1. Basic introduction
Unmanned aircraft, referred to as "unmanned aerial vehicles", are unmanned aircraft operated by radio-controlled equipment and self-contained program control devices, or operated autonomously by an on-board computer completely or intermittently.
According to the application field, UAV can be divided into military and civilian. In the military, UAVs are divided into reconnaissance aircraft and target aircraft. In terms of civil use, UAV + industry application is the real rigid demand of UAV; In aerial photography, agriculture, plant protection, micro-selfies, express transportation, disaster rescue, observation of wild animals, monitoring infectious diseases, surveying and mapping, news reporting, power inspection, disaster relief, film and television shooting, manufacturing romance and other fields of application, greatly expanding the use of UAVs themselves, developed countries are also actively expanding industry applications and developing UAV technology.
Second, the type of UAV
According to the classification of flight platform configuration, UAVs can be divided into:
1. Fixed-wing UAV
A fixed wing, as the name suggests, is a fixed wing that provides lift by the wind flowing through the wing. Fixed-wing drones need to run when taking off, and must glide when landing, but this type of drone has a long endurance, high flight efficiency and large load. Such UAVs use run-and-run or ejection takeoff, parachute landing or run-and-run landing, which has certain requirements for the site. Cruising distance, load and other indicators are significantly higher than multi-rotor UAVs.
Fixed-wing UAVs
2. Rotor UAV
Rotor UAV refers to a UAV that generates upward lift by the propeller and drives the UAV to fly as a whole. Rotorcraft UAVs can be divided into multi-rotor UAVs, helicopters, autogyroplanes, etc The advantages are foldable, vertical take-off and landing, hoverable, and low site requirements. The disadvantages are the shortest battery life and small load.
Multi-rotor drones are the preferred platform for consumer and some civilian uses, with flexibility between fixed-wing and helicopters (thrust is required for takeoff and landing), simple to operate, and low cost.
Rotor UAV
3. Unmanned airship
An airship is a lighter than air aircraft, and the biggest difference between it and a hot air balloon is that it has a device that propulss and controls the flight state. This type of aircraft is an ideal aerial platform, whether it is used for aerial surveillance, patrol, relay communications or aerial advertising flight, mission carrying test, power cable, its application range is wide.
Unmanned airship
4. Parachute wing UAV
Parachute UAV is an aircraft that replaces rigid wings with flexible paragliders, which are mostly triangular and rectangular. The wing can be folded and stored, and after opening, it uses the oncoming air flow to generate lift and lifts off, and the takeoff and landing run distance is short, only about 100 meters of runway, often used in transportation, communications, reconnaissance, exploration and scientific investigation.
The wings are unmanned
5. Flapping wing UAV
These craft are inspired by birds or insects and have small wings that can be transformed. It can take advantage of the aerodynamics of erratic airflow, as well as the use of muscle-like drives instead of electric motors. On the battlefield, micro-drones, especially insect-type drones, are not easy to attract the attention of the enemy. Even in peacetime, micro-drones are a lucrative tool for detecting nuclear, chemical and biological contamination and searching for disaster survivors.
Flapping wing drones
Third, the basic composition of UAVs
Taking the commonly used rotor UAV as an example, the UAV consists of the following parts:
1. Fuselage
It is the main skeleton of the drone, generally made of light materials to reduce the load of the drone, and other parts need to be installed according to the layout of the fuselage.
fuselage
2. Power system
(1) Propeller: the main component of the drone to generate thrust, the common multi-rotor UAV is generally equipped with 4 propellers, two clockwise rotation, two counterclockwise rotation.
propeller
(2) Motor: commonly known as motor, can convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, drive the propeller to rotate, thereby generating thrust.
(3) Electronic governor: It can not only adjust the motor speed, but also supply power to the servo of other channels on the remote control receiver, and can also convert the direct current provided by the battery into three-phase alternating current that can directly drive the motor.
(4) Power supply: providing energy for multi-rotor UAVs is directly related to important indicators such as hovering time, maximum load weight and flight distance of UAVs. Chemical batteries are usually used as the power source for electric drones.
Drone battery
3. Flight control system
Also known as flight management and control system, it is the brain of the drone and the core module. It connects equipment such as inertial measurement units (IMUs), GPS compasses, servos and remote-controlled receivers into the flight control system to realize the autonomous flight function of the aircraft. In addition to assisted flight control, some controllers also have a black box function that records flight data.
4. Mission load
In aerial drones, we call mission payload multi-finger cameras, and other fields can be radar, lasers, missiles and so on. The load of an aerial drone generally includes the following:
(1) Camera: Capture the picture on the flight path of the drone.
camera
(2) Gimbal: Commonly used are two-axis and three-axis gimbal, as the stabilization equipment of cameras and cameras, providing two-direction or three-direction stabilization control
Camera with 3-axis gimbal
(3) Image transmission system: the video compression technology, signal processing technology, channel coding technology and modulation and demodulation technology of the UAV image transmission system transmits the video shot by the UAV in the air to the ground remote control display end in real time wirelessly.
5. Remote control system
There are many ways to control UAVs, the most traditional is the remote control, in addition to the data radio used in the ground station. In addition, there are not particularly mainstream Bluetooth, wifi, 4G/5G, etc.
remote control
Fourth, the system characteristics of UAVs
1. Quick response
UAV aerial survey usually flies at low altitude, airspace application is convenient, and is less affected by climatic conditions. The requirements for take-off and landing sites are less restrictive, and the requirements for geographical airspace and meteorological conditions when acquiring data are low, which can solve the area monitoring function that cannot be achieved by manual detection. Simple operation and convenient transportation. The vehicle-mounted system can quickly reach the station near the operation area, and can obtain aerial survey results of tens to hundreds of square kilometers per day according to the mission requirements.
2. Timeliness and cost performance
Traditional high-resolution satellite remote sensing data generally faces two problems: first, the timeliness of archived data is poor; The second is that programming shooting can get the latest images, but it is generally longer, and the same timeliness is relatively low. UAV aerial photography can solve this problem well, the working group can set off at any time, shoot at any time, compared with satellite and manned machine mapping, it can be completed quickly in a short time, provide the results required by users in time, and the price has a considerable advantage. Compared with manual mapping, the operation efficiency of UAVs of at least tens of square kilometers per day will surely become the development trend of small-scale surveying and mapping in the future.
3. The monitoring area is restricted
Traditional large aircraft flight countries have regulations and restrictions, such as flight height greater than 5000m, so that there will inevitably be the influence of clouds, hindering the quality of the map. There is also a certain danger, and there is also a problem of border control in the border areas. Unmanned small aircraft solve these problems very well. Not limited by altitude, imaging quality and accuracy are much higher than aerial photography of large aircraft.
4. Rapid acquisition and modeling capabilities of land surface data
The digital cameras, digital color aerial cameras and other equipment carried by the system can quickly obtain surface information, obtain ultra-high-resolution digital images and high-precision positioning data, and generate two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization data such as DEM, three-dimensional orthophoto maps, three-dimensional landscape models, and three-dimensional surface models, which is convenient for the development and application of application systems in various environments.
5. Company profile and qualifications
1. Company profile
Established in February 2009, Shaanxi Haorong Surveying and Mapping Co., Ltd. is a professional surveying and mapping company established under Shaanxi Haorong Engineering Services Co., Ltd. It has been approved and registered by Shaanxi Administration for Industry and Commerce. Mainly engaged in etc.
Company front desk
The company has more than 50 employees, including 4 national registered surveyors, 8 senior engineers and 12 intermediate engineers. There are 25 assistant engineers and various professional and technical personnel, more than 80 sets of various equipment and mapping instruments, 6 multi-rotor UAVs, 3 fixed-wing UAVs, 30 GPS receivers, 40 total stations, 2 calibration stations, 17 theodolite units, 30 levels, rangefinders, handheld GPS, etc.
Since its establishment, the company has been committed to land resources, construction, civil affairs, agriculture, water conservancy, transportation, electric power and other industries and other technical services, in digital Shaanxi, resource survey, database construction, land planning, cadastral management, real estate market engineering mapping and UAV aerial survey, real estate surveying and mapping, geographic information system construction and software development and other aspects of undertaking many projects, by the government management departments and the majority of users have undertaken many projects. In the past development process, the company adheres to the professional spirit of "pioneering and innovative, honest and trustworthy, truth-seeking and pragmatic", has established good cooperative relations with related industries, and achieved remarkable results.
2. Enterprise qualification