Large ring butterflies, most species are little known
One of my favorite places to visit as a child was the Flower and Bird Market, which coincided with the rise of butterfly tourism crafts - a period of exuberance, and now it seems that various butterfly frame specimens of uneven quality have become the collection that I was very eager to see at that time; one of the large butterflies impressed me very much: the overall rounded wings, the slender antennae...The most striking of which is a circle of black arrows around the front of the wings and a column of large eye spots on the abdomen. At that time, I saw a variety of labels written under such butterflies, such as what Venus butterfly, goddess out of the mountain butterfly, big snake eye butterfly, and so on.
It was a long time after I got the first enlightenment popular science book that I learned that this thing is called the arrow ring butterfly, and there is more than one _ (: 3"∠) _
Lepidoptera
Nymphalidae
Subfamily Morphinae
Ring butterfly family Amathusiini
Stichophthalma
Part of the ring butterfly in Lepidoptera of the world
StichophthalmaC. & R. Felder, 1862, Macrobrachia insects, all endemic to Asia, spread horizontally from the Indian Peninsula to East China, from the Qinling Mountains to the southernmost part of Thailand. The habitat covers monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests from low-altitude river valleys to mid-to-high altitudes, with a variety of bamboos hosted by Poaceae, a poaceae, and palmaceae. According to many observations in the wild, this large ring butterfly generally occurs in summer and autumn, preferring to move at the edge of the woods or in the bamboo forest at noon and dusk, flying slowly, but once frightened, it will turn on rampage mode. The diet is also relatively heavy, rotten fruit, humic effusion and animal feces & carcasses are preferred in their menus_ (:3"∠)_
In Hunan, the Arrow Ring Butterfly S. howqua gathers at night to suck up sap
Members of the genus currently have a world record of 15 separate species, all of which are characterized by black arrow stripes of various shapes on the front outer margin of the wing and a row of eye spots of different sizes in the mid-ventral area. According to the geographical distribution and the characteristics of the wing pattern, the genus is currently divided into four species, namely howqua-group, nourmahal-group, lousia-group and cambodai-group, which is colloquially the division of nest head and bun [not]. Because the arrow ring butterfly is large and beautiful, and it is a unique taxon in Asia, some collectors call it "Morpho of Asia", that is, the "flash butterfly" in Asia, and the English name jungle queen also explains this very well; but from the current taxonomy, the arrow ring butterfly and the neotropical region of the small butterfly group are indeed relatively close. There are 9 species in China, and the other 6 species are widely distributed in the countries of the Indochina Peninsula.
-------------------------------- howqua-group---------------------------------
Stichophthalma howqua (Westwood, 1851)
The model species of the genus Arrow ring butterfly are the most simple in appearance and the most widely distributed. The source of the model is actually Shanghai... However, given that the magic capital was not yet developed at that time, it can also be understood; nowadays, the not far away West Tianmu can see many arrow ring butterflies every year during the occurrence period, and some areas are overwhelmed by the explosion, and the bamboo forest seems to have set off a yellow storm. It is mainly distributed in Central China, East China, Southwest China, Hainan and Taiwan. He is very fond of gathering crowds to squash or sucking sap, and this is also one of the most common large ringed butterflies in The country.
Arrow ring butterfly larvae, dense fear patients retreat. The image is from Google
Ecological map of the Taiwan subspecies of the arrow ring butterfly, the figure is derived from Google
There are three subspecies distributed in China: ssp.howqua nominate subspecies, ssp.formosana Taiwan subspecies, and Hainanese subspecies ssp.bowringi.
Arrow ring butterfly nominate subspecies
Arrow ring butterfly Hainan Asian species
Arrow ring butterfly Taiwan subspecies
Stichophthalma suffusaLeech, 1892
It is very extremely close to the arrow ring butterfly, and the appearance is equally simple, but the arrow pattern on the front of its wings is darker and thicker than that of the howqua, and the arrow pattern close to the hip angle of the hindwing will have a large area of fusion, which is also one of the bases for differentiation. However, this previous taxonomic status has existed for a long time as a subspecies or variant of the arrow ring butterfly, and there is almost no difference in the male external genitalia, only the juvenile morphology has a lost gap, the current mainstream classification view is still treated as an independent species, and more support is still needed in the future. Widely distributed in central, southern and southwestErn China in China, the model origin is Sichuan Emei mountain [the most in Sichuan]
Vietnam's Huaxi arrow ring butterflies gather to suck sap
There are two subspecies distributed in China: the ssp.suffusa nominate subspecies and the ssp.tokiniana North Vietnamese subspecies.
West Arrow Ring Butterfly nominate subspecies
North Vietnamese subspecies of the West China Arrow Ring Butterfly
Sparta arrow ring butterfly Stichophthalma sparta de Nicéville, 1894
The name is very domineering type, listening to the whole person is Spartan, and at the same time inherits the usual urine nature of this species: it looks very similar. However, the biggest feature of this species is that the hind wings are like torpedoes, which can no longer be called arrow patterns, nuclear bomb patterns are good ~ the distribution is very narrow, the pattern origin is Manipur, today's Htawgaw area in northwestern Myanmar, in China only distributed in the Dulongjiang area in northwestern Yunnan, relatively rare species ~ overseas distribution in Myanmar and other places.
In the original literature, it is hand-drawn, and the black lines of the hindwing nuclear bomb are eye-catching
Ecological map of the Spartan arrow ring butterfly on the Indian butterfly website
There is a subspecies distributed in China: ssp. Gongshana Subspecies.
Spartan arrow ring Pterophorus subspecies
-------------------------- nourmahal-group-----------------------------------
Stichophthalma neumogeni Leech, 1892
Compared with the first two, this species is more petite, and howqua is two species in the genus Arrow Ring Butterfly that can be distributed to the northernmost line [Qinling Area], its other name may be slightly more popular, called Qingcheng Arrow Ring Butterfly [because it is found in Sichuan Qingcheng Mountain name, in fact, its model origin is Emei Mountain, but in that area], China and 1963 also issued a set of butterfly stamps, including it ~ because the species has white white white spots at the top of the forewing, Chinese called double star arrow ring butterfly, mainly distributed in East China , Central And Southwest China.
Double star arrow ring butterfly stamp issued by our country
Double star arrow ring butterfly ecological map, the figure is derived from Google
There are two subspecies distributed in China: ssp. Neumogeni nominate subspecies, ssp.renqingduojiei Tibetan South Asian species.
Nominate subspecies of the double-star arrow-ring butterfly
Double-star arrow ring butterfly Tibetan South Asian species
Stichophthalma nourmahal Westwood, 1851
It is no exaggeration to say that this species is one of the most mysterious species in the whole genus of arrow ring butterflies, and the number of appearances since its publication is not very large, the pattern is produced in Sikkim, and throughout the distribution of its subordinate subspecies, most of them are in the dense forests of the southern Himalayas, such as northeast India and Nepal, Bhutan and other places. This strange thing is only distributed in the central part of Hainan Island in China, but given the geographical differentiation of species and fragmented reports, it seems to exist in northern Vietnam. I had only seen a very limited number of specimens before, until I personally met his Buddha-figure in Hainan this year, at the right time and in the right place, and at that moment I really felt the good [seriousness] of living beauty.
Hand drawings from the original document
Ecological map of the heart-spotted arrow ring butterfly on the Indian website
There is a subspecies distributed in China: ssp. Chuni Hainanese species.
South Asian species of the heart-spotted arrow-ring butterfly
The heart-spotted arrow ring butterfly prefers an environment with very high humidity
--------------------------------lousia-group-----------------------------------
Stichophthalma mathilda Janet, 1905
Yes, there is no shortage of such large butterflies in countless cheap butterfly tourism crafts, especially butterflies from Yunnan. The apricot yellow wings with a touch of white are really eye-catching. The taxonomic status of this species has undergone twists and turns, and was initially proposed as an independent species, with the type of origin in Laos and northern Vietnam, and has long been placed in S. The subspecies of lousia was later promoted to a separate species by the Maozi scholar Monastyrskii & Devyatkin (2008), but the use of Chinese name is more entangled: the country has always regarded this as lousia, Chinese called the white-sleeved arrow ring butterfly, but the real louisia is not distributed in China, in view of the long-term use of this name, this species is still called the white-sleeved arrow ring butterfly is more appropriate
White-sleeved arrow ring butterfly ecological map, the figure is derived from Google
In China, it is only found in southern and southeastern Yunnan, and the peak period is huge, occurring at the same time as the yellow howqua ~ it is distributed abroad in Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and north-central Thailand.
Below are some of the white-sleeved arrow-ring butterflies from different origins, with different phenotypes.
White-sleeved arrow ring butterfly in southern Yunnan
White-sleeved arrow-ring butterfly in northern Thailand
White-sleeved arrow ring butterfly in central Vietnam
Stichophthalma louisa Wood-Mason, 1877
This is the Buddha-figure of the White Sleeve Arrow Ring Butterfly, but in view of the problem of the name specification mentioned above, this transliteration is Louis Arrow Ring Butterfly is better ~ the overall whitening, the black arrow pattern is more and more delicate, the pattern is produced in the border area between northwest Thailand and Myanmar, distributed in Thailand except for the north-central and eastern parts, and this species is also the southern line of the distribution of the Arrow Ring Butterfly. It is directly mentioned that although there are many subspecies, the outer edges of the wings of the only nominated subspecies are whitish, and they take a breath of fairy breath
Ecological map of the white-sleeved arrow-ring butterfly, illustrated as a subspecies of simonsis, derived from Google
White-sleeved arrow-ring butterfly nominate subspecies
Stichophthalma eamesi Monastyrskii, Devyatkin & Uemura, 2000
Species published more recently, the type origin is the Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve in south-central Vietnam, and this species is also endemic to the high-altitude forests of south-central Vietnam, which was initially treated as a subspecies of lousia, and later it was still the Maozi scholar Monastyrskii & Devyatkin (2008) who promoted it to a separate species, and the overall morphology can be considered to be the white coded version of the hindwings of the white sleeve arrow ring butterfly [spread hand], Combined with the characteristics of the markings, I gave it a Chinese name [white moment] is easier to remember~
White-moment arrow ring butterfly
Stichophthalmadevyatkin Monastyrskii, 2013
The most recent species of the genus, like the eamesi above, is a high-altitude endemic species in Vietnam, distributed only in a highland forest area in southern Vietnam, and the model origin is the Honba Nature Reserve. The overall shape is very similar to the white-sleeved arrow ring butterfly, but the black arrow ring of the hindwing is very dense and the outer edge is white, so I took it upon myself to give him a Chinese name _(:3"∠)_ It is worth mentioning that Vietnam has a white-sleeved arrow ring butterfly mathilda distribution from north to south, and the pattern changes are very close to the same distribution of eamesi and this kind of very close, I have to lament that vietnam spans thousands of kilometers of different patterns of north and south, which has bred such a diversity of species differentiation. In those dense forests that have not seen the light of day for many years, there are still many secrets waiting to be excavated... Far away, this is the kind named after the hairy scholar Alexander L. Monastyrskii in honor of his late friend Alexey L. Devyatkin, with a faint hint of sadness... The latter died in 2012, and the two worked together in Vietnam to conduct years of species surveys and publish a number of new species.
The black-striped arrow-ring butterfly in the literature is attracted to rotten fruits
Black-striped arrow ring butterfly
Stichophthalma camadeva Westwood, 1848
Very stunning large [cross out]... Giant species, but also one of the westernmost species of the genus, the type of origin is Sikkim, mainly distributed in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Southeast Tibet, along the Himalayas differentiated species, the whole body backlight shows a very magical indigo purple. It is worth mentioning that its species name camadeva means "Shiva" in Sanskrit, and it adds some mysterious "Asan" breath to the species itself
Stamps issued in India with the Himal horse and arrow ring butterfly
Ecological map of the Hima arrow ring butterfly in the Indian butterfly website
There is a subspecies distributed in China: ssp. Aborica Tibetan South Asian species.
South Asian species of The Hibiscus arrow ring butterfly
--------------------------------cambodia-group--------------------------------
Stichophthalma leJoicey & Talbot, 1921
Back to the nest head mode, the overall yellowing of the species, but the arrow pattern and the ordinary arrow ring butterfly are not the same, always give people a feeling of fragmentation. The pattern origin is Hainan, but also the unique species of Hainan Island, at the beginning of the publication as a subspecies of the double star arrow ring butterfly, the previous few years promoted to an independent species, with the other two kinds of arrow ring butterflies on Hainan Island distribution, the black arrow pattern of the hindwing blade is its more obvious identification feature, but it is still easy to be confused with howqua when flying, in Hainan I have repeatedly recognized the two of them...
The Lei Arrow Ring Butterfly in the Original Literature
Lei Arrow Ring Butterfly
Stichophthalma fruhstorferi Röber, 1903
Or the Fu's arrow-ring butterfly, named after the famous 19th-century German Lepidoptera taxonomy Fruhstorfer. H is the species named after the type, and the pattern origin is northern Vietnam. Yes, a series of species that started with this species began to enter the peak value mode of the genus Arrow Ring Butterfly. The most prominent appearance feature of this is that the base of the white-sleeved arrow ring butterfly is installed with its exaggerated black long arrow pattern, brushing the white edge of the wings, and the backlight can see the lilac luster; at the same time, the distribution range of this is also narrow, only distributed in the southern part of Guangxi Province to the north-central region of Vietnam, which is as bad as the bloom time and howqua, but a white storm.)
Ecological map of the white-pocketed arrow ring butterfly, derived from Google
The white-pocketed arrow ring butterfly in southern Guangxi
Stichophthalma uemurai Nishimura, 1998
The more recently published species, the type origin is Bao Lok in central Vietnam, named after a Japanese taxonomist, Chinese name is a good name for itself. The same species that are differentiated from vietnam's diverse landforms are only distributed in the south-central region, and the whole is a white-hooded arrow ring butterfly with an indigo filter, which occurs in the local area for more than a year, and the peak period is a cyan storm
It is worth mentioning that the indigo and purple-blue mixture presented from different angles is really a very psychedelic .jpg.
Cambodian arrow ring butterfly Stichophthalma cambodia Hewitson, 1862
Rare species, the distribution range is also very narrow, the mode of origin is Cambodia [the specific location is not available], as the name suggests the main distribution area for Cambodia, southwest Vietnam and northeast Thailand, the whole is the enhanced version of the above umurai, but the cyan filter added more ~ life history and so on are also relatively little known. Speaking of this there is a small episode: the previous year when the examination was held, Gestalt filled in the blank to tell the marriage customs of a certain country in Southeast Asia, I looked at the name of that country is not able to remember what it is called, I can only do the back of the topic first, when reading almost done, I suddenly remembered that there is such a species of Latin name is the name of this country, OK, is Cambodia√ immediately go back to do it, because I have been there before, so more or less a little understanding, the question is more convenient, so the final English score is not bad ~
Cambodian arrow ring butterfly in the original literature
Cambodian arrow ring butterfly
The side backlights are very nicely indigo-cyan
Stichophthalma godfreyiRothschild, 1916
The last finale type, of course, I don't know Chinese who named it and simply used it. However, the overall look is really quite impressive ~ one of the most southernly distributed species, the type of origin is Kanchanaburi in southern Thailand. This kind of wing surface is extremely exaggerated color matching and unrestrained pattern makes people addicted, and added a very thick blue-blue filter, backlight visible metallic luster, more exotic style, this is the arrow ring butterfly's appearance limit ~ I hope to have the opportunity to go to Thailand to see its style later.
The ecological map of the divine arrow ring butterfly is derived from Google
Divine Arrow Ring Butterfly
These are all the species currently recorded in the world, and some subspecies will not be described too much. Maybe somewhere in the forest of Southeast Asia, there are new members waiting for us to discover ~ after all, it is the jungle queen!
The number of arrow ring butterflies occurs when it occurs, Yan Xu photographs.