Today in the history of Sasha.
Author: Sasha
This article is Sasha original and is not reprinted by any media
How was Korea, a vassal of the Ming Dynasty, conquered by the Qing Dynasty? June 15, 2000: The two Koreas signed the North-South Joint Declaration in Pyongyang.
North Korea is a vassal of Damyeong, but relations between the two sides have been up and down.
After the Imchen Rebellion during the Wanli years of the Ming Dynasty, all classes of Korea had a good impression of Daming.
If the Ming army had not spent significant military and financial resources to support Korea against the Japanese, Korea would not only have perished, but might have even been wiped out. At that time, wherever the Japanese army went, bloody massacres were carried out everywhere, even old and young women and children, as if they wanted to kill all the Koreans and seize the land of Korea.
After the Ming army assisted Korea in defeating the Wokou, it did not occupy any territory in Korea, and did not even demand the return of the huge military expenditure of more than 2 million taels of silver per year.
It can be said that few neighboring countries have helped so much throughout the ages.
After the war, all strata of Korea, especially the scholar class, were very grateful to Damyeong and thought that such a big brother was worth following.
It is this kind of thinking that has caused a lot of war for North Korea.
Although the Japanese invaders were defeated, the Manchu Qing dynasty, which was entrenched in the northeast, gradually became stronger.
The Imchen Rebellion ended in 1598, and 10 years earlier, Nurhachi had unified the state of Jurchen. Taking advantage of the favorable opportunity when the Ming army fought with the Japanese invaders and the strength of the Ming army in Liaodong was empty, Nurhachi began to unify the Jurchen forces. By 1619, it took 26 years to finally unify the Jurchen ministries.
If Daming was vigilant enough, he should decisively send troops before the Jurchens had developed wings to crush and eliminate this potential enemy and maintain the fragmentation of the tribes in the northeast.
The Ming Dynasty did not have enough awareness of the Manchu threat, always believing that they were just a group of wild people who drank blood, insignificant.
And the Li Chengliang family, the emperor of Liaodong, like warlords, considered themselves "symbiotic with bandits". I feared that after eliminating Nur Hachi in one fell swoop, the imperial court would unload the grind and kill the donkeys, abolish the glorious situation in which they monopolized power in Liaodong, and even raise their own dignity.
By the time Xiong Tingbi managed Liaodong, Nurhachi had cultivated a powerful force, with 40,000 elite soldiers in his hands, almost unifying the Jurchen forces, and it was already difficult to deal with.
Only when the Jurchen only Yehe was still resisting and was constantly severely damaged by Nur Hachi did the Ming army think of sending troops.
Thus, the famous Battle of Salhu broke out.
In this battle, North Korea once sent 13,000 troops to help the war, and the result was a great tragedy.
In the Battle of Salhu, the Ming army basically fought nonsense. The Ming army had only more than 20,000 people in Liaodong, and it cobbled together tens of thousands of people from all over the country and gathered about 80,000 troops. Among them, 60,000 people came to Liaodong from all over the world, not to mention familiar with the local terrain, weather and people's conditions, and even the southeast, southwest and northwest could not be distinguished.
At that time, Nurhachi had more than 60,000 Eight Banner soldiers, 20,000 people such as cloth and household slaves, and 80,000 troops.
And Ye He and North Korea's 10,000 troops each fight with soy sauce, which is simply soy sauce and is not reliable.
The Ming army attacked the Manchu Qing dynasty with 80,000 troops, and there was no advantage in strength.
Under the condition that the Manchus mastered the right time and place, the Ming army even foolishly divided the already small forces into multiple roads, and was defeated by Nur Hachi. In this battle, the Ming army suffered a crushing defeat, with more than 40,000 casualties and half of its strength.
The North Korean army that helped the battle was also defeated, with thousands of casualties, and several senior officers, including commander Kang Hongli, chose to surrender.
In order to win over Korea, the Manchus released all the captured Korean officers.
After the defeat of this battle, King Gwanghae-gun of Joseon judged that the situation in eastern Liaodong had changed to Manchu dominance and began to move to neutrality, no longer supporting either side.
In 1623, there was a coup d'état in Korea, and Injo was put on the throne by the Westerners. After Injo came to power, he believed that the Manchus were barbarians and that Korea, as a country of ceremonial manners for a thousand years, could not cooperate with barbarians.
Therefore, North Korea's policy once again shifted to support the Ming Dynasty, cutting off trade with the Manchus.
And the Manchu Qing was a backward semi-fishing and hunting semi-nomadic people, and by capturing Han slaves began to slowly turn to the agricultural country, it was not long before it was backward, and it was backward in all aspects. The economic blockade of the Ming Dynasty made it extremely difficult for the Manchus to be in the country, and civilians and soldiers were not even fully clothed. At that time, during the war, after a Ming soldier was killed, he was stripped of his clothes, shoes and hats by Manchu soldiers before he could stop breathing. Because these things were very valuable in the Manchu Qing Dynasty, it can be seen that the degree of lack of materials can be seen.
Therefore, the Manchus were very dependent on North Korean trade.
In addition, Korea tacitly accepted that Mao Wenlong, a general of the Ming Dynasty, used the castle of Cheosan in Korea as a base and constantly attacked the Manchus.
The Manchus were extremely angry and believed that they had to deal with North Korea.
From a military strategic point of view, when the Manchus fought the Ming army head-on, the flank could not be a great threat. The Manchus did not hesitate to defeat and encircle the Mongols in the west, and now they also have to deal with Korea in the east.
In 1627, the Manchus launched their first invasion of Korea, known as the Ding-Bian War.
Amin, one of the four great Baylors of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, led an army of 30,000 to invade Korea.
In the face of the Manchu invasion, the Korean army and people resolutely resisted and struggled to support for 3 months. The Manchu army was so powerful that they first defeated Mao Wenlong and then attacked the Korean army with all their might.
During this period, the Manchus forced captured Koreans to shave their hair and change clothes. North Koreans attach great importance to tradition, considering it a great humiliation to the nation, and adult men are mostly firmly opposed to shaving and changing clothes, preferring to die. Seeing that the Koreans were so stubborn, the Manchus began to use that bloody method against the Han.
The Manchu Qing army brutally slaughtered cities in Pyeongsan and Kaesong, killing tens of thousands of Korean soldiers and civilians who disobeyed, and burning more than a million grains and grass.
The Manchu army captured Pyongyang, approached the mountain city of Namhan, and was close to the capital Hanyang, and pressed Korea into submission.
Renzu had already led the civil and military officials to flee to Ganghwa Island, and seeing that the capital was about to be destroyed, he could only give in and ask for peace.
Korea must sever diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty, must not use the Ming Dynasty's era name, resume trade with the Manchus, recognize the Manchus as a brother country, and regularly pay tribute to the Manchus. At the same time, the DPRK must send the prince to the Manchus as a hostage!
However, due to the strong resistance of ordinary Koreans, the Manchus did not ask them to shave their hair and change clothes.
Subsequently, the Manchus withdrew their troops from all of Korea, and wherever the army went, they were raped, burned, and plundered. The city of Pyongyang was also looted as an empty city by the Manchus, and ordinary people everywhere were slaughtered and ravaged, and many cities were slaughtered, leaving few survivors.
The Manchus committed such atrocities, which caused deep ethnic hatred.
In particular, the Korean scholar class believed that the Jurchens were barbaric and cruel, not civilized at all, and were beasts in human skin.
As a thousand-year-old civilized country, how can North Korea treat these barbarians as brothers? This humiliation is unacceptable in any way.
The Korean government did not really ally with the Manchus, but secretly supported the Ming Dynasty, hoping that the Ming army would destroy these barbaric armies.
This laid the seeds for the subsequent Bingzi War.
In the years that followed, North Korea disobeyed the Manchus and used various means to resist them.
As for the Manchus' demands to send troops to help the war and all kinds of trade, the DPRK tried its best to excuse and delay.
For example, the Manchus asked North Korea to send warships to help attack the Ming army.
Renzu refused the Manchu envoy in person, saying, "Ming Kingdom is also my father." Helping others attack my father's country, but what? The ship cannot be borrowed. ”
Translated, Daming is like my father, can my son help others to attack his father? Boats can't be borrowed!
In 1636, the Manchu emperor Taiji declared himself emperor, changed the name of the country to Daqing, asked Korea to submit to the Manchu Qing, and forced the king of Korea to kneel to Emperor Taiji three times and bow nine times.
In this regard, neither the king of North Korea, Injo, nor the low-level civilians of North Korea, is completely unacceptable.
The whole country of North Korea was in turmoil, and Hong Yihan said angrily: "At the beginning of the fall of the courtiers, I only heard that there was a great tomorrow... Now is to serve Hu Yu, stealing peace only remains, longitudinal engraving, where is it in the ancestors, what is it in the world, and what is it in the hereafter? ”
The translation is: when the minister was born, he only heard that there was a Daming Emperor. Today, if you are a courtier to Hu Yu, even if you can survive and gain peace for a short time, where will you put the ancestors of Korea, how will you face the people, and how will you face future generations?
Korea refused to recognize the Manchus as suzerainty, and in the same year the Manchus invaded Korea again, which was the Bingzi War.
In the Bingzi War, the Manchus mobilized the strength of the whole country, dispatched 100,000 troops, drove straight into the hinterland of Korea, and surrounded the mountain city of Namhan, where Injo was located.
The defenders of Namhansanseong held out for several months , during which time the Manchu Qing army attacked all over Korea.
Emperor Taiji was very vicious and sent Dolgon to directly attack Ganghwa Island, where the Korean royal family had taken refuge, and captured the Korean princess, princes, clansmen, family members of the courtiers and other people.
Ministers such as Jin Shangrong, former Right Chengji Hong Meiheng, Song Shirong, the chief secretary of Sifu Temple, and Li Shiji, the former commander of the Sixian Mansion, did not want to become prisoners of the Qing soldiers and chose to commit suicide.
Injo was trapped in the mountain city of Namhan, where food was increasingly scarce, and his relatives were arrested again when he saw that he was about to eat people. The Qing army stormed everywhere, occupying important towns such as Pyongyang and the capital Hanyang.
At this time, the northern territory of Korea basically fell, and there was no food in the city of Namhansanseong, so Injo had to surrender.
Emperor Taiji forcibly demanded that Injo perform the three kneeling and nine bowing rituals, otherwise he would slaughter the city in the mountain city of Namhan.
Although Renzu was extremely unwilling, considering the lives of the soldiers and civilians of the city, he was forced to go out of the city to bow down to Emperor Taiji.
The North Korean ministers and soldiers who witnessed the scene all cried bitterly.
This is the historical "Ding ugly under the city", and the two sides signed an alliance under the city:
Korea became a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty.
North Korea severed relations with the former suzerainty, the Ming Dynasty.
The eldest son of King Injo of Joseon, Li Yun, and the second son, Yi Shu, were sent to the Manchu Qing dynasty as hostages.
North Korea should pay tribute to the Qing dynasty. Every year, 100 taels of gold, 1000 taels of silver, 200 pairs of buffalo horns, 100 pieces of mink skins, 100 pieces of deer skins, 100 bags of tea leaves, 400 pieces of otter skins, 300 pieces of green millet skin, 100 buckets of pepper, 26 waist knives, 20 mouths of shundao, 200 jin of sumu, 1,000 rolls of large paper, 1,500 rolls of small paper, 400 collars of five-clawed dragon mats, 400 collars of flower mats, 2000 boils of white ramie cloth, 2,000 boils of cotton silk, 400 boils of fine linen, 4,000 boils of fine cloth, 4,000 boils of muslin, 4,000 boils of cloth, and 10,000 bales of rice.
When the Qing Dynasty attacked Ming Province Phi Dao, North Korea should send troops and fifty warships to assist.
The Qing Dynasty forbade Korea to build a large number of castles and other fortifications.
Surrendered the three ministers who opposed the Manchu Qing dynasty, Hong Yihan, Yin Ji, and Wu Daji (all three were later killed by the Manchus).
As a result, Korea completely became a vassal state of the Manchu Qing dynasty.
In this war, the Manchus also burned and committed adultery, and did all kinds of evil. They also used the same way they did with the Han against Korea, that is, the massive plundering of slaves.
Korean historians believe that hundreds of thousands of North Korean civilians were captured by the Manchus and returned to China as slaves, and even sold openly in the slave market in Shenyang.
These barbaric acts deepened the hatred of the Koreans against the Manchus.
Although defeated by force, Koreans, especially readers, were very disgusted with the Manchus, calling the Manchu banner "Hu Yu" and "Hu Gou".
North Korea uses the Qing dynasty name only in diplomatic documents, but not at home. Korean readers still regard themselves as vassal states of the Ming Dynasty, and openly use the era names such as "Chongzhen" and "Later Chongzhen" in schools, resulting in the era name "Chongzhen" being used by the two classes of Korean doctors for hundreds of years.
Renzu's two sons were humiliated a lot while being hostages in the Manchu Qing Dynasty. The eldest son, Li Yu, who was supposed to inherit the throne, was humiliated the most, and was greatly stimulated psychologically, coupled with the disobedience, he soon became seriously ill and died not long after.
The second son, Yi Shu, later became Emperor Hyojong of Joseon, believing that the Manchus had killed his brother and that he himself was humiliated in every way.
During his reign, Emperor Xiaozong was very hostile to the Manchu Qing dynasty, and once planned to unite with the Southern Ming and the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan to defeat the Qing army together.
It was only because the Southern Ming Dynasty quickly collapsed, and the Tokugawa shogunate was closed to the country and was reluctant to send troops, so it was abandoned.
Emperor Xiaozong was always depressed because of the perennial humiliation of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and died at the age of 39.
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