More than one hundred and seventy years ago, an Austrian doctor was imprisoned in mental illness. Because he claimed that if doctors washed their hands frequently, they could reduce the mortality rate in the ward.
It was a common and simple truth, but it wasn't more than a hundred and seventy years ago.
The doctor's name was Ignaz. Semmelweis is an obstetrician.
He found that the maternal mortality rate in the first obstetric department was six times higher than that in the second obstetric department. And the difference between them is that the first obstetric department is the responsibility of the doctor. The second obstetric department is handled by a midwife.
Why do highly skilled doctors have a higher mortality rate than midwives?
After observation, he found a difference. Doctors need to dispose of cadavers, while midwives don't.
So what's the difference?
We now, of course, know that germs from the corpses spread to the mothers, causing puerperal fever and causing death.
At that time, there was still the concept of no microorganisms, and doctors did not wash their hands after disposing of the body.
So, Ignaz. Semmelweis advocates for hand sanitization before surgery in his own hospital. The effect was immediate, and the incidence of maternal disease was immediately reduced by eight times.
But at this time, because he wrote to major medical institutions to call for the promotion of doctors to wash their hands before surgery, the result was considered heretical and he was ostracized. He was even imprisoned in a mental hospital for refusing to give up on this claim, and was eventually beaten to death by the guards.
Ignaz. Semmelweis died in 1865.
Many years later, the Austrians carved his name on gold coins. In fact, just a few years later, they knew they were wrong.
Ignaz. Semmelweis lived two more years and waited until the day he had cleared his grievances.
Because just as he was being held in a mental hospital, there was a man who was trying to prove that what he said was not a nonsense.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > this man is louis pasteur, the pioneer of the field of microbiology. </h1>
Pasteur was born in France in 1822 to a veteran father and a country girl to a country girl. The family runs wine. Pasteur was the only boy in the family, and was placed high hopes by his father, and Pasteur did not disappoint his father, showing the temperament of a bully from an early age, and was admitted to the Paris Normal College at the age of twenty.
If you only look at the teachers in the back and think that this is a third-rate school, then you are wrong.
Paris Normal School is a normal university, but it is the best normal university in the world. In its history, 13 winners and 14 winners have been trained. It is the world's highest mathematical prize. We in China have not yet gotten one. Therefore, Paris Normal School is also the center of mathematics in the world, and in addition, it is also the center of science.
To this day, Paris Normal School is still the world's top institution, and it only recruits more than 200 students a year.
Entering the school, Pasteur's ideals began to sublimate, he originally wanted to become a teacher, but after graduation, he quit his job as a teacher and chose to become a chemist.
His first job was to study tartaric acid, a salt grain that often appears at the bottom of wine barrels.
Chemists have found that there are actually two kinds of crystals, but they look very similar, but one of them can polarize light and the other cannot.
Chemists at the time were agonizing over the problem. Pasteur decided to take this test, and the result was that he tried a big result.
He found through the microscope that there are actually two kinds of crystals formed by tartaric acid, and these two are symmetrical with each other.
Next, Pasteur began the divine operation, he under the microscope to manually sort two different crystals, which is simply a superposition of physical work and technical work.
No one had ever operated on such a subtle object, and perhaps it was such an obsession with small objects that opened the door to the microscopic world.
After the sorting was successful, he used these crystals to make a solution, observing that one made the light deflect to the left and the other to the right. This is one of the classic chemical experiments in human history: the tartaric acid separation experiment.
For the first time, humans have opened the door to molecules.
Pasteur made this discovery and published his first paper: "On the Possible Relationship Between Crystal Shape, Chemical Composition, and Optical Rotation Direction."
How good is this paper?
If there had been a Nobel Prize at the time, it might have been a Nobel Prize paper.
Unfortunately not. But Pasteur got better by doing so, marrying the daughter of Laurent, the dean of the Ratersborg Academy, and receiving a grant from the French industrialist Kestner.
The famous Pasteur was soon tasked with why the wine was sour and broken.
Humans use fermentation to make fine wine, and China has thousands of years of winemaking history, but before Pasteur, no one has ever been able to tell the true mystery of wine production.
This time, Pasteur took out his sharp weapon: the microscope.
By observation, he discovered that there was a tiny sphere on the beer juice.
These things have also been discovered before, but many people think it may be some sediment.
But Pasteur did something, and he began to cultivate them with beer stock, which opened another window of science. The balls start to change, they are alive!
In this regard, he found the mystery of alcohol. These things are alcohol yeast. And he found another rod-shaped microorganism from it, this kind of thing is called lactic acid yeast, a thing that destroys the quality of wine.
Finding the original culprit, things are easy to do, Pasteur through experiments, found that the use of heating to kill these lactic acid yeast, so as to maintain the quality of the wine. After refinement, his method was called pasteurization, and to this day, we can still find the word pasteurization on the outer packaging of milk.
This was Pasteur's second greatest discovery, and from this discovery a new type of human science: microbes began to be established.
His next job is even more important: saving the silkworm baby.
It is said that Westerners stole silkworms from China and thus found the secret of making silk. At that time, France was already a big sericulture farmer.
Just as Pasteur was solving the problem of the brewing industry, a silkworm disease suddenly spread in France. The sick silkworm was covered with brownish-black spots, like a body of pepper. The French call this disease "pepper disease".
Silkworms died one by one, and France's sericulture industry shrank by four-fifths in less than a decade.
But who will solve this problem? Veterinarians also don't care about small bugs.
Finally, pasteur came to mind.
The famous French entomologist described Pasteur who came to solve the problem this way: "Pasteur knew nothing, but he wanted to revive the sericulture industry. ”
Perhaps Fabre knew more about insects, but Pasteur held the key to another world: the microscope.
This time, Pasteur once again came up with his own magic weapon: the microscope.
Through the microscope, Pasteur discovered an extremely fine particle. Pasteur did an experiment in which these small particles were given to healthy insects, and soon the silkworms were already blind with pepper disease.
Obviously, this is what makes silkworms sick. Through a series of experiments and observations, Pasteur found that these microorganisms that make silkworms sick are transmitted through silkworm feces.
The solution to finding the cause is simple, by checking to eliminate the diseased moth, without the eggs of the diseased moth to hatch the silkworm.
It is written here, but it is only a few lines, but it uses past several years of continuous observations by Pasteur, including the death of his daughter from a serious illness, and his own sudden cerebral hemorrhage due to overwork, and thus mild paralysis.
This time the study led Pasteur to make a decision to switch from microbiology to medicine.
This is perhaps one of the luckiest transformations in human history.
Through the study of silkworms, he began to think about humans, if there are microorganisms that can make silkworms sick. Are there also microbes that make people sick, and those diseases are caused by microorganisms?
At this time, his views were similar to those of the Austrian physician Ignaz. Semmelweis coincided, and the suppuration of the patient's wound may be due to infection.
The difference is that Ignaz. Semmelweis didn't find the cause, and Buster thought of microbes.
At this time, some doctors began to follow Buster's instructions to sterilize surgical tools. The results showed that Buster's proposal had achieved obvious results, and the success rate of the operation skyrocketed.
At this time, Pasteur was already fifty years old, saving the winemaking industry, saving the silk industry, advocating surgical detoxification, he had already achieved fame, but his journey of great cause had just begun.
This time it was the Ministry of Agriculture that found him. The Ministry of Agriculture brought him new issues: solving anthrax in cattle and sheep and cholera in chickens.
With his last experience, he concluded that it was still a microbial trickster. He led his students through the microscope to observe the various samples and gave the method of treatment: thoroughly treat the sick and dead animals to avoid cross-infection.
While investigating chicken cholera, he received an excellent reward, and he found that some of the germs in the culture pool were less toxic.
He immediately thought of cowpox. This less toxic pathogen is most likely to also function as a vaccine.
Buster used this discovery to treat anthrax, he extracted the germs from the dead animals, cultured them to reduce their toxicity, and then injected them into the animals, which found that the animals did not die. And the animal didn't get sick after coming into contact with the infected animal.
Apparently, the animal that was injected with weakened germs gained immunity.
In August 1881, when Pasteur presented his report on the anthrax vaccine at the International Medical Conference, there was a constant applause in the chamber, and they knew the significance of this great discovery.
Vaccinology was established from this day. This is one of the most important weapons of humanity in the fight against disease.
Next, Pasteur had to complete a more important step, using vaccines on people.
The target he chose was the rabies vaccine.
This time, Pasteur met a more difficult opponent. He knew that the cause of rabies must be an object, but he never found the rabies bacteria.
This is because it is the virus that causes rabies, not the bacteria, and the virus is more than a thousand times less than the bacteria, far from being able to observe the microscope at that time.
And the rabies virus is extremely dangerous, and when it is glued, it is life-threatening.
If Pasteur had been able to use a microscope to find his enemies, this time he was battling the invisible devil.
Through experiments, Pasteur presumed that the rabies virus should parasitize the nervous system. He took a small section of the spinal cord from an experimental animal, a small white rabbit, and studied it.
This time, he was lucky enough to find a way, if the dry spinal cord was injected into the dog's body, the dog could survive, and if the wet spinal cord was injected into the dog's body, the dog would undoubtedly die.
The rabies vaccine was studied by Pasteur. But can it be used for people?
No one dared to do such an experiment, but there were several avid fans of Pasteur who were willing to be test subjects. Pasteur refused, and he decided to experiment with himself.
At this time, a desperate mother came to the door, and her 9-year-old child was bitten by a mad dog, but the child did not yet show symptoms of illness. There are no symptoms during the incubation period, which is one of the characteristics of rabies.
So should we get a vaccine?
After analysis, Pasteur determined that if left untreated, the child was very likely to get sick.
So Buster gave the child a rabies vaccine, from weak to strong, thirteen injections. 5 days, 10 days, 1 month have passed, and the teenager is safe and sound.
The child was saved, and it was the first rabies patient to be cured. The child later became the janitor of the Pasteur Institute until the Nazi invasion, when he gave his life to protect the Institute.
News of Pasteur's cure for rabies soon spread throughout Europe and the world, and patients in the United States and Russia traveled thousands of miles to treat them.
The Pasteur Laboratory became a hospital, and in fact, today's Pasteur Institute is also a medical institution while doing scientific research.
These onerous treatments overwhelmed his laboratory, and millions of francs were soon donated from around the world to help him build a institute that bore him the name of it.
Unfortunately, a year before it was built, Pasteur suffered another cerebral hemorrhage and thus lost the ability to speak.
However, Tao Li did not say a word, and with his method as the beginning, human beings began to find more and more things to cure evil diseases.
Anti-diphtheria serum, anti-tetanus serum, tuberculosis vaccine BCG vaccine, maculella vaccine, polio vaccine, antivenom, anti-plague serum...
Immunology bore fruit in his hands, and in this sense Pasteur may have saved the most humanity in the world.
One data shows that before Pasteur, the average life expectancy in Europe was only more than thirty, and after him, the average life expectancy of Europeans began to exceed seventy.
Today, Pasteur still stands for top medical and scientific research.
In Shanghai, China, there is a Pasteur Institute, which is a Sino-French cooperation.
In Wuhan, there is China's only P4 laboratory, which was set up with the help of the French Jean Mérieux laboratory.
The Mérier family is Pasteur's partners, helping to industrialize Pasteur's vaccines from the lab.
And in Pasteur's research, we can easily find one thing in the figure: the microscope.
It can be said that the development of the microscope is one of the most important foundations of modern science. The role of the microscope in the child's learning of science is like the role of the mapper in the child's learning of geography.
With a microscope, the child has the door to open another world, and he begins to learn to observe everything around him. And observation is the first step in science.
And the use of microscopes is a very happy thing, to be able to implement the goal of happiness education, do not take learning as a task, learning itself is the source of happiness.
I remember when I was in junior high school, my favorite thing was the biology experiment class. Because a microscope can be used. However, at that time, the school was under-equipped, usually four or five students used a microscope, so I often only looked at it once and was pushed away.
I thought, if I had any money, I'd buy a microscope.
The best way to give your child a scientific literacy is to give your child a microscope.
Buying a microscope is exquisite, too expensive is not necessary, too cheap to look blurry, can not play an effect. Instead, the child loses interest.
You can buy some brands, such as National Geographic National Geographic Children's Microscope, which was jointly launched by Porsche Anderson and National Geographic in the United States.
This microscope has a total of 3 objectives, which are 4x, 10x and 40x, and with the multiple of the eyepieces, this microscope can achieve 40x-640x magnification.
In order to protect the child's vision problems, the eyepieces use high-definition lenses, the imaging is clear, and the LED light source is very soft, which can protect the child's vision.
In addition, in addition to direct observation in the eyepiece, this microscope can also be observed using the camera of the mobile phone! Very convenient.
Let the child observe with a microscope, and he will be able to understand the world better. For the recent coronavirus, he can also know that these are caused by something that we can't see. So we have to wear masks when we go out and wash our hands frequently.
Now that the child is at home, there is more time, and the child can make some specimens for observation and cultivate their scientific foundation. This microscopy comes with a full set of herbaric tools. You can also take pictures of your own taxidermy circle. Children are the brightest scientific experts in the circle of friends.
The large and small pieces at home can be tried to observe, and all kinds of leaves, sand and so on can also be observed.
Mom's hair, Dad's beard, the little flying insect caught in the bathroom, a broken blueberry, and, bitten Melissa...
Tuning lenses, making specimens, making observations, and biological enlightenment are really unconscious.
This microscope was officially licensed by the established National Geographic, which was founded in October 1888, and these 6 words in themselves mean authority and science.
Zoom eyepieces, handles, focus handwheels, objectives, stages, filter discs... Also look at it small, but quite professional.
And it is a professional children's microscope, the eyepiece uses high-definition lenses, which can protect the child's vision, unlike some inferior lenses, which will affect the child's vision.
Also, its light source is also very intimate, is an LED electric light source, will not be like the lights we usually use in the same way to produce flicker, hurt the eyes, the light is also relatively soft, will not be dazzling.
The light source can also adjust the size of the filter disc's light hole, and in addition to directly observing on the eyepiece, you can also use the camera of the mobile phone to observe!
With this feature, children can save the images they have painstakingly observed as souvenirs or share them with their friends.
Primary school students to middle school students are suitable for use, the original price of 299 yuan, now the group purchase as long as 199 yuan.
Click on the horizontal bar below to join the tour.
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German Bresser Microscope ¥299 Purchase