The Ariake Dynasty, the Sixteenth Emperor, enjoyed 276 years of the kingdom. Among them, the Nine Emperors cast the era number (epoch) Qian eleven kinds: Dazhong Tongbao, Hongwu Tongbao, Yongle Tongbao, Xuande Tongbao, Hongzhi Tongbao, Jiajing Tongbao, Longqing Tongbao, Wanli Tongbao, Taichang Tongbao, Tianqi Tongbao, Chongzhen Tongbao. Due to the implementation of the banknote method in the Ming Dynasty, and the continuous strengthening of the monetization function of silver, it is generally explained that the minting amount of copper coins is not large, but in the monetary structure of the Ming Dynasty, copper coins have always occupied an important position. Especially after the Jiajing Dynasty, the scale of the country's minting money continued to expand, the number of casting bureaus continued to increase, and the number of copper coins minted also increased.
In the seventh year of the Apocalypse (1627), the Chongzhen Emperor ascended the throne, and in December, the household and the worker entered the Chongzhen new money style. The emperor ordered that each money weighed one dollar and three cents, and the treasure color was wonderful, and there was no need to publish the word "worker" or "industrial". After the Chongzhen Emperor ascended the throne, he minted and issued the "Chongzhen Tongbao" year number money in the first year of Chongzhen, which was used throughout the world. At the time, starting out with money was a lucrative thing. According to the "Ming Shi Food Chronicle", in the first year of Chongzhen, Nanjing cast more than 79,000 copies, received 39,000 silver with interest, and 26,000 silver with interest from the household minting. At that time, in addition to the Household Department and the Ministry of Works, the institutions that minted money also had money bureaus in Huguang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Xuanfu, Miyun and other places. In the third year of Chongzhen, Yushi Yaojing put forward the idea of starting a coinage in places with conditions throughout the country. He said: At the beginning of the coinage, the world was now suffering from no interest, and it was spinning away, and from the north and south, only Huguang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and xuan and mi towns remained. And the breath of the casting is not returned to the imperial court, and there is no casting cost, and the cover is to buy copper instead of mining copper. In the ninth year of Qizun Hongwuchu and Yongle and the sixth year of Jiajing, officials were sent to the provinces to mint money, mint copper in copper-producing places, and set up officials to garrison troops, imitating the silver mining law, taking three out of ten. The benefits of the Copper Mountain, the imperial court is good at it, and the small people are mined, and it is still given to the city. The result: the emperor obeyed it. It is time for the foundry to open together, with copper to benefit more, copper to less. However, with the decline of the country's strength and the intensification of internal and external troubles, the quality of the money minted after the Chongzhen Dynasty declined, and the day became worse and thinner, most of the lead sand was not more than a hundred inches, and it was broken. In the last year, when the five coins were cast, they died before they were cast.
In March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), after Li Zicheng's army captured Beijing, the Chongzhen Emperor himself hanjingshan, and the Ming Dynasty fell. The Ming dynasty bureaucrats in Jiangnan immediately established the Southern Ming Hongguang regime in Nanjing, with Zhu Yousong the Prince of Fu as emperor. In October of that year, shortly after the Establishment of the Hongguang regime by The Fu King Zhu Yousong, the "Hongguang Tongbao" coin was minted and issued. According to the End of the Chronicle of San Francisco, King Fu was named Yu Song, grandson of Emperor Shenzong, and son of King Fu Changxun. Luoyang fell, wang avoided chaos and went south, and then Huai'an. On the occasion of the change of the state in March of Jiashen, the nanzhongfu and other officials meeting to supervise the country, the Feng governor Ma Shiying transferred the book Shi Kefa and the soldier shilang Lü Daqi, please pay tribute to the king. ...... When the king went to Nanjing, he took the inner garrison as the palace, supervised the country for four days, and took the throne on the fifteenth day, saying that the next year (1645, the second year of Shunzhi) was the first year of Hongguang. ...... In June, the Ministry of Rites cast the National Seal and replaced it with gold. ...... October Shuo, destined to cast Hongguang money.
However, due to the political corruption and lack of enterprising of the Hongguang Emperor, the Hongguang regime lasted less than a year before it was eliminated by the Qing government. As the Qing army moved south, on May 15, 1645, the ministers Zhao Zhilong, Wang Feng, and Qian Qianyi surrendered the city of Nanjing, and on the 22nd, the Qing army captured zhu Yousong, the Hongguang Emperor who had fled to Wuhu. At this point, the Hongguang regime died. Soon after the fall of the Hongguang regime, a new Southern Ming regime emerged. In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), on the seventh day of the first leap month, Zhang Kentang, the inspector of Ming Fujian, The Rebbe Shangshu Huang Daozhou, the Southern Amber Zheng Zhilong, the Jingfu Bo Zheng Hongkui, etc., were entrusted with the ninth grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang, and zhu Yujian, the grandson of The Duan King Zhu Shuoxi, was proclaimed the overseer of the state in Fuzhou. On June 27, he was proclaimed emperor and changed the name of Fuzhou to Tianxing Province, with the year as the first year of Longwu. However, the Establishment of the Longwu regime was broken by the Qing army only one year after its establishment, and in July of the third year of Shunzhi, the Qing army captured eastern Zhejiang and southern Zhejiang, and the Longwu Emperor left Benting Prefecture, and on August 28, he was pursued and killed by the Qing army, and the Longwu regime collapsed.
At present, there are more accounts of the Chongzhen Dynasty minting "Chongzhen Tongbao" money in the numismatic literature after the Ming Dynasty, and the research results of the academic community in this regard are not small, due to the limitation of space, this article will not repeat the minting and circulation of the "Chongzhen Tongbao" money.
Due to the Qing Dynasty, the money minted by the Southern Ming Regime such as "Hongguang Tongbao" and "Longwu Tongbao" was considered by Qing Dynasty Jinshi scholars to be "pseudo-number money", so there are not many relevant historical records, and it is precisely because the minting time of these two kinds of money is relatively short, the historical data is lacking, and so far the minting of coins in the Southern Ming "Hongguang" and "Longwu" dynasties is not very clear, and the research results are few.
During the Republic of China period, Ding Fubao compiled the "Dictionary of Ancient Money", which compiled the research and examination of ancient money by predecessors, and was an important numismatic work. The book records the "Hongguang Tongbao" money as follows:
King Fu's name was Song, the eldest son of Emperor Shenzong's third son, Chang Xun the Prince of Fugong, the sixteenth year of Chongzhen's heir to the throne of Fu, Jiashen March, the jingshi lost his hand, in April, the fierce question to Nanjing, counselor Shangshu Shi Kefa and others were proclaimed emperor, changed to Yuan Hongguang... Hongguang Xiaoping Qian, outside the light curtain there are en characters, household characters, industrial characters and star characters. Another kind of phoenix character with a subordinate body, is the viceroy of Ma Shiying, Fengyang, also began to mint money, with the phoenix character different. According to Zou Yi's "Testament": On the first day of the first month of October in Jiashen, King Fu ordered the casting of Hongguang money ("New Edition" ["New Edition of Curtain Rhymes"—Author's Note]). "Ming History Manuscript : Biography of the Three Kings": Fu Wang Yousong, the eldest son of Shenzong's second son, King Fugong, was established in Nanjing in May of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, and was called Hongguang, and shunzhi was destroyed in the second year. Zou Qi's "Ming Ji Testament" said: On the first day of October in the year of Jia Shen, he was ordered to cast Hongguang money. Pei Press: This money path is seven points, weighs one dollar, and the word is from
There are wheels slightly wider, and there are hongzi bows from
The two points under the word Bao (寶) are very small, and there are those who are obedient, which are very small. There is a person who wears a star on the back, and the one who passes from the wheel, a kind of face and lower two words are flattened, and the wheel is slightly moist. Yun surnamed 桒: There are people who wear ○. Roundabout Cloud: There are people who wear two stars. Chen Lai Xiaoyue: Hongguang Qian has two kinds of main books and eight books, and those who wear stars and phoenix characters on their backs. "Numismatic Examination": Hongguang Qian seal booker, with a phoenix character on his back. Zhang Duanmu yue: Hongguang Qian has two kinds of eight points of writing and two kinds of letters, and there are also a fengzi of the curtain text, which is also cast by Fengyang Province. Pei (Weng Shupei) According to this money eight points of the book, the weight of seven points back phoenix characters, also eight points. Yan Tieqiao has a person with a phoenix character on his back, but he wears it as a calligraphic character, and places it horizontally to the right, and its traces resemble that of a sealer. Pei is on the iron bridge, with a phoenix on its back. Zhai Cangshengyun: There are people with two phoenixes on their backs. Pei press, Hongguang TongBao curtain two wear right money, diameter eight points, cover when two money, through from the reed. "Qian Curtain Rhyme Compilation": Hongguang Qian has a person who wears a grace character on his back.
The record of Longwu Tongbao Qian can be found in the "Dictionary of Ancient Money":
The Tang Dynasty king named Nie Jian, the ninth grandson of Taizu, the king of Zuduan wanted to establish his beloved son, and the imprisoned shizi was imprisoned in the chengfengsi, and the king was subordinate to it. Chongzhen ascended the throne for five years and was reinstated as a Shuren in nine years. King Fu was pardoned and moved to Pingle Province, Guangxi. King Fu went north, Wang Shi went to Hangzhou, Zheng Hongkui and others served the king into Fujian, called the jianguo, leap June Ding Wei, established himself in Fuzhou, ascended to Tianxing Province, established concubine Zeng as empress, changed the yuan "Longwu"... There are two kinds of Longwu money, the big money light curtain, and the small money back has the household character, the I-word and the star pattern. ("New Edition" ["Curtain Rhyme New Edition" - Author's Note]) "Ming History Manuscript • Biography of the Three Kings": Tang Wang Yujian, the ninth grandson of Taizu, Shunzhi 2nd leap month Ding Wei li in Fuzhou, the establishment of the name Longwu. Shunzhi ruled for three years and destroyed it. King Of Tang was named Yu Jian(聿鍵), Qianlong for thirty years. Shang, The Tang King Zhu Yujian, did not know how to be Zhao. The Biography of Ming Shi Yan Qi heng (明史; yan qiheng biography) said: When he was the king of Tang, he promoted Yan Qi heng to the right attendant of the household department, and the governor of Hunan Qianfa. Yang Lurong's "The End of the Chronicle of the Three Domains", Tang Wang Yujian, Shunzhi Yiyu Leap July 15, the usurpation is located in Fuzhou, the usurpation of Yuan Longwu. Chen LaiXiaoyue: Longwu qian has two kinds of large and small, and there are stars and household workers on the back. Zhang Duanmu, Tang Wang cast two kinds of money, Xiaoping money two kinds. Pei press, this small money path is seven points stronger, weighs five points to one dollar one or two points, has a wide silhouette,
From Long there
from
The one who passes, the one who passes, the one who carries or wears a star, there is a follower
Long from
The martial characters or no dots are a bit under the horizontal painting. There is Longcong
Pass from the reel, wear a star on your back. There is from
From The Dragon, Takesaku
The one, there are when two dollars, the path eight points, from
From the reel. The martial character dot is under the horizontal drawing. Takatake Tonho, Makuto, put it on. Pei is six points stronger and weighs one dollar according to this money path. Long from
, pass from
From コ, the treasure word is slightly longer at two points as a slight plaque for the back of the word. Longwu Tongbao, curtain worker, put on. Pei press, this money diameter seven points, heavy eight points, long cong
,Tsugyu Yu-yu
。 Jiang Yiting: See the southern character on longwu's back. The above "Ancient Spring Hui kao". Zhang Duanmu's "Qianlu" said: Tang Wang jian number Yu Min, Yi You leap june 15 changed to Yuan Longwu, minted Xiaoping money as two coins. "The End of the Chronicle of San Francisco": The Tang Dynasty King's name is Yu Jian, and the Duan Wang Shuo Ishisun. General Zheng Hongkui and others were sent to Fuzhou. In June, the generals will stand. Fuzhou was changed to Tianxing Province, with the Cloth Administration Office as the palace, and Yuan Longwu. Cast Longwu Tongbao money, now Longwu money has two kinds of sizes, and there are also people with stars on the back of the household character ("Record of What I Saw").
The Dictionary of Ancient Money records the minting history and coin layout of Hongguang Tongbao and Longwu Tongbao by many numismatic scholars, which have certain reference value. In addition, the "Guquan Yaji Series" compiled by Lai Lichuan now has the "Hongguang Tongbao" and "Longwu Tongbao" fascicles, which record 64 kinds of Hongguang Tongbao of various layouts and 109 kinds of Longwu Tongbao of various layouts, and the study of the layout of the two types of coins is also very meticulous, but the examination of the coin minting place and minting time is not detailed enough.
Since the 1980s, there have been relevant documents that have recorded the fact that a large number of Ming Dynasty Chongzhen Tongbao, Southern Ming Hongguang Tongbao and Longwu Tongbao were unearthed in Yunnan, but there is no unified understanding of the nature of these coins and the identity of the mints. In the existing research results, many scholars have pointed out that the "Chongzhen Tongbao", "Hongguang Tongbao" and "Longwu Tongbao" money unearthed in Yunnan were not minted by the Yongli Emperor in Yunnan. For example, Chen Tingfan pointed out in "The Identification of Several Square Hole Round Coins": "After the Yongli Emperor arrived in Yunnan, he also minted three kinds of money, namely Chongzhen, Hongguang, and Longwu. These three kinds of coins have a star on the back of the back, which is often found in some tombs in Kunming, and may have been minted at the same time."
Tang Guoyan also said of the Minting of money by the Great Western Army in the "Yunnan Historical Currency": "In 1655 AD, Li Dingguo escorted the Yongli Emperor Zhu Youluo to Kunming,...... Chongzhen, Hongguang, Longwu and other coins were also minted", and the Yunnan minted Nanming coins, characterized by the back of the 'star'". In the "Brief History of Yunnan Currency", which is edited by the Yunnan Numismatic Society, when introducing the currency of the Southern Ming Dynasty, a special section is listed to discuss the matter of "re-minting Chongzhen Tongbao, Hongguang Tongbao, and Longwu Tongbao". The book points out that there were three supplementary coinages in the Ming Dynasty, the first was the jiajing period to re-mint Hongwu to Zhengde nine kinds of year number money; the second was the tianqi year to supplement the minting of Taichang coins; the third re-minting was the Yongli regime in Yunnan to re-mint Chongzhen Tongbao, Hongguang Tongbao, Longwu Tongbao. The book states: "So far there is no historical record that the Hongguang and Longwu dynasties once minted money in Yunnan... However, in Yunnan, a large number of Hongguang Tongbao and Longwu Tongbao have been unearthed or passed down. When unearthed, it is often Chongzhen Tongbao, Hongguang Tongbao, Longwu Tongbao three kinds of coins mixed together, in addition to the different era numbers, the layout style, coin size, copper copper color is exactly the same, there is a 'star' point above the perforation on the back of the coin, and the three kinds of money backs are exactly the same... Most of the 'star' money unearthed in Yunnan, including Chongzhen Tongbao, Hongguang Tongbao, and Longwu Tongbao, has not been circulated, and it is obvious that they were minted in the same place at the same time and buried at the same time. ...... These kinds of 'star' back money are different from other types of Chongzhen Bao, Hongguang Tongbao, and Longwu Tongbao qian, and they are very different. However, there is a contradiction in the same book: "Where coins are re-minted, the name of the coin (year number) shows the previous name, the layout style shows the style of minting, the monetary metal that reflects the value of the currency, and the color and weight of the copper coin must be consistent with the prevailing currency at the time of minting, so that the re-minted currency can circulate unimpeded and ensure the stability of currency purchase." The 'star' recast by the Yongli regime in Yunnan, chongzhen tongbao, Hongguang tongbao, and Longwu tongbao also followed this law. Each coin weighed 4 grams, one cent per cent in accordance with the Ming Dynasty, and the diameter of the coin was 26 mm. Chongzhen Tongbao has two types of layouts: 'Zhen' and 'Zen'. Longwu Tong Baolong Writing Long (正隆), The dot of the wu character is under, writing'
’。 The above three kinds of coins that did not flow through were often mixed together when they were unearthed, the excavation sites were all in Kunming, and the re-minting site was obviously in Kunming, according to the historical facts of the early Yongli regime to flat money, the later period to small samples of 'one cent' money and the weight reduction of coins in this period, the re-minting time should be at the time when the Yongli regime entered Dian, and Kunming was designated as the capital of Dian (1654-1656 AD). The re-minted coins circulated in the areas under the rule of the Yongli regime, mainly in Kunming. Judging from the circumstances handed down and unearthed, the above three coins were minted in large quantities and were the main currency in the middle of the Yongli regime."
In fact, this kind of understanding has certain limitations. At least so far, we have not seen any historical data and conclusive physical evidence to prove that the Yongli Dynasty re-minted three kinds of year coins in Yunnan: Chongzhen Tongbao, Hongguang Tongbao and Longwu Tongbao. Relative to the rest of China, Yunnan started minting money very late. For a long period of history before the Ming Dynasty, the currency of Yunnan has been independent of the monetary policy of the Central Dynasty, and the use of sea shells as physical currency for a long time has prevented the circulation of copper coins. Since the middle and late Ming Dynasty, due to Yunnan's unique copper mineral resources, its ability to mint money has been noticed by the Ming government. Yunnan is a place with very rich metal deposits in China, and copper has been mined and smelted for more than 2,000 years. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the banknote method was used, and there was not much money minted. Later, the banknote method deteriorated, and the demand for copper coins gradually increased.
In the sixteenth year of Koji (1503), the Kyoshi and the provinces began to mint money. During the Jiajing period, a large number of drums were minted, and Yunnan copper began to be valued as a coinage material. In April of the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), Bingke gave Yin Zhengmao a statement: "The price of copper cast in the two capitals is very high, and it is not paid. Yunnan copper can be mined and transported from Sichuan to Huguangyue Prefecture... The cost of labor is only more than 390,000 yuan, and the money can be obtained for 650 million yuan, the value of silver is more than 930,000 yuan, and the profit of the work is 530,000 yuan. Enough to reduce the urgency of the country. Hubu replied: "... Yunnan is a simple matter, that is, the mountain drum is cast as a convenience. Fu chen of Yunnan Province, with 20,000 gold for the salt class of this province, ordered one of the vassals to supervise the construction." Peng Zi, a member of the dispatch department, Wailang Shangdong, went to Yunnan to mint money. From the Jiajing Dynasty onwards, Yunnan copper has become the national coinage material, and Yunnan has also become the country's coin minting and issuing place for the first time. However, because yunnan does not accept copper coins, but uses the sea as currency, it leads to the stagnation of local money laws and the drawbacks of public and private relations. Forty-four years after Jiajing, Yunnan stopped minting copper coins. The real coinage of the Ming Dynasty was proposed to be carried out in the Yunnan region in the fourth year of the Wanli Calendar. "In the fourth year of the Wanli Dynasty, the second department of the Household Workers, the Quasi-Jiajing Coin Type Mint 'Wanli Tongbao' Gold Back and Fire Paint Money, one article weighs one dollar and two cents and five cents, and then casts the edge money, one article weighs one dollar and three cents, promulgated to the world, and the grain is given silver money at the same time."
However, in the eighth year of the Wanli Calendar, because copper coins were not accepted by the people, the activity of minting money in Yunnan was stopped. The minted coins had to be shipped to Guizhou to serve as soldiers' salaries. In May of the fifth year of the Apocalypse, at the suggestion of Min Hongxue, the governor of Yunnan, the Ming government began its third currency minting activity in Yunnan. In the fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625), Yunnan reopened the money bureau, and the following summer it was cast into more than 700,000 pieces, which were commonly used in the provincial capital. Min Hongxue's money-making initiative was successful, since July of the sixth year of the Apocalypse, the "Apocalypse Tongbao" copper coin has become the legal tender of Yunnan, all public and private transactions, taxes, donations are calculated in terms of money, and the Yunnan currency is unified under the national currency system. By the Chongzhen period, Yunnan had become a major province for minting money. In the first year of Chongzhen, the provinces minted "Chongzhen Tongbao" money. Three years after the Ming Shi Food Chronicle :( Chongzhen), Yushi Raojing said: "The beginning of the coinage, which was common to the world, is now suffering from no interest, spinning around, from the north and south innings, only Huguang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Xuan and Mi'er towns remain..." It shows that Yunnan is still minting money during the Chongzhen period when some money bureaus have stopped production, and it continues to continue. The Chongzhen Tongbao minted in Yunnan was the coin with the largest minted amount and the largest layout in Yunnan in the Ming Dynasty, and the possibility of the Yongli Dynasty re-minting "Chongzhen Tongbao" coins was very small.
On the other hand, in the four years after the fall of the Ming Dynasty (Chongzhen Seventeenth Year, Shunzhi First Year, 1644) and Sun Kewang's entry into Dian (Shunzhi 4th Year, 1647), it was still under the political map of the "Ming Dynasty", and although it experienced the "Shadingzhou Rebellion", it was still in essence a competition for local jurisdiction with the Fengnan Ming Court as the orthodox. Throughout the ming dynasty, Yunnan's administrative system was very different from that of the provinces in the interior. In addition to the establishment of the Capital Command envoy division, the cloth envoy department, the press department in Yunnan, and later the establishment of the inspectorate, due to the large number of toasts in this area, Mu Ying (FengXi Ping Marquis, followed by the Duke of Qianguo) has been guarding the area for generations since the Hongwu period. The Mu family not only held a great deal of military power, but also played a pivotal role politically and economically. In other words, Yunnan was under the dual jurisdiction of hereditary courtiers and local officials in the Ming Dynasty, and the two cooperated with each other and often became entangled. From 1644 to 1645, after Zhang Xianzhong's troops entered Sichuan to establish the Daxi regime, Mu Tianbo, the Duke of Qianguo, consulted with Inspector Wu Zhaoyuan and Inspector Wu Wenying to recruit Han and Tusi troops to prevent the Great Western Army from entering Yunnan and prepare to accept the dispatch of the Southern Ming Court. On the first day of December in the second year of Shunzhi (Shunzhi 2nd year, Hongguang First Year, 1645), Tusi Sha Dingzhou launched a rebellion on the grounds that Mu Tianbo had no heavenly son, and Mu Tianbo fled Kunming and fled to Chuxiong. In the year of Chengshu (shunzhi 3rd year, longwu 2nd year, 1646), Sha Dingzhou forced Wu Zhaoyuan to serve as Emperor Xianglongwu, ji sha dingzhou crusaded against Mu Tianbo, and soon received a holy decree that did not know whether it was true or false, and sha Dingzhou began to march west into Chuxiong. The stalemate lasted until the following year, in March of Ding Hai's year, when Sun Ke was expected to march into Yunnan. At this time, on the southeast front, the Longwu regime had collapsed, and in Shadingzhou, Yunnan, mu Tianbo was still attacked under the guise of Emperor Longwu.
Some of the inscriptions of the time that survive in Yunnan are still dated "Longwu". In historical documents, although there is no record of Yunnan minting money during the Hongguang Dynasty, it is clear that after the establishment of the Hongguang regime, Yunnan was under the effective jurisdiction of the Hongguang regime. In the "Chronicle of Southern Yunnan at the End of the Ming Dynasty", there are: (Jia Shen) is the tenth month of the year, Xizhao to Dian, Jiangnan Ma Shiying and others have established Hongguang, changed the Yuan amnesty, and Southern Yunnan has known the new lord's heir. In the middle of December, Chen Gai, the former commander of the imperial court, was ordered by the new emperor to recruit Dian soldiers, supervise the army, supervise the imperial history to Dian, supervise the army and supervise the seal, and then recruit troops to various toastmasters, and the rewards were different, or there were 200 or 100 people. In the past year, a total of several 20,000 people have been mobilized. The money and grain were not continued, and the cloth government Tang Xun did not pay the salary, and Chen Yuan personally used the treasury to withdraw 12,000 taels of silver and pack up military uniforms. In the case of assistance and salary, regardless of the Han And Yi military and civilians, there are those who can donate one hundred and two hundred silver, and there are differences in the appointment of the people, and the People of Yunnan should be treated differently. So Chen Yuan's entire brigade went south, with the intention of Kuangfu, and he was dazed.
It can be seen that soon after the establishment of the Hongguang Dynasty in Nanjing, it contacted the former Ming local officials who remained in Yunnan to carry out political management of Yunnan and carry out conscription activities in Yunnan, and it was very likely that the "Hongguang Tongbao" money would be minted in Yunnan at this time. In the literature, there is a clear record of the minting of "Longwu Tongbao" money in Yunnan during the Longwu period. Also in the "Chronicle of Southern Yunnan at the End of the Ming Dynasty", there is: Lang Chuan Hongguang Emperor has collapsed, and Yun has established another Longwu ... In June, he began to receive the edict of Longwu and recast Longwu money. Suddenly, in July, Emperor Longwu sent Han Linyi and the head of the household department to Dian kaike and xie Yuan Renxi and thirty-eight others to die. This passage clearly points out that after the second year of Shunzhi (乙酉, 1645), Yunnan entered the era of the Longwu regime and minted "Longwu Tongbao" money.
The Longwu era in Yunnan lasted from June 1645 to April of the year of Ding Hai (1647), ending after Sun Kewang entered Yunnan. Therefore, the casting of "Longwu Tongbao" in Yunnan during the "Longwu" period is indeed reliable, and there is no such thing as recasting. In this text, there is a sentence "recast longwu tongbao", indicating that before minting longwu tongbao money, Yunnan was minting money, so the currency minted before recasting is most likely the "Hongguang Tongbao" money of the current dynasty. In addition, judging from the situation of the Yongli Imperial Court in Yunnan, it is impossible for the Yongli Emperor to re-mint the three dynasties.
On November 18, the third year of Shunzhi (Longwu II, 1646), Ding Kuichu, the governor of Ming Liangguang, and Qu Shiyun, the governor of Guangxi, supported the grandson of Emperor Ming shenzong, and Zhu Youluo, the prince of Guigong, was proclaimed emperor in Zhaoqing, and the following year (Shunzhi 4th year, 1647) was the first year of the Yong calendar. At the beginning of the reign of the Yongli Emperor, he recovered many southern provinces, but due to the contradictions within the regime, many of the lost lands recovered after three or four years of the Yongli Calendar were lost again.
At this time, Yunnan was already under the control of the remnants of the Great Western Army, led by Sun Kewang. After Sun Kewang entered Yunnan, although he controlled the military and political affairs of the whole territory of Yunnan in a very short period of time, he successively cast the "Great Shun Tongbao" and "Xingchao Tongbao" money. However, he could no longer run Yunnan as the Great Western Army, and he desperately needed an "orthodox" name to command Yungui. He began to contact the Yongli imperial court of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and after many negotiations with the Yongli imperial court, Sun Kewang was finally named "King of Qin" and given the name Chaozong, and had a legitimate status in the Yongli regime. At this time, he began to mint the "Eternal Calendar Tongbao" copper coins. (1651, the eighth year of Shunzhi) Xin Jiaochun, Yang Dao from western Guangdong, out of the Yongli Emperor's seal book, the thief also knows to cover up the weeping, passed on the Yunnan Civil Military Officer, changed the era name, Obey Zhengshuo, newly minted Yongli money, Feng Rubao, even the thief also knows that there is a Junye. This shows that in the eighth year of Shunzhi, Sun Kewang used the Yongli era number in Yunnan and began to cast Yongli Tongbao coins.
At the beginning of the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), Sun Kewang and others welcomed the Yongli Emperor to Anlong, Guizhou, but the Yongli Emperor had become a puppet and had lost all political and economic rights, and the daily expenses of the Yongli imperial court were provided by Sun Kewang. At that time, the Yongli regime "self-defeated and subordinate, and no one pawn or one people was for the imperial court." The foundation of the remnants has been completely lost, and the Eternal Calendar regime has lost its institutional significance.
At the same time, there were also many contradictions within the Great Western Army, and Sun Kewang had infighting with another general, Li Dingguo. In 1656, Li Dingguo supported the Yongli Emperor and returned to Yunnan. The following year, Sun Kewang led an army to conquest Li Dingguo, and the Great Western Army was in the same room. In 1658, Sun Kewang's troops surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Guizhou and Guangxi were occupied by Qing troops. In 1659, the Qing army pursued the three roads, zhu yourong helpless, in December fled into Burma. In 1662, Wu Sangui's army entered Burma and captured the Yongli Emperor. After the Yongli Emperor entered Yunnan, he was always in a state of upheaval and displacement, had no time to take care of himself, and basically had no possibility of reminting the currency of the previous dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen that the large number of Surviving Chongzhen Tongbao, Hongguang Tongbao and Longwu Tongbao in Yunnan are the coins minted by the Chongzhen Dynasty of the Ming Dynasty (1627-1644) and the local government of Yunnan after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, respectively, and the coins minted by the Yongli Emperor in Kunming after 1655.
Liu Shunqiang China Numismatic Museum