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The red sun rises, and its light shines. The river flows out of the ocean. The hidden dragon soars into the abyss, and its scales and claws fly. The milk tiger roared in the valley, and the beasts were shocked. The eagle falcon tried its wings, and the wind and dust were flying. The first birth of strange flowers, the emperor. The dry will be stunned, and there will be a glow. The sky wears its sky, and the earth walks its yellow. Even through the ages, there are eight wildernesses. The future is like the sea, and the future is long. Beautiful my young China, and the sky is not old! Magnificent my Chinese boy, borderless with the country!
(i)
By the time Liang Qichao's most emotional essay "Young China Says" was written, two years had passed since the Western Empress Dowager staged the coup d'état. At that time, the drastic changes were on the verge of breaking out, and the Guangxu Emperor was shocked to learn that the "comrades" were precarious, and secretly ordered them to "flee within three days" in order to make a comeback. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao left Beijing immediately, but Tan Sitong insisted on staying.
The famous hero of the capital, the Great Dao Wang Wu, contacted the martial arts warriors and plotted to save Tan, but Tan refused: "If there is no walker, there is no future; If there is no one who remains, there is no reward for the Lord. "The words are amazing. For many years, Tan Sitong believed in Wang Fu's saying that "when a saint dies, his qi is divided into many sages", he believed: "Knowing that oneself is an immortal thing, even if it is killed and does not die, it will become benevolent and take righteousness, and there will be no fear in it." So he decided to die.
At the Caishikou execution ground, the onlookers regarded the beheading as a good show, and they cheered. However, Tan was martyred because he hoped to save them.
Tan
The Great Dao King Wu buried Tan Sitong, and from then on began the struggle against the Qing court. Two years later, he joined the Boxer Rebellion and fought bloody battles with the Eight-Nation Alliance until his death.
The Great Dao King Five has a close friend named Huo Yuanjia. He could not calm down in his heart for a long time, and wrote with a pen: It is a good man to be friendly with his hometown, and it is a hero to compete with foreign nationalities. Huo also said that only when one person is strong is of no great use, and only when the whole people are strong can there be hope. Since then, he has been determined to train Xiang Yong and break the ancestral family rule of "Huo Family Fist is passed on inside but not outside".
Tan Sitong left a posthumous work, "Renxue", focusing on "Theory of Mental Power". He believes that mental power is the fundamental force to break through the net, universalize all sentient beings, and save the nation. He opposes the destiny of heaven and arbitrariness, emphasizes the subjective position of the individual in social history, highlights the freedom of individual will and the creativity of the subject, and believes that the power of man can create history and change history.
Tan Sitong's righteousness made the students of Changsha School of Current Affairs feel the pain. This school was initiated by Chen Baozhen, the governor of Hunan Province. Chen was the only powerful figure among the local governors who preferred to restore the new and change the law, and was called "the heavy minister of the new government" by the Guangxu Emperor. During the restoration, Liang Qichao and Tan Si returned to Xiang to cooperate with Chen Jingcheng, Liang served as the chief teacher of the Shiwu School Chinese and Tan Ren Chinese to teach. They recruited troops and vigorously set up new-style schools and societies in many places in Changsha. The style of learning in Hunan is like the rising sun of the day.
After the failure of the Pentogram Reform, Chen Baozhen was deposed, Liang Qichao fled, and Tan Sitong became righteous, but their spirit was still passed on, branching out and fragrant.
(ii)
Chen Baozhen has a son named Chen Sanli, who was once the head of the Ministry of Officials, a poetic scholar, and an important representative of the modern Tongguang Poetry School. Chen Sanli had a "same-school" friend, named Zheng Xiaoxu, who was a political envoy in Hunan Province, an outstanding poet and calligrapher, and "Bank of Communications" was inscribed by Zheng. In 1933, Zheng Xiaoxu assisted Puyi in establishing the puppet Manchu regime, and Chen Sanli angrily broke off diplomatic relations with him. After the Lugou Bridge Incident in 1937, Beiping and Tianjin fell one after another, and the Japanese army wanted to attract Chen Sanli and lobbied in every possible way. Chen died on a hunger strike to take a stand.
Chen Yinke
Chen Sanli has a son, named Chen Yinke, who is a master of history, a great scholar of Chinese culture, a profound scholar, and endless things. Today's comment: "From the gentleman you can see all the world, and from the world you can also see the gentleman." When Chen Yinke was teaching at Oxford University, he wrote to Hu Shi, the president of Peking University, recommending a hairy young man he was very optimistic about to teach at the university. The young man's name is Ji Xianlin.
Liang Qichao had a son, Liang Sicheng, who is known as the father of modern Chinese architecture. Liang Sicheng's wife, Lin Huiyin, is an outstanding woman in modern Chinese cultural history. In 1949, the couple presided over the design of the national emblem of the People's Republic of China and the Monument to the People's Heroes.
Lin Huiyin was born in the Lin, an official-waiting. The poetry of the family is handed down, heroes are born, and the family is full of loyalty. Lin Huiyin's grandfather Lin Xiaoxun, uncle Lin Xiaokuan, uncle Lin Tianmin, and cousin Lin Zhaomin are all enlightened people in modern democracy, who are vigorous and good to the world; Lin Huiyin's father Lin Changmin and cousins Lin Yinmin and Lin Juemin cherished national righteousness, and they died and sacrificed their lives for the country. Before Lin Juemin became righteous, he wrote a suicide note that has survived to this day, called "Letter with His Wife".
Lin Huiyin has a younger brother, named Lin Heng, who is China's first generation of fighter pilots. During the Anti-Japanese War, he and more than 6,000 young pilots fought in the clouds, bravely killed the enemy, and all of them were heroically martyred. Like Lin Heng, these pilots have understood the truth of loyalty and filial piety since childhood, and the teenagers still go forward and follow each other knowing that they are dead, soaring into the sky, and blood stains the sky.
Lin Huiyin and Liang Sicheng
From 1930 to 1945, Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin investigated 2,738 ancient buildings in 190 counties in China during the war, and many ancient buildings have been protected since then. Such as Zhaozhou Stone Bridge in Hebei, Mu Pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi, Foguang Temple in Wutai Mountain, etc. Lin Huiyin has an American friend named Fairbank. During the Anti-Japanese War, Fairbank learned that Lin Hui's condition worsened in the upheaval of displacement, and repeatedly advised the couple to go to the United States for refuge and treatment. They politely declined: "Our motherland is in a catastrophe, we cannot leave it, if we have to die under bayonets or bombs, we will also die on the soil of our homeland." ”
In Liang Qichao's coaching career, there was a brilliant and ambitious student, and Liang loved him very much, valued him and regarded him as a senior brother. The student's name is Cai Wei. Cai died young at the age of 34, but in his short life, he did two major things: first, he led the New Army uprising in Yunnan, which played a crucial role in overthrowing the Qing dynasty; The second is to resist Yuan Shikai's claim to be emperor, launch a war to protect the country, and recreate the republic.
Cai Wei
When Cai Wei taught Wutang and concurrently served in military courses, he taught an introduction to infantry artillery mixed operations, which was rigorous in theory and strict in teaching, which was admirable. Cai has a hard-working student, who respects Cai's dedication and honesty, and has a deep affection with him. The student's name was Zhu De.
Liang Qichao also had an outstanding student, who was also Cai Wei's close friend, named Jiang Baili. Jiang is a famous military educator and military theorist, and he is the first person to introduce the advanced military theory system of the modern West to China.
Jiang Baili has a daughter named Jiang Ying, a famous soprano singer and vocal educator. Berlin's "Telefunken" record company regards her as a treasure and plans to negotiate a 10-year cooperation. But Jiang Ying went to the United States with her husband to engage in scientific research. From 1950 to 1955, Jiang Ying and her husband were persecuted and detained by the US government, and in the darkest moment, Jiang Ying gave her husband the most precious support. Jiang Ying's husband is named Qian Xuesen.
(iii)
Tan Si had a follower named Yang Changji. He studied at Yuelu Academy, supported Kang Liang's idea of changing the law, actively participated in the reform activities, and joined the "Southern Society" they founded in Hunan, Yang Changji was immersed in the trend of restoration thought, and often asked Tan Si for teaching and exchange ideas. Tan Si and the "Mental Power Theory" in "Renxue" made Yang Changji suddenly penetrate, forge ahead bravely, and forge ahead, with the effect of empowerment, and the old school ideas of the past were washed away. After Tan Sitong became righteous, Yang Changji said: "Tan Liuyang's heroic spirit is filled in the universe, and it can no longer die. This is true. Years later, the students arrested during the May Fourth Movement all looked at death and said bluntly: "I would like to be Tan Sitong." ”
Yang Changji
In 1903, Yang Changji went abroad to study in Japan, England, and Germany for ten years. During this time, he studied philosophy, ethics, psychology, and education. After returning to China in 1913, Yang taught at the Hunan Public First Normal School. In class, Yang Changji told the students about Tan Sitong's "Renxue", and commented on Tan's sacrifice of life and righteousness: "The gentleman of my view of the world, there are those who kill their lives and die in the country without repentance, they do not want to live, they really can't bear to harm the world and future generations with one family." At this time, a young student under the seat stared at Yang Changji and listened to his teachings. His name was Mao Zedong.
Every Sunday, Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen and other outstanding students always sit at Yang Changji's residence to listen to the teacher talk about the past and the present. Yang Changji admired Mao Zedong the most, a rural teenager who was greatly encouraged by his mentor, who devoted himself to his studies, and even wrote a 12,000-word commentary on F. Paulson's Principles of Ethics.
After reading this book, Mao Zedong wrote the essay "The Power of the Heart". The article talks freely about the world, society, country, civilization, the natural attributes and subjective moral laws of human beings, and the ideals and responsibilities of Chinese youth. At the end of the article, he said: Therefore, the responsibility of the young people of the world is to inherit the strengths of the ancient saints and hundreds of families, open their minds to integrate the essence of Eastern and Western civilizations, refine the industry of KitKat skills to win over the great powers, keep pace with the times, respond to the changes of the current situation, and emancipate the mind to create a generation of spiritual civilization. Break the shackles of sects, gather the essence of science, and build a model for strengthening the country. True to the source, spread the truth to the world! We are willing to work hand in hand with like-minded people who pursue the truth of the world and salvation of the world, and make this wish, so as to continue to contribute body and mind, and uphold justice and morality. Therefore, my generation has a long way to go, and if we can establish such a big heart and gather love to make a trip, then this glow light will light up the sky, and the spark of the stars will become a fire, turning the earth upside down and turning things around. Yang Changji highly appreciated this article and gave it a full score of 100.
Mao Zedong
Yang Changjibo is ancient and modern, learning both Chinese and Western. He used Wang Fuzhi's philosophical ideas to interpret and integrate the theories of Western philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, etc., and strived to integrate the ideological essence of Chinese and Western civilizations, and put forward the idea of "Heye". This idea inspired the young Mao Zedong, who formed the concept of selective absorption of Chinese and Western cultures, and provided an open starting point for him to later construct his own ideological system, which was also the source of Mao Zedong's future promotion of the Sinicization of Marxism.
(iv)
Mao Zedong often read "New Youth" edited by Chen Duxiu, and the most discussed question with his companions was "how to improve the life of individuals and human beings." In the winter of 1917, after a long discussion, they gradually came to the conclusion that "to gather comrades and create a new environment for common activities." ”
On April 14, 1918, Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen and a group of young people pursuing progress initiated the establishment of the progressive group "Xinmin Society" on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River under the Yuelu Mountain in Changsha, and became the backbone of the social and political movement in Hunan. The word "new people" comes from the word "to be a new people" in the Kangxu, which means to encourage the people to renew themselves.
Group photo of some students of Xinmin Society
After the establishment of the Xinmin Society, Mao Zedong and his colleagues have been seeking a way to transform China and the world. Mao Zedong soon discovered that among the methods of transforming society was "a very fierce" method of "treating others in their own way", the founder of which was a German named Marx. Mao Zedong read the three books "The Communist Manifesto", "Class Struggle" and "History of Socialism", accepted that Marxist belief is the correct logic of history, and never wavered in the slightest.
On August 15 of the same year, in order to organize work-study in France, Mao Zedong and other progressive young people came to Beijing. Mao Zedong later recalled this time: "My own life in Peiping was very difficult. I lived in a place called Sanyanjing, sharing a small room with seven other people, and we were all huddled on the kang, without even a place to breathe. Every time I roll over, I have to warn the people next to me. However, in the park and the site of the Forbidden City, I saw the early spring of the northern country, and when the solid ice still covered the North Sea, I saw plum blossoms blooming. ”
At the beginning of 1920, the young Yang Kaihui and Mao Zedong shared similar interests and deepened their feelings, but his father Yang Changji suffered from illness due to overwork, and his time was numbered. Before dying, Yang Changji wrote a letter to Zhang Shizhao, in which the words were bloody, and the words were clear: "I solemnly speak to the jun, the second son is a talent in the sea, the future is great, the king does not say that saving the country is enough, and saving the country must first repeat the second son." "The two sons in the letter, one is Mao Zedong and the other is Cai Hesen.
In July 1920, members of the Hunan Xinmin Society who studied in France for work-study took a group photo at a meeting in Montagny, France.
At the turn of the spring and summer of 1920, Mao Zedong went to Zhang Shizhao to borrow 20,000 silver yuan to support the group of "Chinese teenagers" on their study trip to France. Their names are: Zhao Shiyan, Chen Qiaonian, Chen Yannian, Cai Hesen, Xiang Jingyu, Chen Yi, Li Fuchun, Li Weihan, Nie Rongzhen, Cai Chang... Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping also raised funds, and they traveled thousands of miles to Europe to study for the rise of China; study Marxism, socialist thought, and the workers' movement; And from here on, embark on the road of revolution; After returning to China, he will develop his grand plans and begin the great process of revitalizing China.
Mao Zedong worked hard for seven or eight months to organize work-study in France, and when everyone embarked on the road of study, he himself chose to stay. He wants to study domestic problems well. Walkers, stayers, each do their best.
22 years are like a white horse passing through the gap, fleeting. When Tan Sitong insisted on staying, he thought of the "Holy Lord" in blood, and he still had braids on his head. After all, he failed to see what the "young China" that Liang Qichao yearned for looked like. But it doesn't matter, spring and autumn come, things are people and people, and there are talented people in the land of Shenzhou. "A little haoran qi, a thousand miles of fast wind", the Chinese teenager who used to bathe in this wind, adhering to the haoran qi, finally created a young China.
(From Xinxiang Review, Issue 11, 2023)
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