Camellia oleifera set winter peach + fragrant tree and watermelon set of efficient ecological cultivation technology

Camellia oleifera set winter peach + fragrant tree and watermelon set of efficient ecological cultivation technology

Xu Xinkuai waited

Camellia oleifera Abel. Also known as tea tree, tea oil tree, white flower tea, belongs to the tea family, evergreen small tree. Camellia oleifera seedlings grow slowly and seal late, generally requiring 3 to 5a. The low income of Camellia oleifera young forest, the large number of base management and protection workers, and the long-term no vegetation cover under wide row spacing are easy to cause soil erosion and weeds, which not only affects the normal growth of Camellia oleifera, soil ecological environment and ecological stability, but also damages the enthusiasm of forest farmers to develop Camellia oleifera, and has a negative effect on the overall development of the Camellia oleifera industry. The initial planting density of Camellia oleifera is 74 plants/667m2 (row spacing is 3m×3m), and the rational use of bare land between plants to plant drought-tolerant economic forests or cash crops can not only increase the income, but also improve the soil environment. Therefore, while ensuring the benefits of camellia oleifera planting, reasonable intercropping can not only improve land utilization, but also increase farmers' income and improve the ecological environment of camellia oleifera. Generally hilly oil tea garden for terraces, when the garden is built to dig trenches, back to the topsoil, heavy application of base fertilizer, soil nutrients are relatively rich, can provide long-term supply of nutrients for the growth of plants, coupled with the large temperature difference between day and night in the hilly land, more assimilation material accumulation during the day, reduced alienation at night, less material consumption, planting peach, watermelon and other economic plants than rice fields with higher sugar content.

Amygdaluspersic L. Peach is a variety of peaches, one of the main fruits of the mainland, ripening and marketing later than summer and autumn. This variety is picked and marketed in the harsh winter, and is famous for its tender, sweet and crisp core meat, and is a rare and precious peach wonder. Yingxue snow white winter peach, Shandong region ripe in late October, fruit left on the tree until early November, south of the Yangtze River in early October ripe, cold storage storage until the Spring Festival, average single fruit quality 250g, the maximum 700g, the flesh is red and white, sugar content 20% ~ 26%, the flesh is crisp and sweet, pleasant, excellent flavor, superior quality, high yield, because the alpine temperature is low, relatively few pests and diseases, no environmental pollution, good fruit quality, high price. Fragrant tree (Torreyagrandis) is also often referred to as Chinese beech, chamom, red fruit, jade mountain fruit, jade beech, wild pole, belongs to the yew family evergreen tall tree, for the national second-level protection of rare plants, slow growth, is a rare economic tree species and excellent high-grade timber tree species, fragrant nuts have high edible, health care, medicinal value, insect repellent, consumption, cough and beauty, lung and other effects. The growth and maturity of the quince is 3a: the first year of flocculation, the second year of flowering and fruiting, and the third year of maturity. The time of the first fruit of the incense is about 10a, the yield of the first year of the fruit is very limited, and then it will increase year by year, and it will flower and bear fruit every year, such as the first year of production of 0.5kg, the result yield of the second year can be increased to more than 2.5kg, and within the last 5a of the result, the yield will be as high as 10kg, and the yield of a hundred-year-old incense tree will be as high as 40kg.

Winter peach planting 2a is into the initial production period, but the peach tree declines rapidly, growing for more than 10 years to age, and needs to be harvested and renewed. This is just the opposite of the chamfert and the misplaced development, that is, the economic benefits of winter peach and camellia oleifera in the early stage, and the higher economic benefits of the chamomile and camellia oleifera produced in the later stage. It is explained that the rational use of bare ground between plants to plant winter peach + fragrant trees can not only increase the income, but also improve the soil environment.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is the most common and favorite fruit of the people's daily life, the temperature difference between day and night in the mountains is large, and the sugar content of watermelon is higher than that of watermelon in the plain.

At present, there are still many studies on "oil tea sets", but at present, scholars are planting white three-leaf (Trifoliumrepens), honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), bamboo (Dictyophora indusiata), peanuts (Arachishypogaea), chrysanthemums (Dendranthema morifolium), pepper (Capsicum annuum), Prince ginseng (Pseudostellaria het -erophylla), Camellia japonica (camellia japonica), mountain rice (Oryzasativa), etc., only 3 papers were queried as watermelons in oil tea sets: one was a single oil tea set of watermelons, tested in Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province and Shaoyang City, Hunan Province; The second is the oil tea set planting spring peanuts, autumn watermelon, winter potatoes, the test site in Longzhou County, Guangxi. The test site of this paper is in Linhai City, Zhejiang Province, and its cultivation modes such as watermelon varieties, sowing and harvesting time, and management are very different from the previous article, and the efficient cultivation mode of watermelon in the young forest of Camellia oleifera in this paper is still of great significance.

There are no reports on "Camellia oleifera set winter peach", "oleifera set seed fragrant tree" or "oil tea set winter peach + fragrant tree", indicating that the efficient cultivation mode of oleifera set winter peach + fragrant tree in this article is of innovative and promotional significance.

1 Base selection

1.1 Base 1

Located in the base of Benyi Family Farm in Linhai City, Zhejiang Province, in the Mapiwan Mountain Block of Zhenkong Village, Baishuiyang Town, close to Tiantai County, the altitude is mostly at 400~500m, the pH value is acidic (6.3~6.6), the slope is below 25°, the soil fertility is deep, the natural environment such as drainage and irrigation is better, and in 2018, the oil tea set peach + fragrant mode began to be combined with the local climate characteristics, with an area of 7hm2.

1.2 Base 2

Located in Linhai Huikang Oil Tea Professional Cooperative, the Chinese Academy of Forestry Research Institute of Subtropical Plants experts are hired as technical consultants, and there is currently a fine seed oil tea forest 1 060hm2, which is the largest professional cooperative in the province. The soil of the test site is red and yellow soil, the altitude is 350m, and the cultivation of camellia oleifera began in the autumn of 2016, and the planting mode of camellia oleifera-watermelon intercropping was carried out after planting.

2 Key technologies of Camellia oleifera set of winter peach + fragrant tree

2.1 Planting time, density and growth

In 2015, 1 year old oil tea was planted, and the initial planting density was 74 plants/ 667 m2 (row spacing was 3 m×3 m); In March 2016, Yingxue Snow White Winter Peach was introduced in Shandong, 1 Yingxue Snow White Winter Peach was planted between two oil tea plants, the plant row spacing was 3m×3m, and the fragrant tree was planted in the open space between the oil tea and winter peach rows, the plant spacing was 4m×5.5m, and 30 plants were planted every 667m2 sets, and after careful cultivation management, the winter peach was small in late October 2017. In October 2018, it entered the initial production period, and the color taste is better. The growth is shown in Table 1.

2.2 Infrastructure investment

In 2018, sprinkler drip irrigation invested 360,000 yuan, 2 10t reservoirs were built, 60,000 yuan was invested, 50,000 yuan was invested in road rehabilitation, and 1,000 yuan was invested in mountain monorail transport vehicles 1,000m, creating superior environmental conditions for the base.

2.3 Key technical measures of Yingxue Snow White Winter Peach

2.3.1 Fertilization In 2016, 0.15 kg of compound fertilizer was applied per winter peach plant, and 1.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 1.5 kg of potassium fertilizer were applied to each plant in spring, summer and autumn, respectively; Fertilized 3 times in 2017, 2kg of compound fertilizer per plant; In 2018, compound fertilizer was applied 3 times, each plant was 2.25kg; Fertilized 3 times in 2019, 2.5kg per plant; Fertilize 3 times in 2020, 3 kg per plant; In 2021, the compound fertilizer was applied 3 times, 3 kg per plant, divided into 3 times, the first peach blossom was applied at the end of February, the compound fertilizer was applied at the end of February, 0.5 kg per plant, the second June, 1.5 kg per plant, and the third August, 1 kg per plant. In October, add organic fertilizer, 30kg per plant.

Table 1 Sample survey table of Camellia oleifera seeds

2.3.2 Plastic pruning Seedlings After colonization, cut and truncate the stem at 30 to 60 cm from the ground, select 2 good main branches with a distance on the main trunk after the drying, cut off the central branch, and in the summer of that year, at the near base of the second main branch, select the healthy and well-positioned secondary shoots as the third main branch according to the growth position of the third main branch, so that the main branch of the culture has a better growth distance. While selecting the permanent main branch, adjust the azimuth angle of the main branch as the opening angle. The opening angle is adjusted to 30 ° ~ 50 ° according to the requirements of the characteristics of the variety, and the remaining branches are plucked and cultivated into auxiliary branches. The focus of pruning young trees is to cultivate the tree shape and cultivate the main side branches. Peach trees are pruned twice a year, divided into winter and summer shears. Winter shearing is postpartum pruning, usually in early December. Summer shears are mainly to cut off long branches, diseased and insect branches, overlapping branches and dead branches, and twist the branches, twist branches and pick hearts in a timely manner for auxiliary branches, which can promote their early flowering. In winter, remove some dense branches, lightly cut off long branches, more long, less short cuts, in order to expand the canopy and early fertility.

2.3.3 Disease and pest control During the peach fruit hanging period, yellow plates and insecticidal lamps are used to trap and reduce the occurrence of diseases, and the number of prevention and control has dropped significantly by 50%, only in March and April, pollution-free agents such as Fogo Lunasen are used for prevention and control, and rarely use other chemicals to prevent and control, effectively protecting natural enemies, achieving beautiful orchards and pollution-free fruits.

2.4 Key technical measures for incense

2.4.1 Fine planting of fragrant seedlings Dig a hole depth of 0.5 ~ 0.6m, diameter 0.8 ~ 1.0m round pit planting, to ensure that the soil layer is loose, the soil is finely crushed, the seedlings are planted after layer compaction of soil, watering, so that the seedling roots and soil are in full contact.

2.4.2 Apply sufficient amount of fertilizer Before planting, each plant is mixed with 30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and soil, and then the seedlings are planted on the bottom, and 0.5kg of ternary compound fertilizer is applied to each plant within 1m around the saplings in mid-May, and 0.25kg of red potassium fertilizer is applied to each plant in early July to promote the early growth and rapid growth of the saplings to form a tree posture.

2.4.3 Strengthen management After planting fragrant seedlings, cover them with dead leaves such as straw or thatch to play a role in weeding, moisturizing and promoting soil microbial activities. In June, drainage ditches were dug to ensure smooth drainage. In mid-September, weeds are removed around the seedlings to avoid competing with the saplings for fertilizer. From November to December, the seedlings are thoroughly cleared, including weeding, ditching, etc.

2.5 Benefit evaluation

Establish a demonstration forest of winter peach + fragrant forest fruit with camellia oleifera, 2 960kg of winter peach per 667m2 in 2021, with an output value of 88 800 yuan / 667m2, a profit of 66 600 yuan / 667 m2 (per 667 m2 Average planting of 74 winter peaches, each plant can be harvested 40kg, per 667m2 winter peaches 2 960kg, the price is 7.5 yuan / kg, the output value is 88 800 yuan; Excluding the cost of fertilization per 667 m2, etc. is about 22 200 yuan, and the profit per 667 m2 is 66 600 yuan). At the same time, the 5-year raw oil tea forest produces 1 850kg of fresh tea fruit per 667 m2, the yield is 5 550 yuan / 667 m2, the profit is 4 958 yuan / 667 m2 (excluding the cost of manual picking 592 yuan / 667 m2), the total output value and profit reach 84 350 yuan / 667 m2, 71 558 yuan / 667 m2. In addition, the average tree height of Camellia oleifera is 1.8m, which is 17.8% higher than that of similar uncropped species, and the crown width is 1.87m, which is 43.4% larger than that of similar uncropped species. After planting winter peach + fragrant trees in the Camellia oleifera forest, it not only saved 400 yuan / 667 m2 of weeding and fertilizing, but also added a net income of 66 600 yuan / 667 m2. Because the result of the incense tree needs more than 10a, it has not yet produced benefits, but the incense tree is currently a high-yield forest fruit. Yingxue snow white winter peach and ordinary peach ripening period staggered sales peak period, around the National Day to supplement the fruit market. This variety is suitable for the development and planting of high mountainous areas, which is conducive to agricultural efficiency, farmers' income, poverty alleviation in mountainous areas, and the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure. When the peach blossoms of this variety are in full bloom, they are very beautiful, suitable for sightseeing and tourism, the air on the mountain is fresh, the climate is suitable for mid-summer, the peach trees and fragrant trees are luxuriant, the root system is developed, which can effectively prevent soil erosion during the rainy period from April to September, protect the ecological environment, and maintain green water and green mountains.

3 Key techniques for planting watermelons in camellia oleifera

3.1 Technical Route

Select the appropriate Camellia oleifera forest → Conduct a survey of the current situation → Determine the corresponding varieties of seeds → Develop a technical solution for the seeds → The whole process of technical personnel participate in the management → Record the production ledger of the demonstration base → The summary analysis of the data → the project summary.

3.2 Variety Selection

Choose the 4-year-old primary Camellia oleifera forest, and the varieties of Camellia oleifera include 'Changlin No. 3', 'Changlin No. 4', 18, 21, 27, 40, 53, 166, etc. Choose watermelon varieties with good quality, drought resistance, high yield and strong disease resistance, such as 'American Queen' and 'Zhejiang Honey No. 3'.

3.3 Planting Methods

Plant 2 watermelons between 2 camellia oleifera plants with a plant spacing of 0.5 m, and plant 300-445 plants per 667 m2 sets.

3.4 Sowing and harvesting period

Watermelon sowing time: May 5, harvest period: August 1-15; Harvest date of camellia oleifera: October 26-29.

3.5 Key Technologies

3.5.1 Camellia oleifera management For the first-producing camellia oleifera forest planted for 4 years, in strict accordance with the technical standards for camellia oleifera management, the camellia oleifera trees in the woodland are comprehensively pruned and heart-sweetened. When pruning, select side branches with strong growth and reasonable orientation as the main branches; Prune long branches, diseased and insect branches, overlapping branches and dead branches, and focus on cultivating the main and secondary branches; Remove some of the buds to ensure vegetative growth and accelerate canopy formation; Quick-acting fertilizers are applied in the spring and organic fertilizers are applied as overwintering fertilizers in early November.

3.5.2 Watermelon management First, each plant is fertilized with 0.5 kg of putrid fertilizer and 0.1 kg of compound fertilizer. The second is germination, watermelon using the germination on-demand method, to grasp the temperature, humidity and disinfection during germination. The third is topdressing, the whole growth period needs to be topdressed 2 times, the first time is long vine fertilizer, generally when two true leaves are grown; The second time is long fruit fertilizer, which is generally carried out when the true leaves grow 10 to 12 and the fruit is flowering. The fourth is thinning vines, in the early stage of watermelon growth, according to the growth of watermelon vines, timely removal of excess vines, generally the whole plant retains two thick vines, to ensure that the melon fruit has sufficient nutrients, so that the watermelon fruit is of high quality. Fifth, the result position should be selected between sections 8 and 12, hanging fruit before section 8, watermelon is very easy to thick skin, hollow, after section 12 hanging fruit, the fruit shape is not correct, the quality is difficult to guarantee.

3.5.3 Benefit evaluation Establish a demonstration forest of camellia oleifera and watermelon forest fruit set 6.67hm2 (100 acres), 667m2 watermelon production 1 300kg, 667m2 output value 5 200 yuan; 667m2 yield profit 4 720 yuan (per 667m2 average planting of watermelon 370 plants, each plant can harvest 1 watermelon, each average 4kg, per 667m2 watermelon 1 480kg, 4 yuan / kg, output value of 5 920 yuan, excluding per 667 m2 fertilization and other costs of about 1 200 yuan, per 667 m2 profit 4 720 yuan). At the same time, 4 years raw oil tea forest, 667 m2 yield fresh tea fruit 55kg, 667m2 output value of 440 yuan, 667m2 production profit of 180 yuan; The average tree height is 1.475 m, which is 17.8% higher than that of unplanted, and the crown width is 1.469 m, which is 43.4% larger than that of unplanted. After planting watermelons in the camellia oleifera forest, it not only saves 400 yuan / 667m2 in the cost of weeding and fertilization, but also increases the net income by 4 000 yuan per 667m2. It can not only save the cost of care, but also improve the growth rate of camellia oleifera. According to the survey, planting watermelons in the undeveloped camellia forest can increase the growth of new shoots by 10% to 20%.