When talking to Filipinos about Rizal's ancestry, it was found that most non-Chinese Filipinos did not know that Rizal had Chinese ancestry, and did not understand the relationship between Rizal's family and the Immigrants of the Minyue ethnic group. To be honest, I was very shocked by this, is it the Philippines that falsified history? Or is the Chinese community exaggerating history? Is he the 'pride of the Malays'? Or is it the first "father of the nation" in the history of the Minyue people? Curious, I carefully examined various sources and came to a subversive conclusion. In this issue, we walk into the story of Rizal, the founding father of the Philippines, and in this issue, we can see three expressions of Rizal, and we can see a process of national and ethnic transformation in the Philippines. I am even more convinced that this is god's archipelago. The article is longer, if you like to thank the fingers to pay attention to the Philippines full perspective WeChat public account
Rizal – the pride of the Malays
Although José Rizal was invented by later generations as the Founding Father of the Philippines, his dream as a well-known ophthalmologist, writer, and mastery of 22 languages at that time was not to "rescue" the colonial Filipinos. It was the malays who were all oppressed by British, Dutch and Spanish colonialism. Therefore, Indonesian and Malay nationalists regard him as the "pride of the Malays".
In his early years in the Philippines, he founded Los Indios Bravos, an organization named after race. In fact, in the colonial Philippines, as well as latin American colonies, spaniards often used the word Indio to devalue native Filipinos, and this pejorative term even extended to the very wealthy Filipino Chinese. Indios means uneducated local farmers, usually tenants or poor farmers, struggling on barren land. In the eyes of the Spaniards Indios were a poor group of people who were caught up in the quagmire of the native religion and could do nothing but serve their superior Iberian (Spanish) masters and do humble work. By the 19th century, however, as more and more Filipino Chinese mixed-races entered their own tribes as a prominent group, their vast wealth was built on successful business activities and the production of sugar, coffee, and other cash crops and growing international trade.
The name came into being when Rizal and his friends visited the 1889 Exposition des Nations in Paris. He believed that the Spaniards always referred to the colonial natives as ignorant and lazy, but they also had their own dignity and pride. It was because of this inspiration that Rizal came up with the name Los Indios Bravos. He considered the adoption of such a name to be a subversive act for the Spanish colonists. Although the name is so derogatory to Filipinos, as long as all Filipinos, including malays, adopt and accept it, it will directly subvert this racist name. He saw the connection between american Indians and the Filipino "Indios" and chose the Spanish word "bravo" as a synonym for bravery. The name Indios Bravos, a rebellious race, emerged. Just as everyone accepts the "pejorative meaning", the meaning of the pejorative meaning automatically disappears.
Indios Bravos was created, rizal is the left one
But the purpose of the organization seems to be not just for the Philippines, but to liberate all Malays. José Rizal inspired nationalists in Indonesia and Malaysia. The revolutionary Tan Melaka regarded him as a pioneer. In Tan Melaka's eyes, José Rizal and the Philippine Revolution were not isolated events, but part of the malay anti-colonial movement in the Malay world and a catalyst for the later armed resistance of the entire Southeast Asian armed rebellion against the colonialist revolution. So his name was called "Pride of the Malays". Truth be told, the independence of the Philippines may also be just a byproduct of his plans. His real aim was to liberate all the Malays in the colonies. Although the blood of the Min Yue people flowed in his blood, he could also speak the fluent Min Yue language, but he had long been born and raised in Si.
Rizal's arrest, perfunctory trial, and shooting by firing squads further inspired the revolutionary spirit of the Philippines
Many people here will have questions, isn't Rizal not Chinese? Why not the pride of the Chinese but the pride of the Malays. Why did Rizal completely abandon the identity of the Min Yue people?
From Minyue to Filipinos, is Rizal Chinese?
José Rizal His paternal ancestors were immigrants from Jinjiang, Quanzhou, Fujian. At the end of the 17th century, he came to the Philippines to earn a living. Its names Siong-co (eldest brother) and Lam-co (Nange) are undoubtedly The languages of the Minyue family. According to research, their family's Han surname is Ke. After Lam-co was baptized, he changed his name to Dominingo and his son took francisco Mercado. So far, at least from the name alone, there is no trace of Chinese culture. Since 1849, when the Spanish Government ordered Filipinos to change their Spanish surnames, José Rizal's father added the surname Rizal.
José Rizal was fluent in 22 languages, including Hokkien and Qing Dynasty mandarin (similar to today's Mandarin). As for whether he himself has a "Chinese" identity, it is very doubtful. Because he was born more than a hundred years after his ancestors moved into the Philippines from China, the family has settled in the Philippines for more than a hundred years, and in addition to the earliest Minyue ancestry, there are also Filipino, Spanish and Japanese ancestry.
Japan has published a set of comics to record the legendary life of Rizal
Some hints can also be seen in his invention of the term Los Indios Bravos, which is considered revolutionary by Filipinos. Coming from a mixed Chinese and Filipino family, Rizal was a very wealthy and talented young man with commercial privileges and privileges, and was generally expected by his family to build their personal achievements and make their families richer and stronger. Often, people in this class are reluctant to associate with Indios. He also occasionally dismissively refers to the local natives as "FanZai". Because of their economic status they absorbed the prejudices of dominant Hispanic culture and looked down on their poor and uneducated Fellow Filipinos like the Spanish colonial rulers. However, by the late 1880s, great changes in social thought began to create a new generation of young people who did not want to go the old ways. Rizal was one of them, and he saw that in the eyes of the Spaniards, they were no different from the ordinary Tao (people) or Indio in the Philippines, whether they were Mestizo (mixed-race people of white ancestry), had any amount of wealth or education, but were in fact fundamentally discriminated against. The Ayala family, which includes native pure-blood Spanish descendants and now controls the vast wealth of the Philippine Archipelago, made the same choice. Because outsiders always put themselves ahead, when the Spanish-American War broke out in 1899, the Ayala family resolutely supported the Philippine Revolution and rebelled against the rule of the Spaniards, which was the awakening of Filipino nativism.
Manga published in Japan about Rizal
Rizal and other Minyue people awakened, and pure-blood Spanish descendants such as Ayala also awakened. They may not have had filipinos ancestors, but they were born on this land, and they identify with the Philippines. Wittgenstein is quoted as saying that "there is nothing else possible".
In Jinjiang, Fujian Province, the hometown of Licha, ironically, he did not recognize himself as Chinese until his death, and he was quite contemptuous of the Chinese.
José Rizal never hid his dislike for the people of his homeland. In an 1895 letter to his mother, he mentioned that he had vowed not to buy Chinese goods again, and that there was a shortage of cups and plates. He also spread the boycott of the Qing Dynasty and set up a company in Mindanao to teach the locals to engage in trade so that they would be self-sufficient and no longer exploited by new immigrants from Fujian in the Qing Dynasty.
Among his legacy is a letter from San Francisco in which José Rizal said that Americans' hatred of the Chinese had led to confusion among other Asian foreigners, such as the Japanese, and that they were also discriminated against..." But in fact, he seems to be gently complaining about the Chinese and other Asians. José Rizal has always been very good at satire. Rizal has written many novels, and the Chinese images in his writings are very negative, basically hypocritical and mercenary, or they behave strangely, rat-eyed, or extremely sarcastic.
The praise of the so-called "Light of Minyue" may just be the wishful thinking of the Minyue people in the Philippine country, and Rizal does not think much of his Minyue blood at all, nor does he have any good feelings for the people who belonged to the Qing Empire at that time. We can't help but ask, how does Rizal himself view his Fujian-Cantonese ancestry?
According to Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr by Filipino Austin Coates, José Rizal's complaint to the government before his execution is recorded:
When the Spanish authorities showed him the documents sentencing him to death, he expressed strong dissatisfaction and protest. Protesting the Spanish government's mischaracterization of him as a Mestisso, a mixed-race man of Chinese descent. and declare himself to be an indio puro (i.e. a purebred native)"
Of course, this protest had a strong political purpose, and the Spanish government at that time had been purposefully promoting that he was not a true Filipino, which was more like a mockery and political polarization, in order to tell the majority of Filipinos that Rizal was not your kind, and that the Philippine independence he sought belonged to ulterior motives and purposes.
We know at least two things from Austin Coates' records. First, before his death, José Rizal did not admit that he had so-called "Chinese ancestry" because his ancestors were from Minyue. Second, the so-called "Chinese ancestry" of the time was the best material for the Spanish authorities to smear in politics, and the Spaniards tried to use this to undermine his prestige among the Filipinos.
As the national hero of the Philippines, the Messiah of the Revolution
Gone the Spanish colonists came the Americans. The Philippines under American rule needs a great man to build a national consciousness and national spirit. As a result of the change in the international situation, the colony basically turned into a money-losing business, and the natural Rizal, a rich and rebellious aristocrat, became the object of propaganda. It is extremely controversial that although there is no evidence that José Rizal has been involved in violence, from his literary works, instead of rejecting violent revolutions, it is even inflammatory throughout the text. Later generations portrayed him as a gandhi-like nonviolent, largely a glorious image created during American rule.
Many years after José Rizal's death as a national martyr, the new religious movement in the Philippines was worshipped as a deity, forming a "Rizal Catholic" sect. These believers believe that José Rizal never really died and will return to earth to bring God's salvation to filipinos. They believe that the execution of José Rizal by the Spaniards is reminiscent of the execution of Jesus by the Roman governor Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, causing the faithful to see Rizal as Jesus' reincarnation. Thus came the revolutionary "Messiah" (the Anointed One in Hebrew, usually the Savior).
A man who had been secretly executed more than two hundred years ago, his legendary life was regarded as a completely different "hero" by the Hokkien Chinese, the Philippine government, and the Malays, especially the Indonesians, of the GreatEr Indonesians. How can there be more than three expressions of a Rizal? The Philippine government regards him as a national hero, the Philippines claims that he is a great contribution of overseas Chinese, the Malay nationalists refer to him as the pride of the Malays, the Great Indonesianists regard him as the pioneer of the revolution, the Americans have shaped his glorious image of peace, the Chinese government regards him as a diplomatic resource for Sino-Philippine relations, and religious fanatics believe that he is the son of God and the messiah of the revolution.
It's as if no painting can completely outline a person's true face. Each interpreter adds his own understanding and imagination to the historical "truth" of history. History may not be called "real", and some are more just their own reverie. So I think it's really "one Rizal, each expressed.". He was in the ever-changing 19th century. At the crossroads of civilizations, among the trading hubs of the Pacific, the harbinger of Asia's first republic was launched. His story affected everyone in this "Island of God.". No matter which country you are from, no matter which country Rizal is, what is his identity. He has become part of history and has been with the rise and fall of the Philippines and Asia as a whole. Multiple identities and evaluations are like the collision and interweaving of multiple cultures in the Philippines itself.
In 2022, the Philippines is about to rise again in the tide of supply chain migration. What kind of historical invention is this time? And what kind of ideas and civilizations are stirring? Let's wait and see!