The standard of living or the indicator, if not all, is at least an indicator of time accumulation and stock. Although China has developed well in recent decades, it cannot be blindly arrogant because of the current development.
Considering the weak foundation of the past, limited resources and the world's first population, we have not completely come out of the shadow of the past poverty, I am born in a municipality directly under the central government in the east, I have not experienced an extremely difficult state, but in some shocking news, I can still feel the other side of China
In another answer, I compared some of the data of the current China and the Soviet Union before 90 years, in many people's average values, China did not exceed the Soviet Union 28 years ago, even if after the collapse of the Soviet Union, those republics experienced some difficulties and some detours, but after all, they were once broader
Living standards ~ in fact, it is quite difficult to quantify and define, take some chestnuts:
The living standard of the old aunt of the Shanghai convenience store may not be lower than that of the white-collar workers in the office building next door who earn more than 10,000 yuan a month, because this involves the stock problem;
The same office, two young people with similar incomes and similar family conditions, one eats and drinks luxury goods to watch concerts, one has money to eat, has time to shop, it is difficult to say whose life is better, you laugh at others too crazy, but he laughs at you can't see through, this is a personal orientation;
In the same country, the average living standards of Shanghai farmers and Gansu farmers are definitely different; In the same city, the average living standards of migrant workers in the urban-rural junction and residents of nearby new villages are definitely different; Turkish students in the school dance happily when they listen to music, and Chinese students in the school want to eat together with money and leisure, which involves cultural and traditional factors ~ so it seems that the Engel coefficient is not reliable~
The China you perceive is not the same China, and the life you experience is not the same life, let alone judging foreign countries and others?
Have not been to other countries, in order to get a convincing comparison, or to see the data, the stock of data is relatively small, you can check the per capita savings, average life expectancy, years of education; Comprehensive data indicating status, can be seen in the HDI of the Human Development Index, as well as data related to education and health care (of course, HDI also covers these); Finally, there are some quantities that reflect the possession, distribution and security of resources, such as per capita income, Gini coefficient, commodity prices, per capita carbon emissions, electricity consumption, crime rates, and so on
Among the comprehensive indicators, the more referential is the Human Development Index
The Human Development Index consists of health levels (life expectancy); Level of education (average number of years of schooling and expected years of schooling for children); The three data on the level of the economy (gross national income per capita) are combined, and any one of the indicators that are too low will significantly reduce the level of the human development index, and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) will regularly publish human development index reports
The middle countries with a human development index slightly higher than China in 2016 are Ukraine, Armenia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Algeria, Thailand, Peru, Ecuador, etc., and Fiji, Mongolia, Colombia, Tunisia and a vote of Caribbean island countries are slightly lower than China
Today, the former Soviet union countries of Ukraine and Armenia, which have far lower GDP than China, have benefited from the infrastructure, education, and welfare systems accumulated by history, relying on these stocks to maintain a high level of human development
The 2016 World Human Development Index chart, the darker the blue, the higher
There is also an IHDI (inequality-adjusted HDI) that takes into account social inequality, which may be more in line with the perception of living standards by the general chinese public. Without data from China, the country in the screenshot may be similar to China's IHDI
After taking into account social inequalities, the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries performed more strongly, with Ukraine and Armenia ranking 44th and 47th respectively, which is already higher than the screenshot range. Vietnam, which has a low level of economic development, has surpassed Brazil and Colombia, which have a GDP several times that of Vietnam, congratulations to Vietnam
In the 2016 human development index chart of the world after considering social inequality, the darker the greener, the higher, and the darker the brown, the lower
About the situation in China
According to 2010 data, several municipalities directly under the central government and special administrative regions have the highest human development index, similar to Russia, Poland and other countries, followed by the eastern coast and Inner Mongolia and the three eastern provinces; Tibet and Guizhou have the lowest human development indexes, slightly higher than those of South Asian countries
2016 Human Development Index of China's Large and Medium-Sized Cities, the data are as follows:
The highest human development index of Guangzhou is comparable to that of the Czech Republic, higher than that of Qatar and Estonia; Shanghai's human development index is comparable to Chile's, and Xining, which has a low human development index among provincial capitals, has similar values to the national average. It can be seen that Chinese perform well in terms of life expectancy index, and the main thing that is lagging behind is the education index.
Look for a few basic indicators of the Human Development Index separately
Life expectancy:
A map of the life expectancy of the world's people in 2015
The second column is average life expectancy, the fourth column is female life expectancy, and the sixth column is male life expectancy
Countries with similar life expectancy in China in 2015
The average life expectancy of Japanese people ranks first in the world, overall, women's life expectancy is relatively longer, east Asian countries are relatively high life expectancy, the same economic level, the life expectancy of southern Europe is higher than that of Northern Europe and Eastern Europe, the life expectancy of Middle Eastern countries will generally be lower than their economic level, the former Soviet Union countries have performed poorly on the indicator of life expectancy, Russia, Ukraine's life expectancy has ranked to about 100, and the difference in male and female life expectancy in Ukraine and Russia is about 10 years (emmm... Is it because there are more male drunkards? ）
Average life expectancy in China is similar to that in Argentina, Ecuador, Vietnam, Hungary, and Turkey, but the difference in life expectancy between men and women is relatively small compared to these countries (in other words, women's life expectancy is relatively short).
Life expectancy varies across China
Average years of schooling:
This indicator reflects the level of education of adults in a country, ranking first in Switzerland - 13.4 years, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Canada and other countries have an average years of education of more than 13 years, Hong Kong, China is 11.6 years, the former Soviet Union, Eastern European countries and Cuba the average years of education is about 11-12 years, generally higher than Italy, France and other countries
Countries with an average length of school in 2015 similar to China's are as follows:
From left to right, the average age of education in 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015.
The indicators in this range are higher than China's large and medium-sized countries Uruguay, Paraguay, Ecuador, Vietnam, Indonesia, Turkey, Algeria, Brazil, Zimbabwe, etc., and lower than China are Kuwait, Colombia, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq, Congo, India, Kenya and so on.
The average years of schooling is the most important indicator of the development index of the Chinese, and even if compared according to the growth rate, the average years of schooling in China is not as good as that of Algeria, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Turkey and other countries. Although Chinese people pride themselves on respecting teachers and emphasizing education, for a long time, the proportion of education expenditure in GDP has been low ~ now it is necessary to implement quality education and education industrialization.... emmm....
The number of years a child is expected to be educated
This data shows how much education the flowers of the motherland will receive.
As of 2013, the country with the highest expected number of years of education for children was Australia, with 19.4 years (previously 20.1 years), South Korea ranked 4th in the world with 17.8 years, 1st in Asia, and the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, Japan, Singapore, Argentina, Chile, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia and other countries in 15-16 years.
Relatively speaking, China's data is still relatively bad, and the countries similar to China are these:
Among these countries, Lebanon, Egypt, Serbia, Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, Oman and other countries are higher than China, and Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico, Palestine, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Nepal, Bhutan and so on are lower than China.
Personally, I think that this data is more mysterious, I don't know how the expected number of years of education in some countries nearly 20 years is obtained ~ is the kindergarten included? Or are they all in graduate school? Rather than reflecting the difference in the level of education, it is better to reflect the difference between the education system and the goals, in fact, it can be combined with the pisa test to increase the influencing factors of the quality of education.
According to the indicators of the two education indexes, the people of the United Nations calculated the education index, which is roughly like this:
In addition to the time spent in education, the quality of education is also an important indicator of the level of education
PISA (International Student Assessment Project) is an OECD educational assessment test for 15-year-olds who are close to completing basic education, which can be a fair reflection of the level of education in the compulsory education stage. Grey countries are not tested
In terms of scientific achievements, East Asian countries, Vietnam and Canada and Finland performed the best, followed by Western and Central Europe, followed by Eastern and Southern Europe, and the Middle East and South America and Southeast Asia performed the worst
In terms of mathematical achievements, East Asian countries and Canada, Switzerland and Lithuania performed the best, followed by Vietnam, Northern Europe, Western Europe and the former Soviet Union, the United States and Southern European countries performed worse, and Southeast Asian countries and the Middle East and South America once again performed the worst
In terms of reading, Canada, Finland, Ireland and Japan and South Korea performed best, followed by other Nordic countries and Germany, followed by the United States and Western European countries, China, Vietnam and Russia achieved moderate results, and the Middle East, Southeast Asia and South America continued to be the worst
In terms of gender test results, Vietnam, Indonesia, the former Soviet Union countries, Canada, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom are the most balanced, the United States, Eastern European countries and Turkey are in the middle, China, Thailand, South Korea are at the middle and lower levels, and the biggest differences are Finland, Italy, Chile, Algeria, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and Japan
Social background and educational performance, in this regard, Japan, South Korea, the countries of the former Soviet Union, Thailand, Algeria, Turkey, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Italy, Canada, Finland, Norway, the best performers, can be considered to be fairer in their education. Central and Eastern European countries such as China, France, Germany, Peru and Chile have the worst performance, and it can be considered that their education level and students' social class are more related.
In the 2013 PISA (International Student Assessment Project), Shanghai achieved the world's first place, far ahead of the second place, but in 2015, when Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Guangdong participated in the PISA test together, China's score fell to 10th, surpassed by Vietnam. The PISA test is aimed at schools at all levels in the region, and the test results in developed areas are still the same ~ not to mention the national average ~
Coming to the last indicator of the Human Development Index - Gross National Income per Capita (GNI)
GNI is similar to GDP, but GDP calculates output within a country and GNI calculates the output of all citizens, and in order to reduce the impact of exchange rate differences, HDI indicators use the value of gross national income per capita calculated in purchasing power parity (PPP).
In 2016, the region with the highest GNI per capita at purchasing power parity was Macau, followed by Singapore, Kuwait, Brunei, the United Arab Emirates and Luxembourg
China's per capita GNI is located near the world average, slightly higher than China's large and medium-sized countries are Belarus, Iraq, Mexico, Thailand, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Costa Rica, slightly lower than China's Brazil, Algeria, Colombia, Lebanon, Macedonia, Serbia, South Africa, Peru and other countries
Turkey and Russia, a pair of good friends, per capita GNI is almost the same, surpassing the "developed countries" such as Chile, Iran is slightly ahead of Argentina, surprised? Surprised?
The difference in income distribution is not taken into account in the HDI indicator, so the Gini coefficient can be added as a correction, the lower the low income inequality of the Gini coefficient, and vice versa, the middle of the table below is the World Bank's Gini coefficient value, and the numerical sampling time varies from country to country, for reference only
In the Gini coefficient, the lowest values are the Eastern European countries represented by the Czech Republic and Romania and the Nordic countries represented by Denmark and Norway, and the lowest is Ukraine, which has not been peaceful recently. In addition, the North African country of Algeria and Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia also have a lower Gini coefficient. Most of these countries were previously in the communist camp or were long governed by left-wing ("socialist" parties in Europe and the United States).
China is on the high side of the Gini coefficient, which may have both class differentiation factors and geographical differences, and similar to the Chinese Gini coefficient are the United States, Turkey, Uruguay, Argentina and other countries
After reviewing the indicators involved in the Human Development Index, I looked for some strange data
In order to reflect gender differences, the United Nations has calculated the Gender Equality Index, which has been used as reference indicators for maternal mortality, adolescent fertility, labour force participation, parliamentary sex ratio, labour force participation rate and proportion of people in secondary education.
The best performers in this indicator are the Nordic and Western European countries, Switzerland ranks 1st, South Korea ranks 10th, asia 1st (some people will probably spit it in the comments)
On this indicator, China is 37th, similar to New Zealand and the former Yugoslavia, but Saudi Arabia ranks 50th, only slightly lower than Hungary, higher than Turkey, Algeria, Iran, these relatively secular Islamic countries, as well as Ukraine, Russia... emmm....
Safety is an important factor in measuring the standard of living, so I looked for some indicators in terms of safety
The proportion of prison inmates per 100,000 people can reflect the crime rate to a certain extent, of course, it is also related to the judicial system of various countries and the implementation of laws
The United States ranks second in the world, Russia also ranks in the top 10, and the performance of the two major powers in terms of security does not seem to be very good ~ Relatively speaking, East Asia and Europe (outside the former Soviet Union) are relatively safe regions. Sub-Saharan African countries have low data, possibly because there are no data
The murder rate, which reflects the proportion of vicious crimes, is shown in the figure below
Murder rate, the darker the color, the higher
On a continent-by-continent basis, the Americas have the highest proportion of malignant cases, while Asia is the safest
Relatively speaking, Central Europe, Northern Europe and Japan, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Algeria, Italy, and Spain are the regions with the lowest proportion of vicious cases, followed by East Asia, Western Europe, and Canada; South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, the United States, and India are at a moderate level, with a relatively high proportion in Russia and Central Asia, and Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa being the least secure.
In order to intuitively reflect the stress of life and the index of not being able to live and have no love, I chose the suicide rate as an indicator, which is the suicide rate data graph
Suicide rate of this value is actually not much related to the economy, it can be seen that the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, Japan, South Korea, India and most countries in East Africa in the suicide rate of the top, China's suicide rate is lower than France, the United States, Australia, Argentina, Chile and other countries, and Brazil and the Middle East countries are similar, relatively speaking, North Africa, Gulf countries and Mexico, South Africa and other countries suicide rate is relatively low (but Mexico and South Africa murder rates are relatively high, may not wait for suicide to be killed ~)
(Probably still poor data on eating, living, and money)
A conclusion that basically relies on brain supplementation:
Extrapolating from the above data, the average living standard in China is probably between Eastern European countries such as Hungary and Poland and Islamic countries such as Iran and Algeria, which are relatively peaceful. It may be equivalent to or slightly lower than the former Soviet Union countries such as Russia, Belarus, kazakhstan, and the older and more developed countries in Latin America, such as Argentina and Chile (Brazil developed relatively late, and the stock may not be as wide as argentina and Chile, and countries such as Mexico, which were broader than those that were wider longer). Eastern European countries rely on stock advantages to lead China in education and welfare, and the economic level is about the same as that in central and eastern China, but the crime rate is higher and people are more likely to commit suicide without thinking.
Personally, I think the closest thing to turkey before the war in Syria may be the closest? In fact, since the end of the Qing Dynasty, Turkey has been the object of study and comparison of modern Chinese scholars such as Kang Youwei, if it were not for coups and wars ~ I could have had a chance to experience it in depth ~ Islamic countries usually have a low crime rate, if it were not for terrorism, Turkey should still be a safe country.
Turkey's economic structure is similar to China's, dominated by manufacturing, with a certain but not excessive amount of resources and sufficient self-sufficient agriculture, GDP slightly higher than China's, and welfare levels similar to China's. It is also mountainous, coastal development, inland poverty, but also experienced the glory of the empire and the humiliation of modern times, but also had cultural and political innovation and long-term authoritarian rule, there are Istanbul and Shanghai such as the geographically important, foreign open commercial cities (of course, Junbao also has a deep historical and cultural precipitation, it can be said that it is equivalent to the combination of Xi'an and Shanghai), there are also xinjiang and Kurdish regions such as poor and full of separatists. Although they are two countries that are essentially different, they can find a lot of similar couplings between the present and the past.
To be persuasive, paste the data
According to a Forbes magazine survey, in 2013, Turkey's financial center Istanbul, with 37 billionaires, ranked 5th in the world (according to Hurun's 18-year list, Istanbul ranked 20th, surpassed by a large number of Chinese cities)
Bankalar Caddesi, the financial center of the Ottoman period
CBD in Istanbul
Since the 1980s, Turkey has achieved self-sufficiency in grain, and in 2007, Turkey ranked first in the world in hazelnut, cherry, fig, apricot and pomegranate production; The production of watermelon, cucumber and chickpeas is the second largest in the world; Tomatoes, eggplants, green peppers, lentils, pistachios produce the 3rd largest in the world, in short, eating is still not worried
In terms of energy and minerals, Turkey is the world's 10th exporter of mineral products, and its power generation is also among the top 20 in the world (the latest specific data can not be found, and Turkey is lower than Iran and Saudi Arabia in terms of power generation, after all, fossil fuels are not so much)
Turkey's exports are mainly composed of automobiles, ships, home appliances, clothing, consumer electronics and construction
Turkey's Vestel is europe's largest TV manufacturer, Beko is his main competitor, the company's products are also sold in China, the market share in European countries is relatively high
In 2016, Turkey produced 1.48 million vehicles and exported 1.14 million vehicles, ranking 14th in the world in terms of production, and among other non-high-income countries, India ranked 5th, Mexico ranked 7th, Brazil 10th, and Thailand ranked 12th
In 2007, according to the order tonnage, Turkey's shipbuilding industry output ranked 4th in the world, 2017 data is unknown (5th is Vietnam in 17 years, 4th is the Philippines), shipbuilding industry, China, Japan and South Korea's output ranked in the top three, and any country is far more than the sum of the latter lump of countries
In addition, in 2016, Turkey ranked 8th in the world in steel production, the construction contracting industry ranked 2nd in the world (1st in China), and in 2014, Turkey's arms exports amounted to 1.4 billion US dollars.
In terms of total industrial output, Turkey and Iran (and perhaps Indonesia) can be ranked first in the islamic countries, in the top 20 in the world, and the per capita indicators are relatively close.
Economic differences between regions in Turkey
GDP per capita in terms of purchasing power (PPP in euros)
In 2017, Turkey's most economically developed region is the Istanbul region, which has a slightly higher per capita GDP than Jiangsu Province, possibly similar to the Central Jiangsu region, followed by the Kocaeli region near Istanbul (the capital of Kocaeli Province, Izmit, formerly known as the ancient Roman Nicomedia, which also served as the capital in ancient Rome) and the capital Ankara region, which brings together more than one-third of the country's population, followed by Bursa, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. and the Bursa region, where the important city of Nicea in the Eastern Roman period was located; The European part, the Tekirdag region where Edirne (Adrianople in the Roman period) is located, and the Izmir region, where the important eastern Roman city of Smyrna is located;
Istanbul's skyline, where tradition and modernity coexist
The economically least developed regions are the Van Lake region near Iraq, Syria and the Agri region near the Caucasus, where gdp per capita is just over a quarter of Istanbul's, roughly equivalent to China's Gansu province. These areas are either close to war-torn Iraq, Syria, or predominantly mountainous, where the Kurds are one of the main ethnic groups, and are also historically inhabited by Armenians. In general, Turkey's western coastal areas and the vicinity of Ankara are more economically developed, while the eastern mountain economy is relatively poor, and the difference in regional economic development is not smaller than that of China.
Istanbul Ataturk International Airport, the 11th busiest in the world, and the new Istanbul Airport currently under construction will be the largest airport in the world
Some people may say how Turkey is compared with China, but I personally think that according to Turkey's population and area, it is already good to achieve such industrial development results. Medium-sized countries cannot and should not expect to be at the top of the list in all industries, and China's total should be compared to countries and national organizations at the level of the European Union and the United States.