#头条创作挑战赛 #
Mexico today
In August 1521, Mexico, located in Latin America, was conquered by Spanish colonists by force and became a Spanish colony. The Spanish colonial authorities subjected the inhumane destruction and oppression of the Indians who had lived on Mexican soil for generations. They forced the Indians to grow cash crops, mine mines, and perform heavy labor for them. As a result of brutal massacres and excessive slavery, combined with plague outbreaks, by the mid-17th century, the number of native Mexican Indians had plummeted by 90 percent. Indians died in large numbers, and Spanish colonists transported large numbers of black Africans to Mexico to make up for the lack of labor. However, due to overservitude, the mortality rate among blacks remained high.
Black slaves
First, the first people's uprising at the bottom failed
Mexico at that time consisted of the following main ethnic groups: the first was white colonists from Spain, who were usually in the position of rulers. The second is white, native Mexican-born, who tend to be wealthy but not as politically advanced as the former. The third is enslaved Indians, blacks, or mestizos of the former kind.
When Mexico's suzerainty Spain was annexed by Napoleon's Empire in 1808, the Mexican underclass rejoiced, and they strongly demanded that Mexico take the opportunity to become independent from Spain.
In September 1810, Hidalgo, a native white man from a middle-class Mexican family, gathered thousands of Indians in Dolores, Mexico, to launch an uprising against the Spanish colonists. Because the uprising gained the support of the Mexican people, by late October of that year, the size of the rebel army had grown to 780,000.
Hidalgo
Hidalgo led the rebels to attack Mexico City, which was empty of defense, and after a brief victory, the rebels were soon attacked by the main Spanish army, and Hidalgo was defeated. After the defeat, Hidalgo carried out military transfers on one side and political propaganda on the other. He demanded that the colonial authorities renounce all forms of exploitation and oppression of Mexico, and ensured that his army would only target the Spanish colonists, and that he would also protect the interests of the native white Mexicans. Due to proper political propaganda, Hidalgo's command gathered another 780,000 troops at one time.
In 1811, the Spanish colonists brought in an elite army of nearly 10,000 men to extinguish the uprising led by Hidalgo. The two sides fought in the Calderón Bridge area, resulting in a well-equipped and well-trained colonial army that eventually defeated the Mexican rebels. Shortly thereafter, Hidalgo and other leaders of the rebel army were all killed by the Spanish colonists because of the betrayal of traitors. Thus, the first war against the Spanish colonists waged by the Mexican people at the bottom ended in failure. But the uprising dealt a heavy blow to the power of the Spanish rulers, laying the foundation for the outbreak of the latter two.
The rebel army fought
Second, the second people's uprising at the bottom failed
Morelos, an Indo-European race who was born into the bottom of society, hated the oppression and exploitation of the Mexican people by the Spanish colonialists from an early age. After the Hidalgo Uprising, Molores joined his ranks and was later sent to the Calacouro region of southern Mexico to carry out the revolution.
Because Molores attached great importance to the military training of his soldiers, in a short period of time after he became the leader of the rebel army, almost all of southern Mexico was liberated. In February 1812, the rebel army led by Molores encountered the main force of the Spanish army, and Molores was defeated. After the defeat, Molores carried out a strategic shift and political propaganda at the same time. He advocated Mexico's independence from Spain, the abolition of slavery and racial discrimination, and the confiscation of the land of large landowners and distribution to the underclass so that everyone could have land to cultivate.
Farm land
Molores' political views panicked the Spanish authorities, and they quickly dispatched two main forces to attack Molores in the Cailleja area. As a result, Molores was defeated, and the rebels fell into a slump for a while. In 1815, Molores was captured by Spanish colonists in the Tesmaraca area in order to escort his companions. After being captured, Mocres refused to compromise to the death, so he was eventually killed by the Spanish colonists. At this point, the second popular uprising at the bottom of Mexico was declared a failure. But the uprising had seriously shaken the foundations of Spanish colonial rule.
Third, Mexico's independence succeeded
Iturbide was a native white Mexican who was born into a large manor household. In his early years, he feared that the people at the bottom would revolt and confiscate and rob his wealth, so he stood in the camp of the Spanish colonists and worked with them to suppress and slaughter the uprising of the people at the bottom.
In March 1820, the outbreak of revolution in Spain led to political instability. The upper-class white natives in Mexico saw this opportunity and began to plan independence from Spanish rule. Independence required a leader, and the white Mexican class eventually chose Iturbide, who had participated in the suppression of the popular uprising at the bottom, as the new anti-colonial leader.
In February 1821, in a political propaganda campaign to the Mexican people in Iturbide, he stressed the need for all races to be united, that all peoples would be granted political participation, and that private property would be guaranteed inviolability. Since these political ideas were in line with the interests of the majority of Mexican society at the time, the Iturbide army soon expanded to 40,000 men. With enough troops, Iturbide took advantage of the situation to wage war against the Spanish colonists. In July of that year, the army led by Iturbide had approached the Mexican capital.
Iturbide
At the time, Spain had only 6,000 troops in Mexico, and its main control area was limited to a few large cities. In the face of the aggressive Iturbide, the Spanish colonists understood that they could no longer maintain their rule in Mexico. In August 1821, the Spanish governor in Mexico, Onaldho, recognized the de facto control of Mexico by Iturbide. On August 28 of that year, the Regency Council headed by Iturbide was established and officially declared Mexico's independence.
4. The absurd emperor
In May 1822, Iturbide, who led the Mexican independence movement to its ultimate success, absurdly proclaimed himself emperor in Mexico. This act that went against the course of history soon sparked resentment and resistance throughout Mexico. In March 1823, amid the condemnation of the Mexican people, Iturbide was forced to abdicate the imperial system. In January 1824, the Mexican Constituent Assembly was convened, which formally proclaimed the founding of the Mexican Republic. At this point, the Mexican people truly gained the independence of the country.
Iturbide called emperor
Wen Shijun said
The reason why Mexico was able to achieve national independence was on the one hand because of the outbreak of revolution in Spain itself, and it was unable to send troops to Mexico to suppress the uprising, on the other hand, because the two low-level people's uprisings led by Hidalg and Moorec dealt a heavy blow to the ruling forces of Spain, and then the upper-class native whites of Mexico represented by Iturbide seized the historical opportunity of the outbreak of revolution in Spain, formed their own army and regime in time, and finally achieved the success of the revolution. It can be seen that the main credit for Mexico's independence is due to the Mexican people at the bottom of the first two great uprisings, not to the upper class of white Mexicans.
Resources
Zhu Tingguang, editor: A Collection of Foreign Historical Events, China Social Sciences Press, 2017.
(US) William. Jordan: A History of Penguin Europe, CITIC Press, 2019.
(Author: Haoran Wenshi Kan Xiang)
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