In China's thousands of ancient histories, there were two more famous military and political groups, one was the Humble Guanlong clique and the other was the Turkic Shatuo clique.
Before and after the Sui and Tang dynasties, it profoundly affected the historical process of Chinese civilization, so what are the similarities and differences, and how do they affect the history of later generations?
Guan Long Group
In the last years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, after more than 140 years of Sinicization reforms, the Hu people sinicized and learned from the Han people, the Northern Wei court came to the end of history, and the warlords Erzhu Rong and Gao Huan used the Jinyang military clique to empty the Central Dynasty of northern Wei.
In 533, in order to oppose the Jinyang military clique, He Bayue and Yuwen Tai formed a gate valve military group in the Guanlong region (Guanzhong, Shaanxi, And Longshan, Gansu), characterized by a mixture of Hu and Han, with Xianbei cavalry as the mainstay and the unity of culture and martial arts.
Yuwen Tai was a powerful figure in Western Wei, and the Guanlong clique was able to rise rapidly. The prefectural military system based on the Juntian system was created, with the establishment of the Eight Pillar State and the Twelve Great Generals, the integration of military and government, and the soldiers worked in agriculture in peacetime and were soldiers in wartime.
Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang all inherited the Western Wei military system, from Western Wei to Northern Zhou, Sui, and Tang, most of the imperial descendants of these eras came from the twenty major families of the Guanlong group composed of the Eight Pillar State and the Twelve Great Generals.
Yuwen Tai was a western Wei courtier, his descendants were the northern Zhou imperial family, Li Hu's descendants were the tang dynasty royal family, and the great general Yang Zhong's descendants were the sui dynasty royal family; the northern Zhou dynasty empresses were mostly produced in these families, and the empresses of Emperor Wen of Sui and the mother of Li Yuan, the emperor of Tang Gaozu, were from the Dugu Xin of the Eight Pillar Kingdom.
From the establishment of the Tang Dynasty to the middle period, in order to strengthen the centralization of power and continuously weaken the power of the Guanlong clique, the Guanlong nobles did not divide the territory in the localities, the Juntian system collapsed, the conscription system replaced the prefectural military system, and the Guanlong clique withdrew from the stage of history.
The Chinese civilization from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Southern Chen is the stage of classical Chinese civilization; then, from the Northern Wei through the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Southern Song Dynasty, in order to rebuild the Chinese civilization. The new Huaxia is the Chinese civilization that was reborn after Wuhu merged into China.
The founders of the Sui and Tang dynasties were all from the Guanlong Group. Although there are humble bloodlines, they are not regarded as foreign regimes, because of their identification with Chinese civilization and the inheritance and development of the Chinese system.
Shatuo Group
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Li Keyong represented the Shatuo military group. The composition of this military group is divided into two parts:
Source one, the Shatuo people. The Western Turkic parts were distributed in the desert area of present-day Xinjiang, which was then called "Shatuo", so it was named Shatuo Turk.
Source two, Sogdians. It is distributed in Central Asia and Xinjiang, and the nine countries of Zhaowu. An Yushan and Shi Siming are the millet people.
After the Anshi Rebellion, the division of the feudal towns intensified, and the central army of the Tang Dynasty was limited. At this time, the Shatuo people could not bear the persecution of Tubo, so they came to the Tang Dynasty, and with the support of the central government of the Tang Dynasty, effectively attacked the division of the town. The leader of Shatuo, Li Keyong, was given the title of Hedong Jiedushi, and the Hedong Group, that is, the Shatuo Group, appeared.
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, in 883, he was credited with suppressing the Huangchao Rebellion and was crowned king of Jin. Since then, the Shatuo people have stepped onto the stage of history.
Five of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Liang, Tang, Jin, Han, and Zhou, with the exception of Zhu Wen hou Liang, all came out of the Shatuo military clique.
After Zhu Wen built Liang on behalf of Tang, to some extent, it was a continuation of the Huangchao rebel army, and the Shatuo clique opposed the Zhu Wen clique, and finally under Li Cunxun, destroyed Zhu Wen's Hou Liang and established the Later Tang regime.
After that, there was the internal struggle of the Shatuo clique, and the Later Jin and Later Han were both from the Shatuo clique. Guo Wei and Chai Rong's later Zhou, they were the generals of Liu Zhiyuan, the founder of the Later Han Dynasty of the Shatuo Group, but the difference was that they were Han Chinese.
Zhao Kuangyin, the taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty, also came from this clique, and since Later Liang had guarded the pro-army to Houzhou to take charge of the central forbidden army, with the strongest military armament, the division of the feudal town was resolved. In 960 AD, the Northern Song Dynasty was established.
Shatuo is to the Great Song Dynasty as Xianbei is to the Sui and Tang Dynasties. This is also the reason why the Song Dynasty enshrined Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou as orthodox. Just as the Tang Dynasty enshrined the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the history books at the same time as orthodoxy.
The two groups are summarized as follows:
The first and second groups were the descendants of the northern nomads, who were defeated by the Central Plains Dynasty or voluntarily annexed. Guan Long was a Xianbei person after the Sinicization of Xianbei; Shatuo was a Turkic tribe that actively attached himself to and helped the Central Plains Dynasty.
Second, two military and political groups that have a long impact on China's history. After the Guanlong, there was the sui and tang dynasties; the Great Song Dynasty established after Shatuo prospered economically and culturally.
Third, as a national power into the Central Plains. In the last years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was formed to oppose the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi; Shatuo introduced mercenaries for the Tang Dynasty to solve the division of the feudal towns, and the result was not great.
Fourth, it was prominent for a while, and then it merged into China and disappeared into the long river of history.