The Paper's reporter Liao Yang
"Many people think that Peking Opera is esoteric, obscure, ancient, and far away from us, but when they come into contact, they find that it is not like that. You don't get close to it, you don't know it has such a big charm. ”
On August 28th, Fu Xiru, who is known as the "most handsome Peking Opera veteran", joined hands with a group of young actors from the Shanghai Peking Opera House as a guest of "Wutong Famous Artists' Hui" and brought an appreciation of the national essence of Beijing rhyme at the Shanghai Peking Opera Transmission Hall.
At the scene, the actors successively performed famous Peking opera sections such as "Noble Concubine Drunk", "Sha Jiabang", "Three Forks", "Wise Tiger Mountain", and also displayed a number of sets of intricately crafted and exquisite Peking Opera costumes, leading the audience to appreciate the beauty of traditional national essence.
Not only on the stage to shine, in recent years, Fu Xiru also took the initiative to approach all sectors of society to do a large number of Peking opera popularization, with the name of "not close to the pear garden, how to know the Beijing color as Promised", the effect is gratifying.
"Compared with more than a decade ago, the composition of the audience below the stage has changed dramatically. In the past, I looked at the white hair on the left and pale hair on the right, but now there are many young people who are very pleased as communicators. ”
Fu Xiru sighed that the current cultural and entertainment activities are too rich, and if you retreat a little, hold back, and stand still, everyone will not be able to contact Peking Opera, so traditional cultural workers still have to take the initiative to attack and create opportunities to get closer.
"Peking Opera will not become popular because more people like it, nor will it fall because of the lack of attention, it has become eternal." I think the future of Peking Opera is very promising. As for the possibilities of Peking Opera in this pluralistic era, Fu Xiru said.
Fu Xiru The pictures in this article are from the lecture site
A box of matches and half-episode cartoons, accompanied by his artistic enlightenment
Host: When was your enlightenment, and how did you fall in love with such an art?
Fu Xiru: I am certainly not gifted, I entered the art circle because of the influence of my family. My father is a professional violinist, he practiced at home for eight hours a day, I was naturally infected, when I picked up two chopsticks to learn how he played the piano, my father mistakenly thought that I liked Jinghu art and began to cultivate me.
It was a very tragic childhood, a box of matches, half an episode of cartoons, and it was a few of the big things I learned about in my childhood.
A box of matches is my daily volume of piano, take the matches out of the box one by one, take one, and pull it again until all 40 are taken out. So at that time, I especially hated the match factory, why can't I cut corners.
When I came home from kindergarten or elementary school, the practice time was six o'clock. There is an episode of cartoon from six o'clock to 6:30, and many children look forward to it, and I am no exception, but I have to turn off the TV every day at six o'clock to practice. So when I was a kid, I pieced together the entire cartoon content, and the other half of the episode was guessed. One of the advantages of exercising my imagination, why I am still quite talented at making up some stories, was forced out by half an episode of animation.
Host: Was this love ignited by my father, or did I gradually burn this fire on the road to seeking art?
Fu Xiru: This is complementary, cause is effect, effect is cause. It is right to follow the child's interests and start with them, but sometimes the children do not know where their interests are, and even think that liking something now is an interest, which is not necessarily comprehensive. My father helped me discover a career that I would love and be interested in all my life. I started out as average, but then I put a lot of effort into it and found that I loved it more and more.
Host: Peking Opera masters pay great attention to the relationship between teachers and teachers, you are an old student of Yu Pai, and a person like you should be a small student, why did you choose the industry of old students?
Fu Xiru: In the years when I was in the drama school, I had to be dug up by the primary school teacher several times, but I didn't like it very much, and in my bones I still admired heroes and iron men. When I was a child, I liked Jet Li, Jackie Chan, 007, and I wanted to be a hero.
The literati doctors and imperial generals advocated in ancient times were basically supported by men. In the past, it was called the birth hanging head card, and later it was the birth of Dan, so the life line is a very important industry. Basically, today's enthusiasts and beginners come into contact with Peking Opera, first of all, starting from shengxing and danxing.
Many people ask me why I didn't worship the teacher, I said that there are too many teachers, only worship one, sorry for the other teachers. Zhang Wenjuan, Wang Siji, Tong Xiangling, Zhu Bingqian, Tan Yuanshou... My teachers are all famous and powerful teachers, who have given me different help at different stages of art, leaving special memories and wealth.
"Outsmarting Tiger Mountain"
Host: Like the chivalrous guest in Jin Yong's novel, Ling Hu Chong will never learn the Nine Swords Alone without meeting Feng Qingyang, how does a good teacher teach? We're curious.
Fu Xiru: These teachers are all "masters", clear masters. No teacher let me learn from himself, you must be like me, like me, are teaching you methods, you according to your own conditions, understanding, experience, outlook on life to play your strengths, to form your artistic style.
Therefore, I especially understand why Wang Yaoqing taught the "Four Great Famous Dans", each with different styles, each of which became a family and a sect, all of which were guided by him, so he had a name of "Master of the Tongtian Sect". Master Zhou Xinfang once said that "those who learn from me are born, and those who are like me die", in fact, this means, we cannot die to learn, but to learn alive.
"Sha Jiabang"
Host: Your experience in the arts has two important points in time, you were injured once, and it was very badly injured, your throat was also reversed, and there was a problem with the tools for eating.
Fu Xiru: Every time it is fatal. I was admitted to the Shanghai Opera School with the first place in the total score of the re-examination, assigned to the first group of old students, studied for a year and was about to perform on stage, I reversed the warehouse, studied for half a day, and could not go on stage, could not report, could not practice.
What is a scalping? It is a very vague and distant process. I've been down for 15 years, and my throat has been in a low state of not coming back. Therefore, the inverted warehouse is also called "ghost door off", and many male actors will always withdraw from the artistic road because of this pass.
There are also people who have never changed back in their lives, because the voice is always low. Change back means that the treble can also restore the previous key. In general, opera is the art of high pitch, there is no key, there is no way to sing. After the warehouse is reversed, the voice is very good, very low, very magnetic, you can be the host, but you can't sing. Singing must have a key, match with the instrument, can not go up, then there is no way.
"Three Forks"
Host: You are an old student of civil and martial arts, and you want to cultivate both culture and martial arts, where did you hurt at that time?
Fu Xiru: After the collapse of the warehouse, I thought that God would close a door for me and would definitely open a window for me, so I went to learn martial arts. I worked very hard. My leg work used to be the worst in school, and I couldn't lift my legs to 40 degrees, which was particularly hard, and I was in line at the last one every time. Over the course of a year, I went from the last to the first. Thanks to Jin Yong, I especially liked to read Jin Yong's martial arts novels at that time, and as soon as I read the book, I would be obsessed, so I split the fork and read the book with my legs tied, forgetting the time and pain, and after reading the book, my legs were also trained.
I worked too hard, and several Bole teachers felt that I was a talent for creation, and they added a small stove to me. There is a teacher Zhu Fuxia, who is known as "Mountain City Ye Shenglan", who wants me to become a talent too much, and every day at four o'clock comes to my bed to ask me to get up and practice, I pretend to sleep, he is not loud, he pokes me with his hand, until I can't pretend, follow him to practice, get up at four o'clock to practice until six o'clock, and then go to the early homework of the drama school.
I practiced too hard, causing my disc to protrude. The principal asked the doctor to see my film, and the doctor said that the child could not engage in strenuous exercise, that he might need to change his career, and closed my other door.
Finally getting back on the stage, I think it's a miracle. When I searched all over the world for medical treatment, I encountered all the charlatans and liars, some with locks to treat me, some with burns... Tried them all, none of them worked. Finally, I read books myself, studied pathology, and began to do muscle rehabilitation. Not all right now, but the symptoms are much better.
Host: You are singing the old life line, which requires a lot of internal cultivation. From the edge of the stage to the center of the stage, it seems like a few steps, but in fact, it takes a long time for the actor to walk?
Fu Xiru: It's very difficult. My son is 12 years old this year, my father taught him to play the piano from a young age, and after graduating from the fifth grade, he was faced with a choice, whether to take the road of art or the normal path of further education. I have been promoting and promoting traditional culture, and my own children do not do this, there is a point that cannot be said, so I still want him to take the road of art.
Through my own practice, I think it is too difficult for an actor to become a talent. First, personal conditions account for a very large proportion, if the conditions are not good, to be an actor or to do art, really do half the work, pay hard but can not be rewarded. Second, chance is very important, there are not many people like me who are so lucky, I have met so many good teachers, met so many good opportunities, let me stand out in the middle of the stage.
This is a chance, but not much. So I did not dare to let him take the path of an actor, he is now admitted to the Shanghai Opera School, continue to study Jinghu, and also do a small part to promote traditional culture.
Host: To play Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, and Emperor Tang Ming, what is the most important temperament core of Wen Wu Laosheng?
Fu Xiru: I like the ancient literati doctors, who had the atmosphere of books and elegance. I also like to read, and I think that the bookish atmosphere and the elegance are indispensable to playing these roles.
Many roles on the Peking Opera stage are not easy to move, before we said that Zhuge Liang is less than 50 years old can not act, you do not have that kind of belly has a clean, chest is full of experience, how to perform Zhuge Liang's feelings? So it's from the inside out.
How to better approach Peking Opera and listen to him tell
Host: Shanghai Shanghai Opera, Henan Yu Opera, Shanxi Jin Opera, Shaanxi Qin Opera, all sung in the local local language, are all local dramas. Only Peking Opera is different, Peking Opera was formed in Beijing, but it is not a local opera in Beijing. In 1876, the term Peking Opera first appeared in the "Declaration", which is still used today.
Fu Xiru: Peking Opera does not have an exact date of establishment, it is slowly formed. There is a representative event, the eightieth birthday of Qianlong in 1790, huiban entered the capital to celebrate the birthday, which was the starting event of the formation of Peking Opera.
In fact, at that time, the popular Kunqu opera in Beijing was very elegant, the rhythm was very slow, the content was relatively single, and it was some talented and beautiful people.
Huiban is not a drama class that sings Emblem Opera and Emblem Tune, but a Drama Class funded by Huishang. Therefore, the Hui class not only sang the emblem tune, but also took over many local minor tunes, and the local minor tunes were very grassroots, close to the masses, very grounded, and instantly loved by the audience in Beijing.
Huiban was on fire, Hanban successively entered Beijing to grab business, Hui and Han competed with each other at the same time, absorbed doll tune, Yiyang cavity, Luoluo cavity, siping tune and other local tunes, and finally formed Peking Opera. Through the efforts of generations of predecessors, the expression of Peking Opera is very rich, systematic, and exquisite, and has become the largest and most representative drama in China, and has become the essence of the country.
In the early days of the formation of Peking Opera, the royal family played a crucial role in promoting the development of Peking Opera, and a large number of powerful courtiers and magnates led by Empress Dowager Cixi greatly respected Peking Opera, and were proud to invite some corners to perform in their royal palaces, forming a common atmosphere. These actors have already entered the palace to perform, and if the people can see their performances, of course, they are more touted and loved.
Host: Teacher Xi Ru will also talk about the important trades in Peking Opera and help us get closer to Peking Opera.
Fu Xiru: Now it is mainly the birth of the dan and the net ugliness. There are old students, martial students, small students, red students, and doll students. It can be seen from the image that Shengxing shows men of different ages, different personalities, and different identities: middle-aged and elderly men who are old, bearded or mature and stable are old students; those who are armed with martial arts skills are martial students; they are handsome, young and handsome, and energetic are Xiaosheng; those who are red-faced are red students, such as Zhao Kuangyin; dolls are younger children, 7-15 years old.
Host: According to the present, the old student is Chen Daoming, the wusheng is Wu Jing and Zhen Zidan, the small student is Hu Ge, and the doll student is TFBOYS.
Fu Xiru: Too much. Peking Opera began with a headboard, and a large number of milestone figures emerged. The most important are Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng, and Zhang Erkui, known as the "Peking Opera Sanding Jia". In particular, Cheng Changgeng, known as the "originator of Peking Opera", is the head of the four hui classes in the Hui class into Beijing, and the class leader of the Sanqing class. He not only carried out many reforms in the art of drama ontology, such as the construction of repertoire, the expansion of skills, and the design of stage art. He also has a very positive role in promoting the actor industry, abolishing many of the bad habits that were unsightly in the past, and eliminating and purifying the actor's profession.
Tan Xinpei starred in China's first movie "Dingjun Mountain", the Tan family is also the longest history of the Liyuan family in China, and the seventh generation of Tan Zhengyan and I are graduate students. He told me that no matter what the child was born, he would definitely let him sing Peking Opera and continue the bloodline of the Peking Opera family.
From Yu, Gao, Ma, Yan to Ma, Tan, Yang, Xi, those genres were founded by these artists. Ask an actor what pie to sing, I sing The Yu Pai, I sing the Tan Pai, I sing the Yang Pai, I sing the Xi Pai... This sect is a faction, a sect, so it is called "the teacher is famous."
Host: We are laymen, how can we immediately identify and find a few key words, know what this pie sounds like?
Fu Xiru: How did the faction form? Art has laws and laws, but within the laws, everyone develops according to their different conditions. For example, Yang Baosen, he also did not pour back, until the end of his life, his high voice is not good, so he worked hard in his alto area to make a fuss, and his chanting white singing voice is a special man's voice of Cang Jinxiong. Tan Pai is completely different, the voice is very bright, and the style is completely different from Yang Pai. Each faction has its own style, and the style comes according to its own conditions.
Moderator: After talking about life, talk about Dan. Is this also a change of the times, before the drama class was born to hang the head card, when to Danjiao, like the four famous Dan gradually emerged?
Fu Xiru: It should be the day of the birth of the four famous Dans, mainly after the emergence of these outstanding artists who are committed to the development of Dan xing, led by Mr. Mei, they began to push Dan to a more important front.
There is also a historical reason for this in it. As we all know, it used to be called "listening to the play", because the theater did not have electric lights at that time, the lights were dim, and the appearance, shape, and action of the people on the stage could not be seen clearly, and there was no pursuit of refinement. After the popularization of electric lights, the lights in the theater were brilliant, and everyone saw that we had watched the four beautiful women look like this for so many years, which was very unobtrusive. Since everyone cares and pursues, Mr. Mei has reformed, and every detail of the appearance, headdress, and costume has pursued perfection. Mr. Mei's classic roles, Yang Guifei, Yu Ji, Mu Guiying, etc., are really graceful and luxurious, and they are real goddesses.
At that time, Dan Jiao could not only pick the class, but also hang the head card, the four major Su Sheng was for the four famous Dan cross knives, the four famous Dan was the leading actor, and the Xu Sheng was their supporting role or sub-starring.
Peking Opera costume display
Host: Mei Lanfang, Cheng Yanqiu, Shang Xiaoyun, Xun Huisheng, how do we appreciate the different charms of the four famous Dans?
Fu Xiru: It is also the artists who have created an artistic trait that suits them most according to their own conditions.
For example, Mei Pai, Zhongzheng, peaceful, elegant, generous, there is no particularly high-pitched singing voice, nor is there a particularly difficult skill, but everything that comes out is so comfortable, smooth and delicate, which is the characteristic of Mei Pai.
Teacher Shang Xiaoyun is from Wudan and is particularly good at martial arts. He himself has a very strong personality, so he created a series of female heroes with special characteristics, such as Liang Hongyu, Silver Screen Princess, etc., and his singing voice and body show the feeling of "female man".
When Cheng Yanqiu reversed the warehouse, he also did not turn upside down and was broken, so his voice was called "ghost sound" in the line. Many people say that he can't become a horn and can't eat this bowl of rice, but he created the Cheng School according to his own conditions, low, gentle, tragic, beautiful, and the vocal cavity achievement is very high. His "Suolin Capsule" is very familiar to everyone, and it is particularly easy to infect everyone's heart.
Mei Lanfang's "Noble Lady Drunk" is also very familiar to everyone, Yang Guifei is sad in the palace, thinking that today Tang Ming Emperor can't come, because of jingsheng feelings, it is a flat and direct expression of emotions, she is also a noble concubine, the status is very noble, so her performance is graceful and luxurious, very elegant and generous.
Live performance of "The Noble Concubine Drunk" by the actor
Host: But there is a little sadness and sadness in the drunken state, is this measure difficult to grasp? Some people say that the noble concubine is drunk and easy to be played gorgeously, but Mr. Mei did not.
Fu Xiru: This play was not created by Mr. Mei. "Noble Concubine Drunk" was once used as a powder play, many actors used this play to attract the skin and meat business, the lyrics were more obscene, and the action performance was very explicit, not like the noble concubine at all. From Mr. Mei began to push to the palace of art, according to identity, emotions, temperament, performance of graceful and luxurious Yang Guifei.
Host: What details can we use to taste the beauty of "The Noble Concubine Drunk"?
Fu Xiru: First of all, the intuitive costume, Yang Guifei's costume is called a female python, which can only be worn by the empress and noble concubines in the court, and also wear a phoenix crown. Makeup, costumes, headdresses are the most intuitive, like not like three points, appearance is very important, not very good-looking, the figure is not too good, playing a noble concubine is not like.
Then there's the performance. The performance is divided into two parts, one part is the singing cavity, meipai characteristics are neutral and peaceful, there is no particularly high or particularly difficult skill, but in the ordinary contains extraordinary, every singing cavity, every word must be in place, from the word tone to the catchy word, the sharp group word and so on. Singing also needs the actor to have a moist and good voice, music is common, whether everyone can understand, sing well or not, you must be able to hear it, not good to hear immediately lose interest.
The second is performance, the performance is divided into facial performance, eye use, mouth pout or eye look pick, she is now happy or lost, whether sad or angry, through the facial expression accurately conveyed to everyone, is a good actor, is a qualified noble concubine. There is also the figure, she has water sleeves, water sleeves are limb extensions, shaking a sleeve is a wonderful dance movement of the hand.
There are four characteristics in the performance, virtuality, dance, exaggeration and stylization.
What is virtuality? There are no mountains, no water, no houses, no doors, no windows on the Peking Opera stage, all the environment must be outlined through the performance of the actors, this foot lifting will go out, take a whip, run a round field is a thousand miles of mountains.
What is dance sex? Opera performance has "sound must sing, move must dance": the so-called sound must sing, as long as a sound is emitted, whether crying or laughing, there are musicality and melody; as for the movement must dance, walking has a step, running has a round field, casually a finger is a dance action, but the purpose is not to refer, but through the finger, show the dance beauty of the actor's body.
What is exaggeration? The theater is particularly large, and every action of the actors must be exaggerated, so that everyone can see it clearly, otherwise it will be vague, people will not see it, and you will do it in vain.
Host: Now children grow up watching movies and TV dramas, and even being fed by Disney, those characters are too vivid. The characters on the Peking Opera stage have their own faces, each has its own rules, and each role is tied up in the rules and cannot come out, where is the personality of the Peking Opera actors?
Fu Xiru: You are right, rules, norms, rules bind actors. We describe opera performance as "dancing with shackles", although there are certain rules, but still give a lot of actor space, so there will be so many wonderful genres, each genre according to their own conditions to play their strengths, each person has its own characteristics, which will also emerge a lot of talents, he has a variety of skills to make everyone feel satisfied and admired.
Editor-in-Charge: Liang Jia
Proofreader: Shi Gong