Chinese there is a saying of "next generation relatives", so when I saw Dou Yuan's grandfather's "Portrait of Dou Sheng of the Fourteenth Ancestor", I couldn't help but smile.
In the painting, Dou Shengduan sits on a chestnut-colored Chinese-style wooden table, with a regular official hat and a white beard. In the background is a green pine cypress, and on the left and right sides of the circular flower trellises are placed a pot of orchids - this is the composition of the painter: the green pine cypress indicates longevity, and the orchid symbolizes purity and elegance. In fact, these are all embellishments and flakes. The most moving thing about this painting is the child held in Dou Sheng's hand, and from the data records and Dou Sheng's age, it is undoubtedly Dou Yuan. Dou Yan was still a child at that time, two or three years old, fleshy, pink, wearing a small round hat, wearing a red, in tone, is definitely the highlight of the whole painting. Unlike Grandpa Dou Sheng's dignified serenity, his grandson Dou Sheng's hands were not idle, his mouth was not idle, and he was trying to grab Grandpa's neckline or beard, and his mouth seemed to be wah-wah-wah-wah-wah- The two grandchildren, one quiet and one noisy. Grandpa is serene and loving; The grandchildren are innocent and funny, cute and cute. You can't imagine that this is the late life of an old Chinese man who has passed through the ranks, officials, and written books in the late 18th and early 18th centuries (Dou Sheng Sheng died 1724-1808), more than 200 years ago. Therefore, among the portraits of historical figures who are sitting precariously, I think that Dou Sheng's portrait is particularly warm, especially with human feelings and heavenly happiness. Because at that time, the camera had not yet been invented (the world's first camera came out in 1841), it was a luxury to ask a painter to draw people, and ordinary people could not think of it. And when painting Dou Sheng's portrait, the master actually asked the painter to draw a picture of him holding his grandson, what an enlightened old man, this is an old man who loves his grandson so much! But at that time, who could have predicted that the child in the hands of this old man would become a historical and cultural celebrity Dou Qu in the future, just like the Yueyang Lou Changlian he wrote, and it would be passed down through the ages!
In fact, this portrait of Dou Sheng, subjectively painting Dou Sheng, objectively shows a kind of inheritance relationship. This relationship has two meanings:
One is blood. The Dou clan is a prominent presence among the surnames of ancient China, and has been around for more than 4,000 years since Xia Shaokang received the surname. The Yunnan Shizong Shuji Dou clan, from the first ancestor to the present, has multiplied for twenty-five generations. Of course, the biggest fame is Dou Yuan. Dou Qu (1803~1865), also spelled Yu Tuo, also spelled Zizhou, number Lanquan, Qing Jiaqing 8th year (1803) birth, ancestral home of Jiangnan Taichuan, Ming Dynasty moved to Yunnan, now Yunnan Shizong County Shuji Village. In the ninth year of Daoguang (1829), at the age of 26, he passed the examination for his ugly department. After that, he successively served as the chief of the bureaucracy, the walking of the Examination Meritorious Division, the chief of the Wenxuan Division, the Langzhong of the Yuanwailang, the Department of Studying and Sealing the Seal, and the Chronicle of the Daofu, and later promoted to the Inspector of the Imperial History of Jiangxi Province, and the Chincha handled the Yunnan regimental class. In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), he died in Guizhou at the age of sixty-two. With Dou Qu as the main line, two generations are traced, namely Dou Yuan's grandfather Dou Sheng, followed by his father Dou Yujun. Dou Sheng is the 14th ancestor, Dou Yujun is the 15th ancestor, and Dou Qu is the 16th ancestor. The three generations of the Dou clan, from Zhi County, the prefect to the imperial history, have been in the same line, and the ladder has risen.
The second is family style. Shizong County Shuji Village Dou clan lineage: ancestor I to 10th, martial arts hereditary; From the eleventh to the present, Shuxiang Mendi, the family of officials and eunuchs. Once known as "father and son as the border general, grandson led the Xie Yuan", known as the "Eastern Yunnan Wang", not only in the jinshi, only from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China during the period of 25 county officials. After the founding of New China, among the families with only more than 300 households and more than 4,000 people, more than 600 people worked outside, with an average of two people in each household, of which 40% were taught, which shows the prosperity of its cultural fortunes. Especially in the "poetry and book heirloom" and "career ups and downs", the three generations of the Dou clan have the achievements of "three immortals in life" of virtue, meritorious service and speech, which have been precipitated over the years, and finally gave birth to the "Shuxiang Mendi", and gradually formed in the "Precepts" of his family, perfected and matured among the elite figures of the past generations, and finally nourished the good family style of the Dou family. If there is a grandfather, there must be a grandson, and if there is a father, there must be a son, and this is the influence of family style on future generations.
Back to Dou Sheng, he is actually a typical Confucian intellectual.
First of all, Dou Sheng is very self-disciplined. He was 12 years old and was admitted to the student (Xiucai), who once bought a brick platform in Luoping City, and carved a motto on it, which reads: "Be cautious and independent, and do not deceive yourself; The day is new and new, and the abstinence is also dead. "He taught private schools in the grain road, and he never received extra money from others, nor did he envy the glory and wealth. He worked as an official in Shanxi, and the income was used frugally in the province of Qilu and sent to his brother every month for household expenses. After starting a family, he paid more attention to tutoring, known as "fair and diligent" as the criterion, he once wrote a pair of Yang Lian: "Filial piety at home, so that a hundred lines are smooth; Be humble and natural, and everything will be prosperous. After the death of his wife Bai Shi, he resolutely refused to remarry and remained indifferent.
Secondly, Dou Sheng was very filial. He worked in the field and immediately brought in his elderly parents to support him. When his parents died, he was devastated and did not want to die; After his brother's death, he regarded his brother's two sons as his own and carefully raised them. His nephew died young, and he raised his nephew until he started a family. Because of Dou Sheng's filial piety and responsibility, the Dou family did not separate the family for four generations at that time, and nearly a hundred people ate in one pot, which was a good story in the local area.
Third, Dou Sheng was very friendly. In the eighteenth year of Qianlong (1753), Dou Sheng was selected as a gongsheng by the prefecture, the government, and the provincial school, went to the provincial city of Wuhua Academy, and became acquainted with Qian Feng (Zi Nanyuan), the two of them felt sorry for each other, the friendship was deep, and although the road was wrong, he always maintained correspondence and became friends of Mo Rebellion.
Fourth, Dou Sheng respected his teacher and re-taught. When he was serving as a teacher in Jianshui County, he saw that the Jianshui Temple had fallen into disrepair and there were temples without learning, so he donated silver to restore the Temple of Literature, advocated the construction of the Chongwen Academy, presided over the ceremony of worshipping holes, and restored the Confucian tradition. When he was serving as a scholar in Zhao Prefecture (present-day Xiangyun County, Dali), he donated silver to set up a "township examination paper gold" to fund the students of the Han Gate to strive for fame through the imperial examination. He had mobilized relatives and friends to build a college in Longchuan (present-day Longdian), and when his family's savings ran out, he sold his wife's hairpin and bracelet.
Fifth, Dou Sheng was a clean and honest official. In the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769), the imperial court ordered Fu Heng, a military chancellor and a scholar of the Bohol Temple, to serve as a jingluo, and the university scholar Ah Gui as the main general, to lead an army to resist the invasion of Burma adjacent to Yunnan. As a result, Dou Sheng became acquainted with Fu Heng and Ah Gui, two important ministers. Ah Gui was impressed by Dou Sheng's character and knowledge, and after the Pingmian class returned to Beijing, he confronted the Qianlong Emperor and praised Dou Sheng for being "competent and promising in his academic and political positions" and should be guaranteed. In the forty-fourth year of Qianlong (1779), the imperial court demoted Dou Sheng to be a professor of Dali Prefecture, and was subsequently promoted to Zhixian in Xiangshan County, Ningbo Province, Zhejiang. After Dou Sheng took office, he rewarded Nongsang and developed the sea salt drying industry, which was deeply supported by the people. In the forty-eighth year of Qianlong (1783), Dou Sheng was transferred to Hongdongzhi County, Shanxi. He was honest and honest, acted impartially, taught farmers to persuade him to cultivate, donated 300 taels of silver, rebuilt the Xuegong, and restarted the ceremony of worshipping holes. Later, he donated three years of personal Qilu to build the altar of the shrine and dredge the moat and drainage ditch. He inscribed a couplet on the pillar of the warm pavilion - "Do not bear the burden of others to call parents, in order to shadow their own children and grandchildren", to spur himself to be diligent in government for the people, for this reason, when he told the old man to return to his hometown, the people of Hongdong County wanted to build a moral government arch for him, and he tried his best to dissuade him and donated the materials to the academy that was being repaired. When he left Hongdong County, the officials and gentry and villagers rushed to set up feasts for him, and the other people stretched for miles.
Sixth, Dou Sheng was diligent and studious. Dou Sheng did not release the classics, the science of science, and the books such as "Family Rituals", "Four Rites", "Four Li's Wings", and "Lü Zi's Groaning Language". He read through the classics of scripture and history, concentrated on the study of the doctrine of the "Five Sons of the Song Dynasty", and whenever the Wuhua Academy took the monthly examination and accepted the examination of the scholars, he often ranked first, and his article "Guan Feng Tried to Propose Dong Zhongshu Tianren's Three Strategies", which the envoys called unique in Yunnan. He told his old man to return to his hometown for more than twenty years and still worked tirelessly, and often used the ancient admonition to encourage himself. He was very learned and wrote extensively throughout his life. At the age of seventeen, he wrote "Rebuke the Buddha's Shallow Theory" and "The Four Seasons of the Tian Family", and he wrote articles such as "The Theory of Foot Binding", "Geographical Theory", and "The Theory of Keeping Festivals", which refuted stereotypes and feudal superstitions, reflecting the progress and enlightenment of Dou Sheng's thought. In his middle age, he wrote "Yun Yu Cao", and in his later years, he wrote "Yong Cao" and other works, as well as the collection of essays "Zi Yun Zhai Shi Cao". Dou Sheng also attached importance to the "poetry book heirloom", and he wrote a couplet: "Shou Ancestor Yi Fang Jiaoze; May the generations of children and grandchildren be fragrant. Nowadays, all the people of the Shuji Dou clan regard this couplet as a divine union and respectfully hang it on both sides of the offering table, so as to educate future generations not to forget their ancestors and study diligently. Since then, Dou's descendants, rich and poor, regardless of men and women, have formed a good trend of literacy and reading.
It was in Dou Sheng's generation, leading by example, taking the lead in setting an example, passing on poetry and books, educating people in family style, supporting Qingfeng with the fragrance of books, and using the image of Qingfeng Tree to cultivate his son "Dou Yujun, a good official in Jiangnan", his grandson Dou Yuan, who supervised Yushi Dou, and thousands of descendants of the Shuji Dou clan, becoming a model for the whole society to learn.