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In January 2019, I created my public account, and in more than two years, I have been working tirelessly, writing fourteen original articles a week at most, and now the update frequency is a long article a week, never interrupted, and has written more than 3 million words, mainly in the fields of current affairs and politics, international relations, history, culture, religion, philosophy, finance, macroeconomics and real estate. I have published a long article here, and the follow-up chapter can go to my public account for a sneak peek, and the search can be chaotic.
The Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties of Islam are relatively unknown, but the Ottoman Empire, many people have heard of it, but how many people only know one and cannot say the following? Today I will continue with the previous one, and begin to briefly talk about the Ottoman Empire, because this chapter is mainly about the grievances of Sunnis and Shiites, which will not be expanded here, and I will introduce the historical development of the Ottoman Empire in detail later.
The English name of the Ottoman Empire is Otoman Empire, don't think it's Ultraman Oh, the name Ottoman is derived from the founding Emperor Osman I, his title is written in English is Osman I, and the word Otoman is the Englishization of the name of the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman ruling family, also known as the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty, Ottoman I.
The Ottoman Arabic name is ʿUthmān (عثمان), and in Ottoman Turkish, this empire is called Devrit-ʿalīye-yi ʿosmānīye (دولتعليهعث㺷 انیه), which literally means "the highest Ottoman state", or ʿosmānlı Devletti (عثمانلى دولتى), which in modern Turkish is called Ottoman i̇mparatorluğu (" Ottoman Empire") or Ottoman Dvliti ("Ottoman State").
The Turkish word "Osmanl" originally referred to the tribal followers of the Ottomans in the fourteenth century, and was later used to refer to the military management elite of the empire. Instead, the term "Turks", used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal populations, was seen as a pejorative term when used for urbanly educated individuals, which was caused by class disparities. In ancient times, many countries used education to distinguish between classes, the difficulty of the cold children is because of the imbalance of educational resources, China's earliest imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty, 605 AD, which is far ahead of other countries in the same era.
In the early modern period, an educated Turk living in the city, if not a member of the military administration, tended to refer to himself as Ottoman or Türk, rather than a Roma (رومى), meaning a resident of the territory of the former Byzantine Empire in the Balkans and Anatolia. The term Roma is also used by other Muslim peoples inside and outside the empire to refer to Turkish speakers. When applied to those who spoke Ottoman Turkish, the word began to cease to be used at the end of the 17th century, and instead the word was increasingly associated with the Greeks of the Empire, a meaning that still exists in Turkey today.
In Western Europe, the names "Ottoman" and "Turkey" were often used interchangeably, and "Turkey" became increasingly popular in both formal and informal settings. This dichotomy officially ended in 1920-23, when the newly formed Turkish government of Ankara chose Turkey as the sole official name. Due to the multi-ethnic nature of the empire, most academic historians avoid using terms such as "Turkey", "Turks", and "Turkish" when referring to the Ottomans.
Of the three dynasties I will introduce, the Ottoman Empire was the longest-lasting, with a total of 623 years. Do you know that the longest dynasty in Our country is 791, do you know which dynasty it is? The answer is the Zhou Dynasty, the second longest is the Shang Dynasty (551), the third is the Xia Dynasty (470), the fourth is the Han Dynasty (405 years), after having a reference, do you think that the Ottoman Empire has a very long history?
The Ottoman Empire began in 1299, and by the thirteenth century, the spread of Islam was no longer limited to the Arab peoples, the Ottoman Empire was also a multi-ethnic fusion empire, the main ethnic groups were Turks, Greeks, Arabs, Egyptians, Kurds, Bulgarians and so on.
The Ottoman Empire is arguably the most powerful and famous empire in Islamic history, and the only Islamic power that could challenge European countries in the 15th and 19th centuries. At its peak, it had three continents: Asia (West Asia), Europe (Southeast Europe), and Africa (North Africa). It has most of the Balkan Peninsula, the Middle East and North Africa, reaching the Strait of Gibraltar in the west, the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf in the east, present-day Austria and Slovenia in the north, and present-day Sudan and Yemen in the south.
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
History is always interlocking, without the emergence of the Ottoman Empire, Europeans would not have chosen to open up new shipping routes in order to avoid ottoman-controlled territories and did not want them to exploit the tolls, and would not have given the Italian Columbus the opportunity to lobby the Spanish royal family to go to sea at that time.
Who let the west of the Silk Road, are about to let the Ottoman Empire to monopolize, at that time China's ancient silk, porcelain, tea, etc., in Europe is a very tight commodity, arabs are very good at business, the route is long, through layers of middlemen to increase prices, so that Europeans can not stand it, but also hungry for this trade of big deals, this road is not passable, can only take the sea around a circle. Therefore, it can be said that the Ottoman Empire prompted Europe to start the "Great Navigation Age".
The history of the Ottoman Empire is to say that the ancestors of the Turks were Turkic, and they were always nomadic peoples, living by the water, until a wizard appeared and changed the fate of their tribe. Ghazi (Ottoman I), who founded the Ottoman Empire.
Ottoman · Ghazi
Born in Thyut, in northern Asia Minor, he was the son of El Tuglüller, a second-generation official, and his father was a tribal chief. He studied Sufi doctrine at the local Sufi elder Edbaliyo and married his daughter Marhatton, who, although Islamic, is not like Sunni and Shia, it is the general term for the islamic mystic school.
He himself succeeded his father as a tribal vassal, gained Sufi support through marriage, and formed an alliance with the Ghazi Society (the organization of the freedmen) to gradually increase his political prestige. It was easy to recruit with prestige, and he was not satisfied with just being a tribal leader, he had more lofty ideals. While expanding the army, he attacked the city strategically.
Finally, at the end of the 13th century, the Ottoman Empire was founded by the Oghuz Turkish tribal chief Osman Gazi in the town of Sut (present-day Bílek Province) in northwestern Anatolia, and he became Ottoman I.
After 1354, the Ottomans entered Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkan Peninsula, the Ottoman Belik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire, and in 1453 Mehmed II (the Ottoman monarch) conquered Constantinople.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, under suleiman I, the Ottoman Empire was at its peak as a multi-ethnic, multilingual empire that controlled much of southeastern Europe, parts of Central Europe, parts of Western Asia, eastern Europe and parts of the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century, the empire consisted of 32 provinces and many vassal states. Some of them were later absorbed by the Ottoman Empire, while others were given various types of autonomy over the course of several centuries.
The Ottoman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital and control of the land around the Mediterranean basin, has been at the center of the interaction between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Although the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman I, this view is no longer supported by most historians.
Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the empire continued to maintain flexible and powerful economic, social, and military power. However, during the long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system lagged behind its European rivals, the Habsburgs and the Russian Empire.
The Ottomans thus suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, prompting them to initiate a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the Tanzimatt. Thus, in the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire became more powerful and organized, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where many new states emerged.
The Empire allied itself with Germany in the early 20th century, hoping to break away from diplomatic isolation from Germany's recent territorial losses, and thus joined the First World War on Germany's side. Although the Ottoman Empire was largely able to maintain its position during the conflict, it continued to struggle with internal disputes, especially arab resistance to its Arab property. During this period, the Ottoman government committed genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontic Greeks.
After World War I, the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and the occupation of parts of its territory by the Allies led to its division and the loss of territory in the Middle East, which was divided between Britain and France. Turkey opposed the occupation of these countries and waged the War of Independence, which then led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in the anatolian hinterland and the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1922.
The Sultans of the Ottoman Empire claimed to have a caliphate from Murad I (who ruled from 1362 to 1389) and did not recognize the power of the Abbasid caliph of Cairo, ruled by the Mamluks. Thus the seat of the caliphate was moved to Idean, the capital of the Ottoman Empire. After Muhammad the Conqueror conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman seat was moved to Constantinople, which is today's Istanbul. In 1517, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I defeated and annexed the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo. By conquering and unifying Muslim lands, Selim I became a defender of the holy city of Mecca and Medina, which further strengthened the Ottoman claim to the sovereignty of the Caliphate in the Muslim world. The Ottomans were gradually seen as the de facto leaders and representatives of the Islamic world. However, the early Ottoman caliphs did not have official khalifa titles in their state documents, inscriptions, or coinage.
The Ottoman Empire reached its maximum territory in 1683 and was ruled by Mehmed IV of The Sultan
It was not until the end of the 18th century that the Sultan discovered that the claim to the caliphate had practical uses because it enabled them to protect Muslims under Russian rule themselves and to use this as a way to refute Russia's demand to protect Ottoman Christians.
According to Barthold, the first time the Ottomans used the title of "caliph" as a political rather than symbolic religious title was the Treaty of KüK Kaynarca with the Russian Empire in 1774, when the empire retained moral authority over territories ceded to the Russian Empire. The British supported and preached that the Ottomans were the Islamic caliphs among the Muslims of British India, and the Ottoman Sultan, by issuing a statement to indian Muslims, told them to support Sultan Ali III and Sultan Abdul Messid I.
In 1768-1774, the Russo-Turkish War took place, the outcome of which was disastrous for the Ottomans. Large swaths of territory, including areas with large Muslim populations such as Crimea, were taken away by the Russian Empire. However, the Ottoman Empire under Abdul Hamid I claimed diplomatic victory as part of a peace treaty in which they were allowed to continue to serve as religious leaders of Muslims in the now-independent Crimea; in return, Russia became the official protector of Christians in Ottoman territory.
Around 1880, Sultan Abdulhamid II reaffirmed the title as a way of countering Russia's expansion into Muslim countries. His claim was accepted in the warmest way by the Muslims of British India.
By the eve of World War I, the Ottoman Empire, though weak relative to Europe, represented the largest and strongest independent Islamic political entity. Sultan also enjoyed some power beyond the borders of its shrinking empire and became the Muslim caliphate of Egypt, India, and Central Asia.
In 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay asked oscar Strauss, the U.S. ambassador to Ottoman Turkey, to contact Sultan Abdul Hamid II and use his position as caliph to order the Taosques of the Philippine Sultanate of Sulu to submit to U.S. suzerainty and U.S. military rule; the Sultan thanked them and wrote a letter to Sulu via Mecca. Thus, "Sulu Muhammad" ... By refusing to join the rebels, by placing themselves under the control of our military, they have recognized the sovereignty of the United States. ”
The Ottoman Caliphate was established after their conquest of Mamluk Egypt in 1517. This conquest gave the Ottomans control of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, which had previously been controlled by the Mamluks. The Ottomans came to be seen as the de facto leaders and representatives of the Muslim world. After the defeat in World War I, their empire was divided between The British and the French Third Republic. The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed on October 29, 1923, as part of the reforms of the first President, Mustafa Kemal Atatük, the Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished the caliphate on March 3, 1924, in accordance with the Constitution.
The Islamic Sunnis stipulate that as head of state, the caliphate can come to power in one of four ways: either through elections, or through nominations, or through committees, or through force. However, many followers of Shia Islam believe that the caliph should be the imam chosen by God from Albert (referring to Muhammad's family).
In the early 2000s, with the defeat of the Arab Spring and the failure of the self-proclaimed Islamic State, young Muslims "embraced the broad mainstream of collective Muslim identity," and the caliph's appeal as an "idealized muslim state of the future" grew.
In the history of Islam, and even in the history of the world, the Ottoman Empire belonged to an empire that ruled for more than six centuries, spanning three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, and was once quite brilliant, and it was because of this splendor that Islam was brought to more non-Arab regions. The strength of the empire allowed other peoples to learn the culture and religion of the country, and the expansion and development of the Ottoman Empire's territory enabled Islam to integrate more with multi-ethnic cultures, laying the foundation for the international status of Islam today.
History will never be a single subject, it will always be a multifaceted and complex cross-cutting subject, and if you understand history, you can also read knowledge in other fields.
May the world be better! Less suffering! Guotai Min'an!