Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich - Lenin called it the "Great Patriarch of All-Russia"

（1875—1946）

　　Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, born on November 7, 1875 in the village of Obertroy, Kolcheva County, Tver Province. Kalinin's parents were not wealthy farmers. He helped his father run the business until he was 13 years old. At the age of 10, he began to learn culture with a veteran who did not know much; At the age of 11, he entered the local autonomous primary school of the neighboring landlady Morduhai-Boletovskaya estate, where he played games with the children of the school. After graduating from primary school, he came out on top and went to work as a servant in Morduhey-Bowletovskaya, who was then living in Petersburg.

In his words, the duties of the acolyte were not fulfilled well and were very unintentional. However, the servants enabled him to read many of the collections of the Morduhai-Boletovskaya household. At the age of 16 the hostess decided to let Kalinin apprentice at the ammunition factory in Petersburg, where he attended night school at the factory. After working at the plant for two years, he joined the Putilov factory as a rotary worker. Here Kalinin had the earliest political friendships; He joined the political group, but soon disbanded. Kalinin, however, continued to engage in political life, becoming acquainted with Parshukov, a worker who was getting into old age, and Tula workers, who were associated with the underground.

In 1898, Kalinin began to work in a group, which was headed by Fomin, a student of the Faculty of Engineering. Six months later, the university student was arrested and replaced by someone else. Kalinin joined the Social Democratic Party in 1898 and continued to work at the Puttilov factory, where there were already several political groups. In 1898 Kalinin began to publish articles in the press (articles in the newspaper of workers' thought). The following year Kalinin was arrested for the first time and accused of belonging to the "St. Petersburg Association for the Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class", one of its founders was Lenin.

After 10 months in prison, Kalinin was exiled to the Caucasus. Stopped by his home in the countryside and then went to Tifries, where he worked as a melancer on the railroad and worked underground among the Tifris workers. Expelled from the railway after a strike, Kalinin went to work in a private factory, but was soon completely deprived of his residency in the Caucasus and was therefore transferred to Rieveri. In Rieveri he entered the "Volt" factory, and a year later returned to work on the railway, where he continued to work underground.

In 1903 Kalinin was arrested again and taken to Petersburg prison, where he was held for 6 months. Kalinin recalls this time: "A new trend was already felt in 1903. The entire detention center is full of political prisoners, noisy and unscrupulous. I don't remember what reason the protest began. The quiet prison became an insane asylum. The authorities intensified their repression, and the prisoners responded with a hunger strike. Kalinin was transferred to the "Cross Prison", where he was severely beaten with 41 prisoners, one of whom died. A month and a half after the beating, Kalinin was released and again forced to go to Rieveri and enter the "Vod" factory where he used to work.

Another arrest in early 1904 and sentenced to four years' exile in Siberia; However, due to the outbreak of the war with Japan, Siberia was replaced by the province of Olonets, where he lived until his release in 1905. After a short stay at home in the countryside, he returned to the Puttilov factory in Petersburg, where he served as a member of the district committee and a member of the combat command. After being dismissed for the strike, Kalinin returned to the countryside for a few months, then returned to Petersburg and entered the ammunition factory. But he did not stay anywhere long: he transferred from the ammunition plant to the Leikhlik instrument plant; Under arrest; back to the countryside; went to Moscow and worked at tram stations; reappeared at the artillery plant in Petersburg two years later; Finally, after his arrest, he was deported back to the countryside, where he lived for a full year and engaged in agriculture. During this time Kalinin never interrupted revolutionary activity:

In 1906, it belonged to the Bolsheviks; Worked in the Central Hardware Union; Serve as a member of the district committee; Participation in the publication of workers' newspapers; Attended the party's Stockholm Congress as a delegate. During his stay in the countryside, he was carefully searched, but he was not arrested because the neighbour farmer testified in his favour of his political activities. In the first years of the war, Kalinin worked at the Petrograd "Avas" plant, the most technologically advanced and revolutionary motive of the Petrograd factories.

In November 1916, Kalinin was arrested again and scheduled to be exiled to Siberia; The revolution broke out in February 1917, freeing him. Actively participated in the preparations for the October Revolution. When the city Duma was re-elected, Kalinin was elected head of the city. In 1919 Kalinin was elected a member of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party, after Sverdlov's death he became Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and in 1923 Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In March 1919, Lenin defended Kalinin's candidacy: "We believe that socialist agriculture can only be achieved through a series of agreements with the middle peasants.

And we know that comrades, who worked more during the revolutionary period, were not always good at approaching the middle peasants well. The question of dealing with the middle peasants is more acute on the mainland than in our European comrades, and we should therefore allow such a comrade to lead Soviet power, who can show that we will genuinely implement the decisions of the Party Congress in our attitude towards the middle peasants. We know that we can solve this task if we find a comrade who has both life experience and is familiar with the life of the middle peasants, and I think that the candidate you see in the newspaper today meets all these conditions. That candidate is Kalinin. [1] Since his main task as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee was to strengthen the ties between the working masses and the peasants, Kalinin frequently toured the provinces. In 1919 he demanded the abolition of local food barriers on the grounds that the peasants had a negative attitude towards them, and that it was difficult for them to understand "the merits of these decisions taken by the highest authorities aimed at fulfilling certain orders".

　　[1] See The Complete Works of Lenin, vol. 29, pp. 203-205. —Translator's note

　　See Biography of the Twelve (Moscow Publishing House of the Workers, 1924), M. I. Kalinin ("Red Virgin Land", 1924), Izvestia, 8 February 1924.

(Biography approved by me)

Translated by Zheng Yifan

Kalinin continued

　　In 1919 Kalinin succeeded Sverdlov, who died of illness, as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee. Trotsky said that he proposed Kalinin as chairman and called him the "all-Russian patriarch." He was a member of the Central Committee of the United Communist Party from 1919 to 1946, an alternate member of the Politburo from 1919 to 1926, and a member of the Politburo from 1926 to 1946.

　　In 1932, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the United Communist Party decided to exile the "rich peasants" who had been expelled from the collective farms. Asked for advice on the deportation of 38,000 families on May 4, Kalinin wrote: "I see this action as unfounded. "Two weeks later the Politburo reversed its decision and suspended the operation that had already begun. In January 1938 Kalinin was elected Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In March 1946, he was relieved of this position and replaced as a member of the Presidium.

　　Her wife Ekaterina Ivanovna was arrested in 1938 and nominally pardoned in 1945, but was not released until May 1946. Kalinin died on June 3, 1946, and his ashes were laid on the walls of the Kremlin.