the Yongli Emperor to Kunming in the 10th year of the Yongli Calendar (13th year of Shunzhi, 1656). This was the last stronghold of the Yongli regime in a corner of the southwest, and the situation was very isolated.
In September of the twelfth year of the Yong calendar (fifteenth year of Shunzhi, 1658), the Qing army attacked Yunnan in three ways. The following year, the Qing army invaded Yunnan, and the Yongli Emperor fled into Burma, where he was received by the Burmese king and lived in exile with a bamboo hut and a grass hut as a palace.
In fact, the entire monarch of the Yongli government had been placed under house arrest by the Burmese rulers. Li Dingguo once led troops to the rescue, but was unsuccessful.
In this situation of exile in a foreign country and under the fence of sending people, the bureaucrats of the Yongli Dynasty still sang and drank every day, day and night, opened casinos, and shouted endlessly, which was really absurd and decayed to the extreme.
In the fifteenth year of the Yongli Calendar (18th year of Shunzhi, 1661), Wu Sangui asked the Qing court for merit in order to hunt down and kill the Yongli Emperor, and led 100,000 troops into Burma. In that year, there was a coup d'état in Burma, where the king's brother killed the king and seized the throne. In order to curry favor with the Qing Dynasty and consolidate the power after the coup, the new Burmese king killed most of the Southern Ming officials and in the following year entrusted the Yongli Emperor and his dependents to Wu Sangui.
In order to cut the grass and remove the roots, Wu Sangui strangled the father and son of the Yongli Emperor in Kunming, and the Yongli regime was completely overthrown. This was the last regime of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and it was also the regime that lasted the longest among the small imperial courts of the Southern Ming Dynasty, which lasted for 16 years.
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