"Steaming up and cooking" three volt days
The hottest time of the year
There seemed to be only something cold and cold
in order to "continue to live" 🍦
Spend the summer with friends
Sip cold beer
Served with delicious marine fish
It is a great blessing in life
Wait!
The fish are beautiful
Beware of xenocephalus, too!
Xenocephalus
The pollution of is a worldwide distribution of iscanthal nematodes, whether adults or parasitize the larvae of the intermediate host in the world's major waters, mainly concentrated in the North Pacific and North Atlantic coast and its islands, of which the Pacific ocean is the majority, more than 20 countries or regions have reported hundreds of species of fish parasitized with xenoderma, common marine economic fish, such as cod, bluefish, mackerel, salmon, mackerel, mackerel, mackerel, bonito and Pacific rock fish and other fish species have a high detection rate, In foreign literature reports, the detection rate of cod and herring is the highest, both 88%, and rock fish are 86%.
In recent years, the mainland has carried out a number of investigations on the infection of fish with isstilbene, and the infection rate of fish is very high in mainland waters, and the infection rate of fish is 53%-73% in the Bohai Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. In a 2011 survey, 194 of the 239 marine fish species were infected with isotidal nematode, with an infection rate of 81.2%. In the literature reports, the infection rate of some species of marine fish is 100%, the average colonization degree is 6.3 / tail, and even some fish can carry hundreds of iscus nematode.
Humans are mainly infected with the larvae of Stage 3 of the issatid nematode due to the consumption and processing of immature seafood. Cases of the disease were first reported in the Netherlands in 1960 and infections due to the consumption of marine fish were noted, after which the pathogen was named Isosuria elegans.
With the development of awareness of the disease and diagnosis and treatment techniques, more and more cases have been reported. The main reported cases are from Asian countries that eat seafood raw (e.g., Japan, South Korea, etc.), and some recent reports have focused on countries such as France, the United States, and Indonesia.
The main cases of human isosquamatosis come from Japan, where more than 2,000 cases are diagnosed with iscus nematode disease each year, about 50 cases are reported annually in the United States, and about 500 cases per year in Europe. As of 1990, 16,090 cases had been reported in Japan, and a total of 559 cases in other countries and regions.
Xenohacete infection
At present, there are no reports of xenohadynes infection in the mainland, but it does not mean that there are no cases of infection in the mainland, and the possible reason is that the current awareness of this disease in mainland medical institutions is low, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed. As early as 1993, the mainland included aquatic animal isoharmatic nematode disease in the "List of Animal Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases Prohibited from Entering the Territory of the People's Republic of China".
What are the symptoms of infection with Xenocephalus?
Infections caused by Xenocete elegans generally present clinically as gastrointestinal symptoms or as an allergic reaction due to repeated infections. After eating food containing live stage 3 larvae of Xenoderma elegans, clinical symptoms generally appear 1 to 12 hours, manifested by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis or symptoms such as tiredness and abnormal stool.
The pathogenic mechanism is mechanical damage caused by the migration of larvae in the gastrointestinal tract, and the larvae attach to the stomach wall through drill teeth, causing hemorrhagic or erosive damage through secreted proteases, and then penetrating the gastric mucosa.
In severe cases, the larvae can penetrate the stomach or intestinal wall and migrate into the peritoneum, pleural cavity, mesentery, liver, pancreas, or ovaries. In general, the disease is self-healing, with symptoms disappearing within a few days in the acute phase, but if left untreated, it can cause chronic ulcer-like symptoms that last for weeks or even months.
Intestinal symptoms of iscus nematode disease are manifested by intermittent or persistent abdominal pain, beginning 5 to 7 days after ingestion of stage 3 larvae and manifesting ascites or peritonitis. Intestinal infections and inflammatory responses occur mainly at the end of the ileum, and rarely in the jejunum, duodenum, or colon. Occasionally, complications such as small bowel obstruction, ileal stenosis, intussusception, intestinal perforation, and pneumoperitoneum are seen.
The insect body and its secretions can also cause strong allergic reactions in the human body, the epitope is urticaria, rubella, edema, and even breathing disorders, anaphylactic shock and so on.
After entering the body, iscanthia can secrete a non-permeable, heat-intolerant protein called eosinophil chemokine (ECF-P), which can cause eosinophils to concentrate at the site of infection, causing hypersensitivity reactions. The endotoxin release of the disintegration of the worm body, as well as the worm body itself and the epidermis can become allergens, leading to the aggregation of purulent cells, causing hypersensitivity reactions.
So far, a total of 12 simple isotidiae allergens (Ani s1- Ani s12) have been reported, but only the first 9 allergens have been clearly identified and classified. Seven (Ani s1, Ani s4, Ani s5, Ani s6, Ani s7, Ani s8, Ani s9) are excretory allergens, and 2 (Ani s1, Ani s3) are allergens of the worm itself. Ani s1, Ani s2, Ani s3, Andi s7 are the primary allergens, and Ani s4, Ani s5, Ani s6, Ani s8, Ani s9, and Ani s10 are secondary allergens.
85% of allaexus allergies contain Anis1-specific IgE in humans. It is generally believed that generally isosuria allergies are caused by infection with live isstilis, but the possibility of allergies caused by exposure to heat-resistant antigens or dead larvae cannot be ruled out.
Easily misdiagnosed? How is it diagnosed?
For the diagnosis of suspected cases, first of all, because the patient is asked whether he has eaten unprocessed mature seafood, it is different from other gastrointestinal diseases (acute appendicitis, intestinal obstruction, etc.) according to biochemical indicators and signs. Diagnosis is assisted by endoscopy, X-ray, etc.
Fiber endoscopy is the most effective diagnostic method for esophageal and gastric iscus nematode disease, using fiber endoscopy to directly detect the worm body or find pathological changes such as erosion and edema on the mucous membrane, confirm it, and directly remove the worm body for treatment at the same time.
X-rays of gastric iscus nematode disease are predominantly longitudinal folded and swollen stomach wall, and sometimes a linear shadow of the larvae themselves may be visible. In intestinal iscus nematode disease, the postprandial intestinal x-ray is segmented, with a serrated or short rod-like shadow in the affected area, and a strong dilation of the intestinal canal above the affected part, with granular shadows of the retained barium agent.
Ultrasound imaging may also be used to assist in the diagnosis of intestinal iscus nematode disease. When larvae cannot be found in the stomach and small intestine, immunological diagnostic techniques can be used to aid in the diagnosis of isotid nematode. Taking larval excretion and secretion antigen, insect body antigen or Anis s1 allergen as antigens, the detection of IgG, IgA or IgE antibodies in the serum of suspected cases can assist in the diagnosis of recent infections and previous infections of cases, and has the advantages of high efficiency and specificity.
In the process of diagnosis and treatment, intestinal is easy to misdiagnose acute appendicitis, intestinal tumors, localized enteritis, intestinal diverticulitis, etc., intestinal worms are more difficult, by X-ray fluoroscopy and immunological clearing methods to confirm the diagnosis, generally take albendazole conservative treatment combined with anti-inflammatory drug treatment.
There is no specific treatment for iscus nematode
It's all about prevention!
There is no specific treatment for iscus nematode disease, the most effective treatment is to remove the worm body as soon as possible, if the worm body cannot be removed, conservative treatment methods should be adopted to strengthen observation while anti-infection and anti-allergy. In severe cases, surgery should be performed to remove the worm body in time to avoid local obstruction.
For isalamic nematode disease, we should adhere to the principle of prevention first, strengthen publicity and education for consumers, inform consumers of the harm of eating and processing immature seafood, process such foods should be cooked thoroughly, reduce raw seafood and freshwater products, and reduce food safety risks. Advocate that relevant food enterprises and catering establishments should freeze seafood before processing and selling them, and freezing can not only kill parasites in seafood but also kill pathogenic Vibrio. The European Union stipulates that raw seafood must be frozen at -20 °C for at least 24 hours, and the US FDA requires that all seafood eaten without heating to more than 60 °C must be frozen at -35 °C for 15 h or stored at -23 °C for at least 168 h (7 days).
Key points: Avoiding raw or semi-raw marine fish is the primary prevention method, and the fish meat should be heated and cooked before consumption. Isaacs can all die after freezing at -20 °C for 24 h.
A small partner asked again
Can liquor and fresh dips kill xenocephalus?
A: Not enough to kill insects at all!
Can fresh dips kill it?
The larval body has strong resistance to various physical and chemical factors, and the condiment has a certain insecticidal effect, but it is greatly affected by the concentration of use and the time of action, and the insect body resistance is stronger when the larvae are in the capsule. Stomach acid can increase the activity of the insect body, resistance to alcohol, salt, acid, radioactivity, etc., weak resistance to temperature: 1s at 60 °C, 10 min at 50 °C, 30 min at 45 °C, 5 °C for 50 d, -5 °C for 6, -10 °C for 3d, -20 °C for 2h.
Survive 25-48h in 30-degree liquor and 20min-2h in 60-degree liquor;
30% acetic acid survives for 1-3 h;
Survive for 10 min in dry salt, 24h in saturated brine, and 8d in 33% brine;
The survival time in garlic juice, ginger juice, purple orchid liquid, pepper liquid, leek juice, fennel liquid, chili pepper liquid and various seasoning mixtures was 7h, 10h, 15h, 52h, 61h, 69h, 148h and 169h, respectively.
Experiments were conducted with Chinese medicines such as betel nut, crane grass and cnidium monnieri, yellow cedar, huanglian, ephedra, fine spices and madder, and bulboso, except for 47h survival in yanhuso liquid, the rest of the medicinal solutions can survive more than 110h.
The Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention did experiments: the fresh isoscephalodes were placed in a solution of mustard, liquor and other solutions, and it was found that it took as little as 20 minutes to completely kill the insects, and the longest took more than two hours. If only vinegar is added, the xenophoria remain active after 8 hours.
This is just the result of directly soaking the bugs in the solution, if the raw marinated seafood is braised, can you guarantee that the concentration of the seasoning is enough? Can each part of the ingredient be evenly marinated?
Raw sashimi friends, seasoning and fish meat only a few seconds of contact directly into the mouth, this bite down, do not know whether will become a lucky or unlucky egg
So eat with caution!
If you really want to eat, buy from formal channels, pay attention to dietary hygiene, (cooked) steamed, oil stewed or stir-fried, you can play at will.
The appetite is small
Health is a big deal
Raw seafood, or eat less
Source: Jiangsu Disease Control
Editor: Wen Jialin
Editor-in-charge: Chen Guangtai
Useful knowledge increased!