First, the grouper industry chain
Most groupers are solitary and generally do not form groups except in flocks during the breeding season, but some species live in small groups of one male and several females, such as the transverse-banded nine-spined perch and the blue-star nine-spined perch. Some studies have shown that groupers can usually settle in specific reef areas for a longer period of time, and this habit of settlement and a longer life history make groupers susceptible to overfishing
The basic status of the grouper industry chain
Data source: Compiled by Huajing Industry Research Institute
Due to the wide variety of groupers, the culture cycle of each species is different. Green spots and oil spots and other growth rate is faster, generally breeding 1 year can reach about 2 pounds of weight, fully meet the standard of market sales, but the growth rate of varieties such as East Star Spot and Su Mei Spot is very slow, it takes 2-3 years of breeding period to be sold normally in the market. The breeding cost of grouper involves fry, feed, labor, water and electricity, epidemic prevention, liquid oxygen, etc., of which feed accounts for the highest proportion, accounting for about 60-70% of the cost, and China's aquatic feed production in 2020 is 21.24 million tons, a decrease of 790,000 tons compared with 2019.
Data source: China Feed Industry Association, Huajing Industry Research Institute collation
Second, the distribution and price of grouper
1. Distribution
Grouper is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are 65 species of grouper in 11 genera distributed along the coast of China. It is mainly distributed in the East China Sea, The Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea, and the common species are dragon tabby, oblique band grouper, leopard gill spiny perch, erythema, rat spot and so on. The Taiwan Strait, especially the Penghu Islands, not only has the heating effect of the Tributaries of Kuroshio, but also has shoals, canyons, islands, reefs, coral reefs are rich in resources, which are very suitable for groupers to inhabit, and their grouper species are more abundant than in the East China Sea and the South China Sea. According to data from the China Fishery Statistics Yearbook in recent years, Hainan, Guangdong and Fujian are the three provinces with the largest aquaculture production in mainland China, accounting for more than 95% of China's grouper aquaculture production, of which Guangdong ranks first, with marine aquaculture production of 77659 tons in 2019.
Source: China Fishery Statistics Yearbook, compiled by Huajing Industry Research Institute
2. Price situation
Because grouper is rich in nutrients, delicious meat, low fat, high protein and other characteristics, it is considered to be one of the four famous fish in China in Hong Kong and Macao, and it is a must-have for high-grade feasts and other edible fish. It is expensive, has high economic value, is one of the important farmed fish in China's coastal areas, and has been widely farmed in China and Southeast Asian countries. There are more kinds of artificially farmed groupers in China, the price difference between the varieties is larger, the cheapest such as dragon tabby with the largest breeding scale is only less than 100 yuan per kilogram, the production of rare and long breeding time of mouse spots can reach more than 2,000 yuan per kilogram, there are also some non-edible, known as the "king of grouper" saddle band grouper needs to be auctioned to obtain, and generally used in aquariums or other places to display.
Third, grouper farming
Due to the high demand for live grouper in Asia, especially in the Chinese area, in 1972 Hong Kong began to carry out artificial temporary culture of grouper fishing, which is the earliest record of grouper farming, and the culture object is red spotted grouper, which once accounted for more than 90% of Hong Kong's aquaculture production. The birth of the first commercial cage culture enterprise in 1975 not only promoted the development of grouper farming, management and purchase and sale technology in Hong Kong, but also stimulated the follow-up of grouper farming in the surrounding areas and Southeast Asian countries[]. At present, the main countries and regions of grouper farming include China (including Hong Kong and Taiwan), Japan, South Korea and some countries in Southeast Asia in East Asia, in addition, India, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt, Tunisia and other countries in North Africa have also reported relevant culture reports. In 2019, China's grouper aquaculture production was 183,700 tons, an increase of 14.7% over 2018.
Related reports: "2021-2026 China Grouper Aquaculture Industry Development Monitoring and Investment Strategic Planning Research Report" released by Huajing Industry Research Institute;
Although the grouper market in the early years mainly relied on wild fishing, in recent years, with the increasing development of the grouper farming industry, the market share of farmed grouper is increasing year by year. Relatively speaking, the demand for grouper catches has declined, in 2015 China's grouper aquaculture number is still less than the catch, with the continuous rise in production and the decline in the fluctuation of catches, by 2017 China's grouper farming scale has exceeded the catch, and then the production continued to rise, the catch continued to decline, to 2019 China's ocean is only 97411 tons, down 28,000 tons from 2016.
Fourth, the development of preservation technology
Because of its rich nutrition, grouper is very easy to oxidize rancidity, contaminated by bacteria, short shelf life, can not meet the needs of long-term preservation, so how to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in the fish body and fat oxidation, the freshness of the preservation of grouper meat has always been a hot spot in the research of such marine fish. At present, the preservation of grouper is mainly the use of low temperature refrigeration, cold seawater preservation, microfreeze preservation, modified atmosphere or vacuum preservation, compound preservatives, etc., some emerging preservation technologies such as irradiation preservation, ultra-high pressure preservation technology, ozone preservation, fence technology, ice-free preservation, ultra-cold preservation, microbial preservation, etc. in crucian carp, carp, oysters, salmon and other aquatic products have been applied, in the grouper preservation and processing of little research.
Source: Compiled by China Huajing Industry Research Institute
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