Original author: Yu Shiliang
Xue Zong (176–243), courtesy name Jingwen, was a native of Zhuyi County, Pei County (沛郡, in modern Suixi, Anhui).
Xue Zong's ancestor was Meng TianWen of the State of Qi during the Warring States period, and Meng Tianjun was enfeoffed to Xue Di. After Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, the sacrifices were lost, and the descendants were scattered everywhere. Han Gaozu pacified the world, and after passing through the homeland of the State of Qi and seeking Meng Tianjun, he obtained Meng Tianjun's grandson Tian Ling and Tian Guo, and wanted to restore his fiefdom. The brothers Tian Ling and Tian Guo pushed each other forward, but they did not accept it, so they came to Zhuyi and settled here, so they took Xue as their surname. From Xue Guo to Xue Zong, he held the official position of controlling the classics for generations in the prefecture and county, and was a local surname. When Xue Zong was young, he was well versed in scripture, good at writing articles, and had excellent talent.
In the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Shou's general evaluation of Xue Zong is: "Xue Zong is knowledgeable and disciplined, and is Wu Liangchen. This means that Xue Zong was pure in knowledge and good at persuading and persuading, and was a good minister of the State of Wu.
First, Xue Zong's political experience
Xue Zong went through the two dynasties of Sun Quan and Sun Liang, and successively served as the general of the Five Senses (1), the Taishou of Hepu and Jiaolan Erjun, the Servant of gurudwara, the Servant of Shangshu, the Servant of Cao Shangshu, and the Prince of Shaofu. The specific experience is as follows:
In the fourth year of Zhongping (187), Shi Xie was appointed as the Taishou of Jiaotong. Nominally loyal to the Han Dynasty's Jiaotong Taishou, Shi Xie had in fact become a warlord who had divided the counties of Lingnan. Shi Xie had a generous and modest personality, and there were hundreds of people in the Central Plains who went to refuge in dependence, such as Yuan Hui, Xu Jing, Liu Ba, Cheng Bing, xue Zong, and so on.
In the fifteenth year of Jian'an (210), Sun Quan sent Bu Qi to jiaozhou to assassinate shi, and Shi Xie led his brothers to annex, after which Shi Xie was made a left general by Sun Quan. After Shi Xie was subordinated to Sun Quan, Sun Quan recruited Xue Zong as a general in the Five Senses. Xue Zong has since entered Sun Wu's political arena.
At the end of the Han Dynasty, the territory of present-day Guangdong Province included the entire Nanhai Commandery (南州, guangdong) under the jurisdiction of Jiaozhou, as well as parts of Cangwu Commandery(陳梧郡), Hepu Commandery (合浦郡), Jingzhou Guiyang Commandery (桂阳郡), and Yangzhou Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡). After Bu Qi's appointment as the Assassin of Jiaozhou, Hepu came under the jurisdiction of Sun Wu. Sun Quan appointed Xue Zong as the Taishou of Hepu.
In the fifth year of Huang Wu (226), Shi Xie, who had been serving as the Taishou of Jiaotong for 40 years, died, and Shi Xie's son Shi Hui intended to rebel against Wu and establish himself. Sun Quan, out of precautions, did not confer the post of Jiaozhi Taishou on Shihui, but instead made him the general of Anyuan, leading Jiuzhen Taishou (九真太守, in present-day central Vietnam), with the lieutenant Chen Shi succeeding Shi Xie as The Jiaotong Taishou, with the aim of further weakening Shihui's power. In this regard, Shi Hui was even more dissatisfied, and the heart of Wu Yiming rebelled. To this end, Sun Wu's chancellor Lü Dai proposed to split the three counties of the South China Sea and set up Jiaozhou, with the general Dai Liang as the history of Jiaozhou, the four counties of Haidong in addition to Guangzhou, and Lü Dai as the history of Guangzhou.
Sun Quan took Lü Dai's advice and sent Dai Liang and Chen Shi to the south to take up their posts, but Shi Hui disobeyed the order and openly sent troops to defend Haikou to resist Dai Liang and others from taking office. Lü Dai knew that if shihui was not removed at this time, there would be endless troubles in the future, so on the one hand, he wrote to Sun Quan to request the crime of disobedience of Shihui, and on the other hand, he wrote to Shihui to "tell the misfortunes and blessings" and launched a political offensive.
Governor Lü Dai led three thousand soldiers to cross the sea day and night. Someone said to Lü Dai: "Shi Hui, by virtue of the grace of several generations, is attached to the people of the whole state, and he should not be despised." Lü Dai said, "Although Shi Hui said that he had a plan against him, he did not expect that I would be killed suddenly, and if our army quietly advanced in light armor and attacked him unprepared, we would definitely be able to defeat him." If our army is stranded and does not advance rapidly, it will make him suspicious, and the city will be fortified, and the seven counties will be barbaric, and then the people will gather to respond, even if there are people with wisdom, who can try them? So he marched, and when he crossed Hepu, he marched with Dai Liang. Xue Zong, who was the Taishou of Hepu, integrated the armed forces of the county and followed Lü Dai in his conquest of the rebel shihui.
When Shi Hui heard that Lü Dai had come, he was greatly frightened, and did not know how to be good, so he immediately led the six brothers to kneel down to meet Lü Dai shirtless. Lü Dai beheaded them all and sent them to the capital. The Shihui generals Gan Li and Huan Zhi led the officials and people to attack Lü Dai, and Lü Dai fought hard to defeat them. Then Lü Dai took advantage of the victory to march against the rebels of the Nine Truths, and everywhere Sun Wu's army went, he was invincible, and since then Lingnan has truly been under the direct control of Sun Wu's regime.
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Xue Zong records that at that time, the Jiaozhou region had just been opened, and The Jiaozhou Assassin Shi Ludai led an army to conquest, and Xue Zong accompanied him across the Hainan Expedition until the Jiuzhen.
Lü Dai was given the title of Marquis of Panyu for his meritorious service in pacifying Jiaozhou, and was promoted to the rank of general of Zhennan. Later, Sun Quan merged the seven counties of Lingnan into Jiaozhou, and Ren Lüdai was the assassin of Jiaozhou.
There is a doubt here, according to the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms And Xue Zong", Xue Zong served as the Taishou of Hepu and then served as the Taishou of Jiaotong. So, when did Xue Zong take office?
Shi Xie served as Taishou for more than 40 years, and Huang Wu died in office in the fifth year (226). Sun Quan appointed The Lieutenant Chen Shi to succeed Shi Xie as the Taishou of Jiaotong. Perhaps Xue Zong served as the Jiaotong Taishou after Chen Shi. The specific time is no longer verifiable. One thing is certain, Xue Zong must have served as the Taishou of Jiaotong before Huanglong's third year (231), because this year Xue Zong was already in the long history of the Zhennan general Sun Wei, and before that, Xue Zong had also represented the Gurudwara servant (2).
According to this, it can be said that Xue Zong's beginning in politics was the general of the five senses, and his official rank was bi two thousand stones. Later, Xue Zong served as the county sheriff of 2,000 stones, and especially granted Xue Zong the post of Jiaotong Taishou, indicating that Sun Quan attached great importance to Xue Zong.
In the third year of Huanglong (231), in view of the stability of the Southern Qing Dynasty, Lü Dai was summoned to lead an army to garrison Fengkou (沤口, in present-day southeast of Chaling, Hunan, because of its confluence of ancient and Shuishui). When Sun Quan decided to transfer Lü Dai out of Jiaozhou, Xue Zong was afraid that the person to succeed Lü Dai would not be suitable, so he submitted a seal to Sun Quan, pointing out, "To appease the remote areas, there should really be qualified candidates." Those who serve as state pastors should be honest and capable; For remote areas, this condition has a particularly significant impact on the success or failure of the state. ”
Chen Shou included Xue Zong's sonata in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms and The Biography of Xue Zong", but Sun Quan did not seem to attach great importance to Xue Zong's suggestions, perhaps because Sun Quan did not attach importance to Xue Zong's suggestions, resulting in the chaos of the later Jiaozhou. Until the eleventh year of Chiwu (248), the ethnic minorities of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen rebelled, and the Jiaozhou area was in turmoil. The Eastern Wu court, with Lu Yin as the assassin of Jiaozhou and the lieutenant of Annam, went to the letter to inform the local people and implemented the policy of recruiting and surrendering, and the leaders of the thieves and the people all bowed their heads and surrendered, so that Jiaozhou could be at peace. The imperial court made Lu Yin a general of Annam, and then conquered and defeated the thieves of Jianling County, Cangwu County.
After Xue Zong served as the Taishou of Hepu, and then as the Taishou of Jiaotong, he left Jiaozhou and returned to the capital, where Sun Quan appointed him as the Acting Gurudwara servant. Next, he served as the long history of Sun Wei, the general of Zhennan Tai, and was responsible for handling various official affairs externally, and teaching classics to Sun Wei internally.
After Sun Wei's death, Xue Zong entered the imperial court as an acting thief Cao Shangshu. Later, he was promoted to Shangshu Servant.
In the third year of Chi Wu (240), Xue Zong was transferred to the post of Cao Shangshu (3). In the fifth year of Chi Wu (242), he served as the crown prince's young fu, and still concurrently held the position of Cao Shangshu.
In the spring of the sixth year of Chiwu (243), Xue Zong died.
2. Xue Zong's academic achievements
The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms chronicles Xue Zong's biography records that "when he was a teenager, Xue Zong took refuge in Jiaozhou with his people and studied with Liu Xi. ”
Xue Zong's teacher, Liu Xi (born and died unknown), was a native of Beihai County (北海郡; present-day Changle County, Shandong Province). Eastern Han Dynasty scholar and hermeneuticist. Born of filial piety, he started as a lang official, and was too conservative in his toes. During the Jian'an period, he took refuge in Jiaozhou. Writing books and teaching learning, his disciples, in addition to Xue Zong, also included Cheng Bing, Xu Ci and others. In the last year of Jian'an, Liu Xi died, and he wrote "Interpretation of Names", "Tanfa", and "Mencius's Notes". Among them, the "Interpretation of Names" is an important exhortation work on the mainland and has a great influence on future generations.
Most of Xue Zong's current works are applied genres, all of which are "written for the times" and "written for things". For example, in the third year of Huanglong (231), Eastern Wu considered the stability of the southern Qingping, so he recruited Lü Dai, who was then the assassin of Jiaozhou, and Xue Zong, worried that the person who succeeded the history of the Jiaozhou thorn was incompetent, so he wrote "Shangshu Please Choose the History of The Assassination of Jiaozhou". In the second year of Jiahe (233), Gongsun Yuan, who had divided Liaodong, killed Wu's envoys, and Sun Quan was furious and wanted to send an army to conquest, and Xue Zong composed "Shangshu Zhi Zhi Pro-Conquest of Gongsun Yuan" to advise. In the sixth year of Jiahe (237), during zhuge ke's three years as the Taishou of Danyang, he adopted the method of combining siege and appeasement by force to subdue more than 100,000 mountain people, and Sun Quan, in order to reward his merits, sent Xue Zong, who was then a servant of Shangshu, to the army to comfort the labor, and Xue Zong wrote "Moving Zhuge Ke and Other Labor Troops". In the third year of Chi Wu (240), Xue Zong was elected Cao Shangshu. Xue Zong did not respect his ability, was humble and courteous, and composed "Let the Selection of Cao Shangshu Table Recommend Gu Tan", "Gu Tan" to replace himself. In the fifth year of Chi Wu (242), Xue Zong was appointed as the Crown Prince's Young Fu and composed the "Table of The Young Fu of the Crown Prince", which was once again fixed.
According to the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Xue Zong", Xue Zong's poems and essays were tens of thousands of words, the title was "Private Load", and he also wrote "Five Pictures" and "Erjing Solution", all of which were circulated in the world.
According to the scholar Li Yanjie (4), Xue Zong's surviving texts have a total of 11 articles, in addition to the "Five Sects of the Narrative of the Zheng Dynasty". Among them, there are 5 articles in total, namely "Let Cao Shang Table Recommend Gu Tan", "Let the Prince Young Fu Table", "Shangshu Please Choose the History of the Assassination of Jiaozhou", "Shangshu Advises Gongsun Yuan", "Move Zhuge Ke and Other Labor Troops"; 6 Odes, for "Lin Song", "Phoenix Song", "Yi Yu Song", "White Deer Song", "Red Wu Song", "White Wu Song". "Let Cao Shangshu Table Recommend Gu Tan" and "Let the Prince Young Fu Table" are the expressions of resignation and selection of Cao Shangshu and Prince Shaofu, respectively, "Shangshu Please Choose the History of The Assassination of Jiaozhou", "Shangshu Advice to Pro-Zheng Gongsun Yuan" are respectively the selection of the History of The Assassination of Jiaozhou and advise Sun Quan not to personally enlist, "Moving Zhuge Ke and Other Laborers" is the transfer of exhortation and consolation of Zhuge Ke, "Lin Song", "Feng Song", "Yi Yu Song", "White Deer Song", "Chi Wu Song", "White Wu Song" are praised for the suburban temples that praise Xiangrui, and the 11 works have strong practicality and are all applied styles.
In addition, "Mocking Shu Makes Zhang Feng": There are dogs for the only, no dogs for the Shu. The eyes are crossed, and the worms enter its abdomen. No mouth is heaven, and there is mouth for Wu. King's Landing, the capital of the Son of Heaven.
Third, Chen Shou's good minister
After Chen Shou briefly introduced Xue Zong's political experience in the "Biography of Xue Zong", he also recorded four things about Xue Zong: First, Xue Zong asked Sun Quan to "Shangshu Request for the History of The Assassination of Jiaozhou", suggesting that Sun Quan should attach importance to the candidates for the History of the Assassination of Jiaozhou; The second is to advise Sun Quan not to personally conquer Liaodong's "Shang shu advice pro-conquest of Gongsun Yuan"; The third is that Xue Zong successfully completed the three ancestral worship articles written by Sun Quan, as well as Xue Zong's other works; Fourth, Xue Zong ridiculed Shu's envoy Zhang Fengzhi's word game.
Chen Shou identified Xue Zong as a "good minister", and in the "Biography of Xue Zong", in addition to reprinting Xue Zong's two articles advising Sun Quan, he did not search for any of Xue Zong's political achievements, giving people the feeling that the "good minister Xue Zong" in Chen Shou's mind would not do other work except write a few exhortation articles.
In fact, Chen Shou established a biography for him based on Xue Zong's knowledge and persuasion, and in the same way, Chen Shou wanted to borrow the two articles reprinted in "Xue Zong's Biography" entitled "Shangshu Please Choose to Pass on the Assassination History of Jiaozhou" and "Shangshu Counseling and Pro-Conquest of Gongsun Yuan" to draw Xue Zong's lofty ambitions of political virtue and meritorious service for the country and the people, and thus determined that Xue Zong was a good minister.
(1) Xue Zong is worried about the country and the people. Xue Zong pointed out in the "History of Shangshu's Request to Choose Jiaozhou's Assassination", "Although Jiaozhou is now initially stable, there are still remnants of thieves in Gaoliang County, and the four counties of Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, and Zhuguan are still restless, and they have become the hiding places of fugitive rebels. If Lü Dai no longer returned to the south, the new Assassin Shi should choose a shrewd and prudent person who could restrain the eight counties, had strategic wisdom, and could slowly serve as a person who could pacify Gaoliang County, give him prestige and favor, grant him power, and require him to govern effectively, which may make up for the shortcomings. If only a person of the middle level can only abide by the usual laws and regulations, and there is no strange strategy of power, it will make all kinds of ugliness grow more and more and become a scourge over time. Therefore, the security of the country lies in the quality of the officials he or she serves, and we must not fail to investigate. The courtiers were afraid that the imperial court would despise the candidates who ignored the officials, so they took the liberty of saying these unwise ideas in order to expand Shengming's thinking. ”
(2) Xue Zong offers advice and suggestions. Xue Zong pointed out in the "Shang shu pro-conquest of Gongsun Yuan" three reasons for not being able to go to Liaodong: First, the climate in the Liaodong region was cold, the land was barren, and grain could not be planted, even if the expedition could be won, it was also empty land, and it was useless to defend it; Second, the expedition to Liaodong was very difficult, and Sun Wu's army was powerful and had nowhere to go; Third, Sun Wu's army, which had gone on an expedition to Liaodong, was prone to infectious diseases. In short, the expedition to Liaodong violates the laws of nature and does not conform to Sun Wu's strategic policy, "I hope that His Majesty will suppress the thunderous might, resist the anger of Hehe, follow the smooth path of crossing the bridge, and stay away from the danger of walking on the ice. ”
(3) Xue Zong attaches importance to indoctrination. Xue Zong served as the General of the Five Senses, the Taishou of Hepu, the Taishou of Jiaotong, the Acting Gurudwara Servant, the Changshi of the Zhennan Tai general, the Acting Thief Cao Shangshu, the Shangshu Servant, and the Prince Shaofu. Chen Shou did not list his political achievements in the "Biography of Xue Zong", and even did not evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of his political career. Since Chen Shou recognized Xue Zong as a good minister, he should have made political achievements. Can it be understood that as a scholar-type politician, at the end of the turbulent Eastern Han Dynasty, he was concerned about social stability and popular tranquility, so he opposed the excessive relaxation of laws in the Western Han Dynasty, resulting in a large number of illegal acts; He admired Bu Qi and Lü Dai for eradicating and punishing illegal crimes, and preached the dynastic political program and law and discipline, so that the people were baptized. Because of this, when Xue Zong served as the marquis of Jianchang and Sun Wei as the general of the Zhen Army, in addition to completing his own work, he taught books internally and promoted indoctrination.
Fourth, Xue Zong's artistic image
The 43rd time in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "Zhuge Liang's tongue fights the group of Confucians, and Lu Zi respectfully excludes the public opinion." Among them, there is a fragment of Zhuge Liang's humiliation of Xue Zong:
Suddenly, a man asked, "How is Kong Ming like Cao Cao?" Kong Ming regarded him as a person, but Xue Zongye. Kong Ming replied, "Cao Cao is a Han thief, so why ask?" In summary: "The common word is not good." Han has been handed down to the present, and the number of days will end. Now Cao Gong has two-thirds of the world, and everyone has returned to their hearts. When Liu Yuzhou did not know the sky, he wanted to fight with it, just like hitting a stone with an egg, and Andrew was undefeated? Kong Ming snapped, "Xue Jingwen'an came to this point of saying that there is no father and no king!" Madame was born in heaven and earth, and took loyalty and filial piety as the foundation of her life. If the duke is a Han subject, he sees that there are those who are not subjects, and they should swear to kill each other: the way of the subjects. Now Cao Cao's ancestors ate Han Lu, did not think of retribution, and harbored the heart of usurpation, and the world was indignant; The lord returns with the number of days, and the true fatherless and the kingless! Deficiencies and words! Please do not repeat! Xue Zong was full of shame and could not answer.
This is Mr. Luo Guanzhong's deliberate black talent and quick thinking xue zong, first, Xue Zong will not be stupid enough to ask a troubled question, that is, "Cao Cao He Xu ren"; Second, taking the question of cao cao and Liu Bei, Xue Zong asked Zhuge Liang to answer it. Of course, this was a trap that Luo Guanzhong had designed to let Xue Zong fall into it.
In fact, Xue Zong was good at making a mistake and letting the trap set by the person who set the trap fall into the trap himself. The "Biography of Xue Zong" records that the Shu Han emissaries who wanted Sun Wu to be ugly were ugly in public.
Once, Zhang Feng, an emissary of the Shu Han Dynasty, sent an envoy to the State of Wu. After getting drunk, Zhang Feng took the surname of Kan Ze, the important minister of the State of Wu, and joked, saying: "There is a dare to be Kan, no dare to be a door, and the two days rise together, and his heart is visible!" (The old "door" was called "door", so the clouds rose together and the two days rose), and he wanted to taunt him with feudal etiquette.
The ministers of the State of Wu were furious, but Kan Ze was unmoved.
Zhang Feng saw Kan Ze's weak and deceitful appearance, and he continued to chatter and ridicule him. At this time, Xue Zong got up and paraded to pour wine, and took advantage of the opportunity to persuade Zhang Feng to say: "What is Shu? There are dogs for the only, no dogs for the Shu, horizontal eyes and sentences, insects into the belly. (In the old days, the word "alone" was "alone", so there were dogs as "alone".) Later, "horizontal eye sentence body" has been made "horizontal eye body", Pei Songzhi suspects that it is false).
Zhang Feng said, "How should you interpret your Wu characters?" Words are wrong, words are wrong, and actions are wrong, and they are lost! ”
Xue Zong smiled and replied, "No! No mouth for heaven, no mouth for Wu, King's Landing, the capital of the Son of Heaven. So everyone in the audience laughed, and Zhang Feng answered wordlessly. Xue Zong's wit and agility were all like this.
We can boldly assume that if there is really Zhuge Liang's "tongue battle group Confucianism" and Xue Zong is present, then Zhuge Liang may not be able to retreat completely!
5. The good minister of the present, the thief of the ancients
As the saying goes, a son of heaven, a courtier. That is to say, the subject is the subject of the Son of Heaven, and the Son of Heaven is the Son of Heaven of the Subject. From this point of view, a courtier who can charge for the Son of Heaven is a good minister of the Son of Heaven; If you can earn a lot of money for the Son of Heaven, you are a good minister of the Son of Heaven.
Han Feizi advocated this concept of monarchy. Han Fei believes that the standard of a virtuous subject is to serve the monarch wholeheartedly and be a good monarch's right hand. "Han Feizi Youdu" said: Virtuous people are courtiers, facing north, handing themselves over to the monarch, without two hearts; He did not dare to resign from the lowly things in the imperial court, and did not dare to resign from the difficult things in the military; Obey the leadership of the superior, obey the decrees of the monarch, discard one's own prejudices and wait for the superior's orders without making judgments.
However, Mencius resolutely opposed the concept of monarchy advocated by Han Feizi, who believed that the courtiers should guide the monarch to the Tao and be benevolent, and if they could not do this, they should "open up land and fill the treasury" for them, which would be equivalent to assisting the people, in fact, "the people's thieves".
Mencius said in the Confession of the Sons that "those who serve the monarch today say, 'I can open up territory for the monarch and enrich the treasury.' Today's so-called good ministers are the so-called thieves of ancient times. The monarch does not yearn for the Tao, does not aspire to be benevolent, but tries to make him rich, which is equivalent to making Xia Jie rich. And he said, 'I can invite allies for the king, and I will win every battle.' Today's so-called good ministers are the so-called thieves of ancient times. The monarch did not yearn for the Tao, did not aspire to be benevolent, but tried to fight for him desperately, which was tantamount to helping Xia Jie. Along the current path, without changing today's atmosphere, even if the world is given to him, he will not be able to sit still for a day. ”
Mencius's political views are very clear, that is, "the people are precious, the society is secondary, and the king is light." In fact, the ancient Chinese people have long had the concept of "Heavenly Emperor", followed by the saying of "Tianzi", and "Tianzi" is the agent of "Heavenly Emperor". The "Heavenly Emperor" is not the ancestor of any clan, but a god shared by all the people in the world, and who the Mandate of Heaven belongs to depends on the virtue of that person. What are the criteria for judging virtue? It is the will of the people! Therefore, the destiny is impermanent, and it is necessary to use sufficient morality to enjoy the power given by God.
From wang Yangming's point of view, Liangchen is a practitioner of the unity of knowledge and action, and only in his position can he seek his own government and have the world and the country in mind, not an emperor. According to this, the criterion for judging whether a good minister or a good minister is to see whether he is beneficial to the people's livelihood and the people's life.
(Sunday, June 19, 2022 in Yeosu)
Concentrate:
(1) Five Senses Lang General: In the Two Han Dynasties, Lang Guan was the collective name of the Imperial Court's Huilang, Zhonglang, Shilang, and Langzhong, of which Lang was responsible for advisory response, that is, he could participate in the discussion of the imperial court meeting, and the latter three were under the order of Lang Zhong, responsible for security work such as palaces and vehicles, and these three kinds of Langguan were divided into three official offices: left, right, and five senses. The left middle lang general, the right middle lang general, the five facial middle lang general, this is how it came. Their ranks were all higher than two thousand stones, and they belonged to high-ranking officials. By the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lang Zhongling was renamed Guanglu Xun, but the positions and duties of the left, right, and five generals of Lang Zhonglang did not change. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the title of Zhonglang general was widely added to the military attaché by various separatist forces, no longer limited to the position of janissary commander, etc., becoming a class roughly between the general and the lieutenant, whose position, rank, and power were very different, and the generals of the unified army also used this name, and the title was added to it, such as the Xiongnu Zhonglang General, the Northern Zhonglang General, and so on.
(2) Gurudwara Servant Shooting: The Eastern Han Dynasty was the governor of gurudwara, nominally subordinate to Guanglu Xun, serving the emperor around, passing through inside and outside, and having a heavy authority. Rank is better than Sengoku. Three Kingdoms along the line, Wei Wupin.
(3) Selection of Cao Shangshu: One of the Cao Shangshu, in charge of the selection of officials. Han Chengqin system, set Up Shangshu, belongs to the Shaofu. When Emperor Cheng of Han was emperor, he set up four shangshu and divided it into four Caos. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, he changed the name of Shu Cao to official Cao cao and was in charge of electing the temple sacrifices. This is the origin of the selection of Cao Shangshu. Wei re-elected the ministry as an official.
(4) Li Yanjie, "The Literary Creation of Xue Shi in Zhuyi during the Han and Jin Dynasties: A Case Study of the Literary Creation of Xue Zong and Xue Ying's Father and Son", Journal of Bengbu University, Vol. 10, November 2021
(5) In addition to the "good" word picture from the network, the rest of the pictures in this article are provided by photographer Yu Yuan, which is greatly appreciated!