Source: CCTV, China Central Radio and Television Corporation
Editor: Zhao Yan
Next to Guangzhou Uprising Road in Guangzhou's Yuexiu District, there are several small yellow buildings, which have a special place in the revolutionary history of modern China.
It was here in 1927 that China's first urban Soviet power, the Guangzhou Soviet Government, was established. The building witnessed one of the three major uprisings led by the Chinese Communist Party, the Guangzhou Uprising.
Shatter the thunder of the old world
In 1927, the Kuomintang reactionaries betrayed the revolution and the people and raised a bloody butcher's knife at the Chinese Communists and the revolutionary masses, and the Chinese revolution was at a critical juncture where its life was hanging in the balance.
The Chinese Communists did not give in, and the Nanchang Uprising and the Autumn Harvest Uprising broke out one after another. In Guangzhou, the birthplace of the first revolution, an uprising has also been secretly prepared.
On December 11, 1927, under the leadership of Zhang Tailei, Ye Ting, Yun Daiying, Ye Jianying and others, the rebel army launched a surprise attack on important locations in Guangzhou, and the Guangzhou Uprising broke out. Peasants in Fangcun, Xicun and other places on the outskirts of Guangzhou also joined the uprising.
After several hours of fierce fighting, the rebel army occupied most of the city of Guangzhou and established the Guangzhou Soviet Government. This was the first urban Soviet power established by the Communist Party of China and the first urban workers' and peasants' power in China.
Subsequently, the Soviet government held its first meeting here and adopted the program of the Soviet government: 8 hours of work, increase in wages, workers to supervise the factories, the government to pension the unemployed workers, to restore the original interests of the striking workers;
Confiscation of all land for peasants and soldiers; increase in the salaries of all employees;
Eliminate warlord wars, establish congresses of workers, peasants, and soldiers; unite Soviet Russia against imperialism.
Listen to Party history expert Jiang Ying interpret the contents of the political program of the Guangzhou Soviet Government
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The rebel army fought tenaciously against the local Kuomintang warlords in the city, but in the end they were outnumbered and suffered heavy losses on the third day of the uprising, and many of the insurgents died heroically.
Zhang Tailei, the main leader of the uprising, was one of the early leaders of the party. In this uprising, Zhang Tailei was suddenly ambushed by the enemy in the battle to direct the uprising, and he was shot several times and died heroically, at the age of 29.
Zhang Tailei was the first member of the Central Committee and the Politburo to die on the front line of the battle. He used his own blood to fulfill the vow he made when he was young: "May it be transformed into thunder that shatters the old world."
At a critical moment, the General Headquarters of the Rebel Army issued an order to withdraw from Guangzhou on the night of December 12, 1927, in order to preserve the revolutionary forces.
After the rebel army withdrew from Guangzhou, some of them joined the revolutionary struggle in the Dongjiang area of Guangdong; some of them moved to the Youjiang area of Guangxi and participated in the Baise Uprising led by Deng Xiaoping and Zhang Yunyi; a small number of personnel withdrew to the northern part of Guangdong to join the Nanchang rebel army led by Zhu De and others, and later went to Jinggangshan in Jiangxi.
Xu Xiangqian, Nie Rongzhen, and Ye Jianying, the founding marshals of the People's Republic of China, all participated in or led the Guangzhou Uprising.
Listen to party history experts talk about the significance of the Guangzhou uprising
Although the Guangzhou Uprising failed, the flame of revolution was not extinguished.
-- Jiang Ying, an expert on the history of the Communist Party of China
The Guangzhou Uprising, together with the Nanchang Uprising, the Autumn Harvest Uprising, and the armed uprisings in many other regions, marked the beginning of the Chinese Communist Party's independent leadership of the revolutionary war and the creation of the people's army, and opened a new era of the Chinese revolution.
In 1962, the painters He Kongde and Zheng Hongliu created the oil painting "Guangzhou Uprising" together.
The revolutionary forces of the southern country are unshakable
Art critic Xu Li takes you through classic paintings
"Guangzhou Uprising" recreates the scene of the rebel army occupying the Guangzhou Municipal Public Security Bureau in 1927.
The broken bricks and tiles on the left side of the painting represent the overthrow of the old forces and the decadent regime.
The smoke from the street to the right of the painting has not yet completely dissipated, reminiscent of the intense scene of the battle.
Under the red flag fluttering in the wind were dense crowds of uniformed revolutionary soldiers, as well as large numbers of workers and masses, who were oppressed in the cities and were the main body of the uprising.
Around the rickshaw on the left side of the picture, a group of young and strong men are distributing guns and carrying booty with the revolutionary army.
On the right side of the picture, a female college student is talking with a female soldier holding a leaflet, surrounded by two teenagers one after the other, preparing to post notices.
Several brightly colored flags in the middle of the painting point out the theme of the painting. Because they have just experienced the baptism of the fire of the uprising, the flags are not complete, but under the dance of the revolutionary fighters, they rise against the wind, symbolizing the fierceness of the struggle and the hard-won victory.
Against the backdrop of the red flag, revolutionary fighters held up plaques of the Guangzhou Soviet. Several warriors holding plaques and dancing flags on the wall form a pyramid triangle in the composition.
In the middle, a flag that stands upright and has not yet been unfolded forms a fixed and static center, which makes the rhythm of the picture dynamic and balanced, and also symbolizes the unshakable power of the revolutionary force.
"Guangzhou Uprising" is a joint work of two painters, He Kongde and Zheng Hongliu. He Kongde joined the army in January 1950 and entered the Korean War in 1951, laying a solid foundation for his creation for many years of military service.
Zheng Hongliu is good at oil painting and Chinese painting, and was a former creator and first-class artist in the art creation room of the Military Museum of the Chinese Revolution.
The oil painting "Guangzhou Uprising" depicts the streets of Guangzhou after experiencing revolutionary battles, vividly reproducing the historical fragments of the Guangzhou Uprising.
The reason why the painting can vividly reproduce the scene of the revolutionary battle is inseparable from the military career of the two creators.
During the Korean War, Ho was sent to the front, during which time he wrote more than a dozen diaries and created a large number of paintings, documenting the Korean War from a unique perspective.
Listen to the son of Ho Kong De tell the story of He Kong De's military service
In his war diary, Ho Kongde left many works. The low stables, the working women, and the soldiers standing guard were all given vivid vitality in his pen.
Like Ho Kong-deok, Mr. Jung has personally traveled to the Korean battlefield and created a lot of works: Korean youth, volunteer soldiers, and Korean villages. Field sketching allows the painter to more accurately grasp the image of the character in battle.
In this sketch created by He Kongde for the Guangzhou Uprising, not only does it present an intense and fierce fighting atmosphere, but what is even more amazing is that they have created many vivid and vivid characters with different images.
The meticulous creation of the two painters finally led to this classic painting, "Guangzhou Uprising". The small yellow building in the painting, which has witnessed history, is also frozen forever.
Guangzhou is constantly writing new glory
More than 90 years later, this small yellow building, which once served as the headquarters of the uprising troops, has now become the Guangzhou Uprising Memorial Hall, which has witnessed the vicissitudes of the past century.
The people who participated in the Guangzhou uprising that year were workers, peasants, and soldiers from all walks of life. Since there was no uniform clothing, they wore red cloth belts around their necks or arms to identify themselves.
When the Guangzhou Uprising was launched, heavy rain fell from the sky, and the red cloth belt faded in the water, leaving a red mark on the neck of the wearer, and also left a red mark in people's hearts.
More than ninety years have passed since that vigorous uprising. Ninety years of struggle and blue wisps, Xiongguan Mandao is really like iron; more than ninety years of journey wind and rain, long winds and waves will sometimes.
The place where revolutionaries threw their heads and spilled their blood has now become a bustling modern city.
Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Guangzhou is constantly writing new glories. In 2020, Guangzhou's GDP will exceed 2.5 trillion yuan, and its per capita GDP will reach the level of a high-income economy.
Guangzhou has become an important central city in China, an international business and trade center and a comprehensive transportation hub, and a hub city in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and is writing a new magnificent chapter in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
What other little-known details of the Guangzhou uprising are there? What other far-reaching details of the painting "Guangzhou Uprising"?
Let's follow Jiang Ying, an expert in the history of the Communist Party of China, and Xu Li, an art critic, to understand the story behind the Guangzhou Uprising.