Original author: Yu Shiliang
When the emperor is a complex skill, it is necessary to learn and practice diligently.
——Zhao Dongmei (1)
Sun Deng (209–241), high character. A native of Fuchun, Wu Commandery (present-day Fuyang, Zhejiang). During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Wu was the eldest son of Sun Quan the Great, and the first crown prince of Sun Quan. Sun Deng was once regarded by posterity as Sun Quan's best successor, was he a qualified candidate for the emperor? This question is worth exploring.
In the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Sun Quan sneaked in and killed Guan Yu and snatched all of Jingzhou from Liu Bei, and in order to prevent Liu Bei's retaliation, Sun Quan declared himself a vassal to Cao Wei.
In the second year of the Huang Dynasty (221), Emperor Cao Pi of Wei made Sun Quan the Prince of Wu, and appointed Sun Quan's eldest son Sun Deng as the general of Dongzhong Lang and made him the Marquis of Wanhu.
Regarding Sun Deng's reasons for not accepting Emperor Wen of Wei's title, Sun Quan could say that there were two reasons: First, Sun Deng, who was only 12 years old, should resign his title and not accept the title; The second is to resign on the grounds that Sun Deng claimed to be ill. The real reason is that if Sun Deng accepted the title of Emperor Wen of Wei, then Sun Quan should send Sun Deng to Luoyang. And Sun Quan knew very well in his heart that the name of this place was to become an official in Luoyang, in fact, he wanted Sun Deng to be a hostage. In order to no longer be subject to others, Sun Quan resolutely refused to send Sun Deng to Luoyang.
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Wu Lord records, "At the beginning, Sun Quan pretended to be a vassal of the State of Wei, but in his heart he was very insincere and honest. The State of Wei wanted to send the servants Xin Bi and Shangshu Huanjie to Wuchang to swear an alliance with Sun Quan, and asked Sun Quan to send his son Sun Deng to wei as a hostage, but Sun Quan vigorously resigned and refused to accept it. ”
I. Sun Quan created a delicate "flower pot" for cultivating sun deng's "flower"
(1) Meticulous education. In the second year of the Huang Dynasty (221), Sun Quan made Sun Deng crown prince, when he was only 12 years old. Sun Quan carefully selected teachers for him and found excellent people to be his guests. Therefore, Zhuge Ke, son of Zhuge Jin, the taishou of Nan commandery, Zhang Xiu, son of The Suiyuan general Zhang Zhao, Gu Tan, grandson of Gu Yong, and Chen Biao, son of the partial general Chen Wu, were selected to enter the palace, teach him poetry, and go out to accompany him on horseback.
Sun Quan wanted Sun Deng to read the Book of Han and understand modern history, and he thought that Zhang Zhao was very knowledgeable in the Book of Han, but Zhang Zhao (156-236) was already 66 years old when Sun Deng was made crown prince. In order not to let him be too tired, Sun Quan asked Zhang Xiu to learn from his father Zhang Zhao first, and then return to teach Sun Deng.
Sun Deng's colleagues generally adopted the etiquette of a commoner, sometimes sharing the same car with Zhuge Ke, Zhang Xiu, Gu Tan and others, and sometimes sharing a bed.
The empress dowager Zhang Wen said to Sun Quan: "Zhongshuzi is the closest and closest official, and when he is at the side of the prince, he should choose someone with outstanding intelligence and moral character. So he appointed Chen Biao and others as zhongshuzi. Later, because of the etiquette of the Shuzi, they were still asked to sit with them in ordinary clothes.
(2) The goodness of Qin and Jin. In the sixth year of the Huang Dynasty (225), Sun Quan married Zhou Yu's daughter to crown princess for Sun Deng, and ordered the chancellor Cheng Bing to welcome Zhou Concubine from Wu Commandery to Wuchang and teach Sun Deng, and Sun Quan attached great importance to this marriage.
According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Wu, Sun Quan hired the daughter of Zhou Yu for the crown prince Sun Deng, and Cheng Bing, as the taichang official in charge of etiquette, went to Wu County to greet the crown princess, and Sun Quan personally came to Cheng Bing's ship and gave him a very generous courtesy. After returning, Cheng Bing calmly persuaded Sun Deng: "Marriage is the beginning of human morality and the foundation of the wang religion, so the Holy King attaches great importance to it, uses it to rule the people and influence the world, so the Book of Poetry praises Guan Ju and lists it as the first part of the book. It is hoped that the prince will honor the liturgy in the boudoir and preserve the virtues praised in the Zhou Nan, which will make the Wang Daojiao flourish at the top and the sound of praise rise from the bottom. Sun Deng smiled and said, "I want to help me become virtuous, correct and remedy my mistakes, and sincerely rely on you." ”
Later, Rui Xuan's daughter was also hired as a concubine. In the same year, Taichang Guyong welcomed his mother to Wuchang, and Sun Deng personally went to celebrate him after the meeting with the Secretary of State
(Grass Flower)
(3) To be promoted to crown prince. In the first year of Huanglong (229), Sun Quan declared himself emperor, and made the 20-year-old Sun Deng the crown prince, using Zhuge Ke as the left auxiliary capital lieutenant, Zhang Xiu as the right bow capital lieutenant, Gu Tan as the auxiliary capital lieutenant, Chen Biao as the wing zheng du lieutenant, which was called the four friends, and Xie Jing, Fan Shen, Diao Xuan, Yang Zheng and other people were all served as the guests of the crown prince, and the Eastern Palace was known as a large number of scholars.
Sun Deng's transition from Prince Wu to Crown Prince Wu was smooth. It may be said that when Sun Quan made Sun Deng the Crown Prince of Wu, he cultivated him with his heart. Parents always want to use the best environment, the best teacher, the best playmate, to care for their son. Poor parents in the world, Sun Quan is no exception. Just like the gardener in order to cultivate the grass in the pot (2), a thousand hard, as careful, the grass flowers grow very well, the floral fragrance is overflowing. However, the grass in the pot can only be appreciated, and only for people to see.
Some people will say that you regard Sun Deng as a flower in a pot is one-sided, and I don't want to argue, but if I give an example of how Cao Cao cultivated his son Cao Pi, you know that Cao Cao and Sun Quan are still different in cultivating sons. Perhaps you can conclude that Cao Cao cultivated the future "princes" in a cruel war environment.
Emperor Wen of Wei (曹丕) (187 – June 29, 226), courtesy name Huan. In the third year of Chuping (192), Cao Cao believed that the current army was in chaos and taught Cao Pi to learn archery, and at the age of six, Cao Pi learned to shoot arrows. At the age of eight, Cao Pi learned to ride a horse. From the age of ten, Cao Pi accompanied his father to conquer the north and south, and his long military life exercised his strong physique, but also enriched his insights and accumulated a large amount of material for his poetry creation. With the continuous growth of his age and experience, the spiritual impact brought about by the harsh living environment has gradually formed his unique somber personality. In the second year of Jian'an (197), Cao Pi accompanied Cao Cao on His southern expedition to Zhang Xiu, and Zhang Xiu first surrendered and then rebelled. Cao Cao's eldest son Cao Ang and nephew Cao Anmin were killed, and Cao Pi, who was only ten years old, escaped on horseback.
Second, Sun Quan left Sun Deng's "flower" in Wuchang for others to cultivate on his behalf
What may Sun Quan have found in Sun Deng? Whether it is incompetent or weak personality, perhaps both. Just as many parents find that there is no good way to teach their children to put them around, Sun Quan has also encountered this problem.
(1) Lu Xun's teachings. In the first year of the Huanglong Dynasty (229), Sun Quan moved the capital to Jianye, and specially left Sun Deng, the princes, and the ninth official of Shangshu in Wuchang. He also enlisted the general Lu Xun to Wuchang to take charge of the palace affairs that remained in Wuchang, taught the princes, and assisted Sun Deng with Shangshu Shiyi.
Lu Xun (183 – March 19, 245), real name Lu Yi (陸議), courtesy name Boyan, was a native of Wu County, Wu County. During the Three Kingdoms period, wu statesman and military figure. Lu Xun was also Sun Ce's son-in-law, so he was also the cousin-in-law of Sun Deng, Sun Wei and others. In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Xun's Biography", it is recorded that Lu Xun educated the princes.
At that time, Marquis Sun of Jianchang liked to fight ducks. Lu Xun said sternly: "The prince should read the classics diligently and increase his new knowledge, what is the use of playing with these things?" Sun Wei immediately demolished the Fighting Duck Fence.
Sun Song, a lieutenant of the Shooting Sound School, was the son of Sun Quan's younger brother Sun Yi, and he did not discipline the army, and Lu Xun punished his men in front of him to shave their hair and reprimanded him. Sun Song's face looked unconvinced, and Lu Xun saw that his face was slightly relaxed, and asked: "You did not come to visit many times because of my rudeness, so as to show your faults, I obeyed your intentions to offer advice, why did your face change color?" Sun Song replied with a smile: "I am just angry about my own mistakes, where do I dare to complain?" ”。
In the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, The Biography of the Five Sons of Lord Wu (Sun Deng), it is recorded that "Sun Deng handled affairs cautiously and decently, consulting everything first, and then implementing it." This shows that Sun Deng is very cautious in doing things, whether things are important or not, he must discuss with the ministers around him, collect the words of a hundred families, and finally issue orders, the advantage of this practice is that he can greatly avoid making mistakes, and there are also disadvantages, that is, it may lead to hesitation in personality and difficulty in making decisions on major matters.
(2) Step-by-step guidance. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that at this time, the crown prince Sun Deng, who was stationed in Wuchang, loved the people and liked to practice good governance, and wrote to Bu Qi: "A virtuous man is a gentleman who is used to make the country flourish and assist the lord in governing the affairs of the world. I am ignorant by nature, and I cannot understand the truth of being a politician, although I am really sincere and sincere in my desire to pursue the virtue of wisdom with all my heart in order to become a gentleman, and as for the scholars in the distance and near, their respective moral talents are superior and inferior, and I am at a loss for them and cannot understand them in detail. The ancient book says, 'Can love this man not make him labor?' Can loyalty to this man not teach him? Isn't the meaning of this sentence that I hope the gentleman will carry it out? ”
Bu Xiao then gave the crown prince a note on the situation of the people who were working in the Jingzhou area at that time, including Zhuge Jin, Lu Xun, Zhu Ran, Cheng Pu, Pan Mao, Pei Xuan, Xiahou Cheng, Wei Jing, Li Su, Zhou Tiao, Shi Gan, and eleven other people, introduced their deeds and conduct, distinguished their character from high and low, and took the opportunity to exhort the prince.
Bu Xiao said: "The minister has heard that the people do not personally take care of small matters, and let the officials of various departments perform their duties. Therefore, when Shun appointed the Nine Sages, he did not have to worry about political affairs, he played the five-stringed violin, sang the poems of the Southern Wind, and did not have to go out of the imperial court to govern the world very well. Duke Huan of Qi appointed Guan Zhong, who himself wore his hair loose and went for a stroll in a car, and the State of Qi not only governed well, but also achieved the goal of supporting Zhou Tianzi. In the modern era, Han Gaozu took over three outstanding talents and revitalized the imperial industry, and the Western Chu Overlord lost the talents of Xiongjie and lost the success of his career. At the imperial court, the king of Huainan's plan to rebel stopped; Zhi Du defended the frontier, and the Xiongnu fled. ”
Bu Xiao concluded, "Therefore, where the wise people are, they can defeat the enemy thousands of miles away, they are indeed the sharp weapons of the country, they are outstanding talents, and they are the key to the prosperity and decline of the country!" At present, the kingship of the mainland has not yet been able to spread to the north of the Han River, and there are ugly people who usurp the throne and rebel on both sides of the Yellow River and the Luo River, and it is indeed time to recruit heroes, select Junjie, and appoint talents. I hope that the prince will pay more attention to it, then the world will be very lucky. ”
(3) Sun Dengbi Pill. When Sun Deng was in Wuchang, he once went out on a horse, and a projectile flew by, and the guards around him went to look for the person who shot the projectile. There was a man holding a slingshot with a projectile, everyone thought that it was the projectile shot by this person, but the person denied disobedience, the attendants wanted to beat him, Sun Deng did not allow it, sent someone to look for the projectile that flew by his side, compared with the one carried by this person, the two are not the same, so they let the man go. On another occasion, the Shengshui Golden Horse Bowl was lost, and the thief was found to have been committed by his own men, and Sun Deng could not bear to punish him severely, but only asked him to rebuke him, sent him home forever, and told the people around him not to show off. Most of the wrongs suffered by people are caused by the fact that the facts of the case are difficult to discern. The officials who decided the case could not be carefully investigated and punished carefully, so they angrily and indiscriminately inflicted coercive punishment, resulting in innocent injustice.
Another time, the palace lost the golden horse bowl containing water, and later found that the perpetrator was originally the work of the people around him, Sun Deng could not bear to punish, called the man to blame, sent him home, and instructed his close entourage not to be silent.
(4) To comfort the father. In the first year of Jiahe (232), Sun Deng's second brother Sun Wei died, and Sun Quan felt sad and reduced his diet. Sun Deng, who traveled day and night, rushed to Laixiang and personally informed him, and Sun Quan immediately summoned him. When Sun Deng saw Sun Quan weeping in grief, he persuaded: "Sun Is worried that he cannot afford to be ill, this is destiny." Now that the north is not unified, the whole world is looking up to hope, and The Heavens have given orders to His Majesty, but His Majesty has reduced the diet of the courtiers according to the thinking of the inferior people in society, exceeding the requirements of the etiquette system, and I am privately worried and uneasy. Sun Quan heeded his advice and increased his diet for this purpose. Sun Deng lived for more than ten days, Sun Quan planned to return to Wuchang in the west, Sun Deng deeply interceded for himself, believing that the long parting made him unable to serve his parents, and there was a lack of morality in being a son, and stated that Lu Xun was loyal and diligent, and there was no concern in Wuchang, so Sun Quan left him to stay.
III. Sun Deng's "Flower" Silent protest against Sun Quan, the "big tree."
(1) The grace of regurgitation. It is worth mentioning that Sun Deng was not only filial to Sun Quan, but also to his adoptive mother, Lady Xu.
At the beginning, Sun Deng's birth mother was of a low status, and Lady Xu had the grace of motherhood to him from an early age. After Sun Quan became acquainted with Lady Bu, Lady Xu was gradually snubbed and even deposed to Wu County. Lady Bu also knew the status of Prince Sun Deng, so in order to please Sun Quan more, she would often reward Sun Deng with some clothes or food. Although Sun Deng did not like Mrs. Bu, he was also afraid of provoking his father's displeasure, so he accepted Mrs. Bu's kindness every time, but the items were basically untouched and kept in the house. Lady Xu would occasionally bring some clothes to Sun Deng at that time, which were naturally far less exquisite than Lady Bu's rewards, but Sun Deng loved it, and he had to bathe before wearing them, which was enough to see his respect for Lady Xu.
Moreover, when Sun Quan made Sun Deng crown prince, Sun Deng still insisted on refusing to accept it, and said that he must first establish an empress and then a prince, sun Quan asked: "Then where is your mother?" Who shall I appoint as Queen? Sun Dengyi replied sternly: "In Wu County", a sentence left Sun Quan speechless. But unfortunately, Sun Quan still favored Lady Bu too much, and did not turn to Lady Xu because of Sun Deng's stubbornness, but after this conversation, Lady Xu's treatment was slightly better.
(2) Manage the rear. In the first year of Jiahe (232), Sun Deng returned to Jianye. Yi Yi and other retinues also returned to Jianye, of course, Lu Xun remained in Wuchang to take charge of the military in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.
In the third year of Jiahe (234), Sun Quan led an army to attack the new city of Wei and sent Sun Deng to stay in the country and take charge of the affairs of the remaining guards. At that time, the grain harvest was not good, and there were many bandits, so Sun Deng promulgated the decree and regulations, and the defensive measures taken were very forbidden to the evil essentials.
In the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, The Biography of the Five Sons of Lord Wu (Sun Deng)", it is recorded that the participation of the crown prince Sun Deng in administrative affairs was the fact that Jiahe "stayed in the country" for three years. It can be roughly inferred that Chen Shou really did not find any historical data on Sun Deng's participation in state affairs, and conversely, Sun Deng, the crown prince, was only a decoration of Sun Quan.
(3) The advice is not successful. Sun Quan once trusted lü Yi, the school's affairs, and put him in charge of supervising hundreds of officials and handling prisons, but Lü Yi, who was harsh and cruel in nature, and who enforced the law harshly and viciously, took the opportunity to manipulate his authority and act arbitrarily, and the criminal law was very harsh, and the hundred officials suffered greatly. Sun Deng also advised him several times for this purpose, but Sun Quan did not accept it, so none of the ministers dared to give any more opinions. In fact, Sun Deng did not understand his father Sun Quan at all in order to suppress the jiangdong giants through Lü Yi. Sun Quan suppressed the local forces in Jiangdong for the sake of Sun's Jiangshan Yonggu, and now even his successor Sun Deng did not understand himself, Sun Quan must be very painful, and he was also very disappointed in Sun Deng.
Under Lü Yi's wanton exposure, countless power gates were purged. The people with the surname of Jiangdong were afraid of danger, and even reached the point of "shaking the society". So Sun Quan had to put Lü Yi in prison and put him to death. After Lü Yi's death (236), Jiangdong's courtiers still harbored a grudge and a blind eye, and even dared not talk more about Lü Yi's story, and finally Sun Quan issued an edict to himself.
In the sixth year of Jiahe (237), Sun Deng's close friend Chen Biao died. On the day of his death, his wife and children had no place to live, and Sun Deng personally chose to build a house for them.
(4) Lively and cute. Sun Deng's temperament also has a lively side, once mocking Zhuge Ke with horse dung, and was revered by Zhuge Ke with eggs, on the grounds that they all came from one place.
Once, Sun Deng found an opportunity, and he said in front of Sun Quan that he would give Zhuge Ke some horse dung to taste. However, after Zhuge Ke listened, he calmly replied, "Then I will send you some eggs." Sun Quan, who was next to him, couldn't help but ask curiously: "People have sent you horse dung, why do you still have to give back eggs?" When did you become so brazen. Zhuge Ke, however, replied solemnly, "Because these two things come from the same place." After Sun Quan listened, he laughed. From another point of view, Sun Quan may think that Sun Deng is not as quick-witted as Zhuge Ke.
Fourth, under the "big tree" of Sun Quan There is no place for Sun Deng' "flower."
As mentioned earlier, Sun Quan made the 20-year-old Sun Deng crown prince in the first year of huanglong (229) to the death of Sun Deng in May of the fourth year of Chiwu (241), in thirteen years, as the crown prince, he did not really participate in the political, military and other specific work of the State of Wu, and more often it was a symbol.
(1) There is no remorse. In May of the fourth year of Chiwu (241), Sun Deng died at the age of three Chinese New Year's Eve. Sun Quan learned of the shock and sorrow, and the grief could not be suppressed, and the edict mentioned: "The country is mourning, and the people are blessed!" ”
After Sun Deng's death, Sun Quan posthumously honored him as "Prince Xuan", and in Jurong County, 60 miles away from the capital Jianye, he found a cemetery and buried the prince, known as the "Tomb of Prince Xuan". It may be that he loves his son's heart, or can't bear the eldest son to be single, or hopes to have the eldest son by his side forever, and more importantly, Sun He after Sun Deng disappoints him even more. After three years, Sun Quan relocated Sun Deng to be buried near Zhongshan Zhiyang's own Shou Mausoleum, which is also a sign of Aizi Youjia.
(2) His words are also good. On his deathbed, Sun Deng told his father Sun Quan: "The subject has achieved nothing, suffered from serious illness, self-examination, felt despicable and despicable, and feared a sudden death. I do not pity myself, but I just think that I will abandon my parents' devotion, bury my bones in the earth, never again look to my father and the emperor, and see His Majesty, living has no contribution to the country, and dying leaves you with deep sorrow, so the sorrow is depressed. The subject heard that the dead life is doomed, the life expectancy is arranged by the heavens, the prince of Zhou Ling, Zhou Jin, the disciple of Confucius, Yan Hui, has the qualifications of a superior wise man, and he still died prematurely, not to mention that the subjects are ignorant and despicable, the age exceeds their lifespan, living is the heir to the throne of the country, and after death, the fame and fortune extend to the descendants, this pair of subjects is already too much, and what sorrow and regret! ”
"The great cause of unifying the world today has not yet been completed, the bandits on the run have not yet been conquered, and all nations have looked to him with one heart, pinning their fate on His Majesty, expecting you to give you security in times of danger, and relying on you to calm them in turmoil." I hope that Your Majesty will abandon your subjects, forget your subjects, give up your love for your younger generations, pay attention to the teachings of Huang Lao, effectively maintain your body, eat more, and widely open your thoughts like gods, so as to lay the foundation for an incessant imperial inheritance, then the people of the whole country are lucky to have dependence, and there is no regret in the death of your subjects. ”
"The crown prince and his benevolence and filial piety, his discernment and knowledge, his moral conduct, his high purity and beauty, should be made crown prince as soon as possible, in order to express the wishes of the people." Zhuge Ke was able to strategize and understand a wide range of strategies, and his knowledge was enough to assist the current monarch in governing the country. Zhang Xiu, Gu Tan, and Xie Jing, all of whom were intelligent and insightful, could push their hearts and minds, and could act as capable generals when they went out on expeditions. Fan Shen and Hua Rong have outstanding heroic discipline and the wind and bone of the national qishi. The sheep can speak eloquently and have the ability to deal with it independently. Diao Xuankuan was peaceful and aimed at fulfilling the true meaning of the Tao. Pei Qin has a wide memory, and his pen and ink are enough to appoint. Jiang Xiu, Yu Fan, and their ambitions are unambiguous. ”
"All these courtiers, some suitable for serving in the imperial court, some able to lead the army, are familiar with current affairs, are familiar with laws and regulations, pay attention to credit, adhere to morality, and have unshakable ambitions. These are all officials selected and set up for his subjects under the illumination of His Majesty's brilliance, with whom they can work, fully understand their true intentions, and take the liberty of reporting these situations to you. ”
The minister also thought that there are many enemy troubles outside the current borders, and the war has not stopped, and we should inspire the whole army and seek to forge ahead. The army is only large because of the participation of the people, and the people are precious because of their financial wealth, and the ministers have privately heard that some counties and counties are abandoned and ruined, the people's material resources are damaged, and adultery and evil are breeding, so the laws are cumbersome and the criminal law is severe. ”
"When the ministers have heard that the people are in charge of the politics of the country and the laws and decrees have changed with the times, they really should choose the time carefully with the ministers, widely adopt the opinions of the people, relax the punishment, reduce the taxes, reconcile and even stop the labor force, so as to conform to the expectations of the people."
"Lu Xun was loyal and diligent to the current politics, dedicated himself to worrying about state affairs, faithfully served his duties, and had the discipline of serving the public and fighting for himself. Zhuge Jin, Bu Qi, Zhu Ran, Quan Qiong, Zhu Zhao, Lü Dai, Wu Yue, Kan Ze, Yan Yi, Zhang Cheng, and Sun Yi were loyal to the country and reached the foundation of governing the country. They can be asked to state opinions that are favorable and timely, to abolish harsh and cumbersome decrees, to cherish the maintenance of the army, and to appease the people. In this way, in five years, within ten years, people from outside the country will come to submit, and the people inside the country will do their best for the country, and the great cause of unifying the world will be completed without the use of force. ”
"The minister heard that 'the bird is going to die, and the cry is mournful; Man is going to die, and the words spoken are well-meaning'. Therefore, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the Chu State ordered Yin Zinang (3) to leave a last word on his deathbed, and warned the current government, and the gentleman believed that this was loyalty to the country, not to mention the minister Sun Deng, could he not do this? I hope that His Majesty will pay attention to listening to and adopting the advice of his subjects, so that even if the subjects die, they will still be as alive as they are. ”
After Sun Deng's death, this letter was only seen by Sun Quan, and Sun Quan was even more extremely sad and shed tears when he said it. This year was the fourth year of Chiwu (241).
Xie Jing was serving as Yuzhang Taishou at that time, and could not bear the sad feelings, so he gave up his official position to go to the funeral and asked for punishment on the table. Sun Quan said, "You work with the crown prince, unlike other officials. "Send a palace emissary to comfort him, allow him to resume his original official position, and send him back to the county." He gave Sun Deng the title prince Xuan.
His sons Sun Yao and Sun Xi both died early, and the second son, Sun Ying, was given the title of Marquis of Wu. In the first year of The Fifth Feng, Sun Ying plotted to kill Sun Jun because of the dictatorship of the great general Sun Jun, and the matter was exposed and committed suicide, and the feudal state was canceled.
Xie Jingzi Shufa, a native of Wanxian County, Nanyang County. In Yuzhang County, ren tai punctual had political achievements, and the officials praised him, believing that there was Gu Shao in front, followed by Xie Jing. He died in office a few years later.
(c) The latter is in the ascendancy. Sun Deng had a good relationship with his half-brother, and according to the Book of Wu, Sun Deng's third brother and son were favored by Sun Quan as their mothers. Sun Deng was close to Sun He and respected Sun He like a brother, often showing the idea of giving way to Sun He.
From the political turmoil that occurred later in Eastern Wu, we can see Sun Deng's political acumen even more. At that time, Sun Quan favored Lady Wang, and Lady Wang's son Sun He was also greatly favored. Sun Deng took the initiative to get close to Sun He, and even treated the third brother like a brother, and often said that he wanted to give up the position of prince.
Sun Deng's acting is actually a bit too much, but Sun Quan saw that Sun Deng had a broad heart, and he really loved his brother, and his heart was also at ease. These political strategies, coming from a young man in his twenties, are rare. I am afraid that it is also related to his masters and guests, who usually teach carefully and give advice. Unfortunately, fate is so favored, there will always be flaws, and this is where people are created.
(4) The beauty of defects. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Sun Deng, comments: "Sun Deng's heart is enough to be beautiful. This means that what Sun Deng thinks in his heart is enough to achieve good character.
After the death of the eldest son, Sun Quan, the third grandson, was made crown prince. Due to the Nanlu Party Dispute (4), Sun He was deposed again. Later, Sun Liang, the seventh son of Sun Quan, became the second emperor and was later deposed; Sun Quan's sixth son, Sun Xiu, was the third emperor; The last emperor was Sun Hao, the son of Sun He. Just as Lu Xun's mantra of the nine-pound old lady is "one generation is not as good as a generation", Sun Quan's son, one is not as good as the other, which is sad. To this end, everyone believes that the eldest Son Deng is the most suitable successor of Sun Quan.
In fact, Sun Deng, 33, died, so his shortcomings were not fully exposed, and because he had never been in power and almost did not participate in politics, his ability to govern was not clear to everyone. Coupled with the fact that his younger brothers are also too uncontentious, and choosing a tall man in the villain country, Wu Dalang will have a chance to qualify. This is called defective beauty.
Defective beauty is also called crippled beauty. From an aesthetic point of view, defects are also a kind of beauty, as evidenced by Venus with a broken arm. Defective beauty can also be said to be the beauty of expectation, the beauty of expecting to achieve Gestalt. Aesthetically, defects are often seen as a kind of beauty. In real life, some people who have died and have shortcomings will be more and more tall after a certain rendering. Sun Deng is one of the historical figures of this phenomenon.
Let's analyze Sun Deng's shortcomings as a politician:
1. There are no towering trees growing in the pots, and the leader of the great talent cannot be cultivated by a few school companions and teachers. Although Sun Quan was very careful, he found a school companion for Sun Deng, a second-generation official, to read and play together; He even gave lu xun, who was a general, to teach Sun Deng, but Sun Deng, a "good student", did not necessarily become a good "leader". Under the emperor system, the level of power of successive emperors in the same dynasty is usually "decreasing"—the more mediocre the further you go. This is mainly due to the system. The succession of the highest power during the imperial period was hereditary, and in general, only the emperor's son could naturally become emperor, and the choice was therefore limited, one of which was limited; The emperor's growth space is narrow, the so-called "born in the deep palace, growing up in the hands of women", has not seen the world in the wind and rain, in addition to the hook and the heart, the struggle for power and profit, other political experience is basically the same, the second. Historical experience tells us that many heirs to the throne are able to stand out from the competition by winning with the qualities of "benevolence and kindness"—whether from the heart or taught by others. ⑤
2. A well-behaved child in the eyes of adults is not necessarily a good leader. Sun Deng has always appeared in the face of "benevolence and kindness". For example, when the palace people stole the golden horse bowl filled with water, and later found the perpetrator, Sun Deng could not bear to punish him, called the man to blame him, sent him home, and even instructed his close entourage not to be silent. In these cases, it is difficult to judge whether Sun Deng really can't bear to punish thieves, or whether he wants people to think that he is a "benevolent person", I don't know. If he can't bear to punish thieves, then how will he deal with lawbreakers and criminals when he becomes emperor? If he deliberately dressed up as a "benevolent person" just to get the approval of others, then Sun Deng was a hypocrite.
3. Believe that the people around you are first-class talents, not necessarily the leaders who truly know talents. Just as a chef goes to the vegetable market to buy ingredients, he does not choose or pick, and when he sees the dishes, he puts them in the basket, this kind of person may not be a good chef. For another example, Sun Deng believed that Zhuge Ke was able to strategize and be knowledgeable enough to assist the current monarch in governing the country. In fact, Zhuge Ke's problems were as obvious as his ingenuity. His uncle Zhuge Liang once commented on Zhuge Ke's "scrupulous neglect", Yang Gu also said that "YuanXun (Zhuge Ke's character) is talented and sparse", and Zhuge Ke's father Zhuge Jin even predicted that "If zhuge ke does not prosper my family, it will also be a great chi wu clan". As a result, Zhuge Ke was rough and not sophisticated enough, and was killed at the banquet by the powerful minister Sun Jun and the Young Emperor Sun Liang, and the three tribes were destroyed, which really fulfilled Zhuge Jin's prophecy of the "Great Chi Wu Clan"!
Based on the above three aspects of analysis, Sun Deng may be a good person, but he may not be able to become a leader of great talent.
There are no towering trees in the pots, and there are no maxima horses in the courtyard.
(Sunday, September 18, 2022 in Yeosu)
Concentrate:
(1) (5) Zhao Dongmei, "Law and the People's Heart: The Interaction between Man and System in the Imperial Period", CITIC Publishing Group, January 2021 Edition, page 63; pp. 43-44
(2) Xuancao has a long history in the mainland. The earliest in the book of verses is: "Xuan (谖) grass, the back of the tree." "The grass here is the grass. Since ancient times, the mainland has called the mother Xuantang, and even compared the grass flower to the mother flower. In ancient times, when the children in the family wanted to travel far, they often planted grass in the north hall to alleviate the mother's thoughts about the child and forget the worries.
(3) Ascomycetes (?) –559 BC), courtesy name Xiong (芈氏), courtesy name Zhen (名贞), courtesy name Zi Nang (字子囊). Son of King Zhuang of Chu. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Chu State ling yin. After being appointed as Ling Yin, he fought six Northern Expeditions against the Jin state. From practice, he deeply felt that the strength of Chu and Jin was comparable, and advocated not to compete with Jin. After King Chu Kang ascended the throne, he led the Chu army to defeat Wu. Before his death, he had already sensed Wu's threat to Chu, and his last words were to repair the walls of Chu.
(4) The Southern Lu Party Dispute, also known as the Second Palace Dispute, was a party struggle caused by the struggle between The Prince of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period between Sun He (Sun Quan's third son) and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu (Sun Quan's fourth son). The Eastern Wu Imperial Palace, known as the "Nangong", is a political event that occurred in Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period, during the reign of Sun Quan, the Emperor of Wu, and began about the fifth year of Wu Chiwu (242) and ended in the thirteenth year of Chiwu (250). It stemmed from the contradiction between The Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu, over the issue of the crown prince, and later caused the division of the chancellors in the court because they supported the prince and the king of Lu respectively. In the end, Sun He was deposed and Sun Ba was given death, and Sun Quan replaced the seventh Sun Liang as crown prince.
(6) The pictures in this article are from the Internet, and the other pictures are provided by photographer Yu Yuan.