introduction
During the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was in serious decline, with smoke everywhere, internal and external difficulties, and flawless care for Tibet. Even the small country of Nepal can force the local government of Tibet to humiliate and seek peace and sign the Treaty of Tibet and Nepal, which is the Tibetan-Nepal War. With the advent of the New China, the treaty was officially abrogated.
Impressions of Nepal
When it comes to Nepal, most people generally think of the impression that it is a small landlocked country spread over the highlands and mountains, with underdeveloped socio-economic development, inconvenient transportation and isolation.
Everyone will only feel that this country has a little sense of existence when talking about climbing Mount Everest, there are many routes to climb Mount Everest, as many as 19, the risk is known only to climbers, after most of the exploration of donkey friends, only two routes are relatively safe, the first from the southern slope of Mount Everest in Nepal, the second from the north slope of Tibet in China After all, it takes 450,000 yuan to climb Mount Everest from China, and it takes more than 70,000 yuan to start from Nepal. Because of the cost, most people choose to start from Nepal.
In fact, Nepal is also a country with a long history of ancient civilization, and in some respects, its volume has exceeded that of many countries in the world, such as its land area of 147,200 square kilometers, which is larger than that of South Korea, which is 103,300 square kilometers, with a population of 28.61 million (2019), far exceeding Australia's 25.36 million people.
Background to the Tibetan-Nepalese War
The war begins
In 1846, the pro-British General Tsonger Bahadur Rana staged a military coup and proclaimed himself Prime Minister, making Nepal a British semi-colony. Feeling britishly supported, Gorkha (Nepal) (Nepal) ignited ambitions for Tibet.
Border disputes arose between the Tibetan Nelam and Jilong regions, and the tariffs of these two important mountain passes were an important source of revenue for the Tibetan region. Therefore, Gorkha (Nepal) has always coveted both places. As early as the twenty-fourth year of Daoguang, the king of Gorkha (Nepal) had proposed to the minister in Tibet, Meng Bao, that "the areas of Nielam and Jija should be administered by Tibet for ten years, and the Gorkha (Nepal) areas should be administered for three years", but this was rejected.
In the spring of 1855, the Qing Empire was mired in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War. The Gurkha (Nepalese) dynasty took the opportunity to prepare for war and made the following three demands to the Tibetan government: (1) compensation for the losses suffered by Nepalese merchants due to past years of trade conflicts; (2) the return of Nelam and Jila, which once belonged to Gorkha (Nepal); and (3) the cession of the Dharagang region in western Tibet. After such excessive demands were rejected, war broke out between Tibet and Nepal.
War broke out
The Nepalese troops on the Tibetan-Nepalese border have successively captured Jibu, Nielamu, Dzongkha, Tsongkha, Tongren, Rongzhi, Dalagang and Pajialing, and the Tibetan soldiers have suffered heavy casualties. However, since the Qing court had already sent troops into Tibet to fight against Nepal, the Nepalese side put forward conditions, hoping that the Tibetan side would cede Ji Ji and Nelamu, or pay 200,000 rubles in reparations for each important place occupied by Nepal.
The Nepal Army fought bravely, its weapons and fighting methods were updated by the British army, and the Tibetan army was defeated, but the Tibetan army still stubbornly resisted Nepal.
Nepal had relaxed its guard as a result of the negotiations. However, the 3,000 Sichuan troops that the Qing court promised to enter Tibet were actually transferred back because of the tight war in Hubei.
The Tibetans originally thought that the negotiations between the Qing court and the Nepalese side were a delaying strategy to wait for reinforcements to enter Tibet, but they waited for the reinforcements to arrive, and only then did they know that the Qing Dynasty could not count on it at all, and could only rely on themselves.
In early November 1855, the weather was harsh and dripping water into ice, which was conducive to the Tibetans fighting. Kalon Tseresa led the local Tibetan militia along the border to launch a fierce assault on the powerful Dani army. The Tibetan army plunged straight into the rear of the Nepalese army and pushed the Nepalese supplies off the cliff. Cut off the supply lines of the Nepalese army. The sudden attack caught the Nepalese army by surprise, and the Tibetan soldiers took advantage of the victory to pursue and retake Neram.
The outcome of the war
However, Tibet's population and resources were inferior, the population of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty was only 1.34 million, and it was difficult to gather manpower and material resources scattered in the vast snowy plains, and the population of Nepal at that time had reached more than 2 million. The reinforcements promised by the Qing court did not arrive in the end. Nepal, on the other hand, had more troops, and according to Nepalese sources, the Nepalese army had "a new force with 14,000 infantry, 1,200 cavalry, 80 light artillery, 24 cannons, and a large number of mechanical, howitzers, etc. necessary for mountain warfare."
As more and more Gurkha (Nepalese) people poured into the Tibetan Plateau like a tide, Neram and other important places were once again taken away by Nepal.
But after all, the harsh winter has arrived, which is not conducive to the Continuation of the Nepalese Army. Its Prime Minister, Chung Bahadur, considered that Nepal was, after all, a small and poor country, and instead of being mired in a long war, it would be better to make a quick truce to achieve real gains.
At first, the Nepalese thought that the Tibetan army would be as vulnerable as it was when qianlong invaded Gorkha (Nepal), but the Tibetan army was able to fight with them this time, which surprised the Nepalese side. After all, however, it is the Nepalese side that is dominant. Under the coordination of the Qing court ministers stationed in Tibet, the two sides signed the "Treaty of Zangni" that caused the Qing Dynasty to lose power and humiliate the country. However, Nelam and other places were also returned to the local government of Tibet by the Nepalese side, and the treaty read as follows:
1. Tibet pays the Gurkha (Nepalese) government 10,000 rupees per year.
2. Tibet does not draw any taxes on Gorkha (Nepalese) merchants.
3. Tibet and Gorkha (Nepal) exchange prisoners and property from the war.
4. In the future, Gorkha (Nepal) can send a senior official to Lhasa.
(5) If there is any dispute between the Tibetan people and the people of Gorkha (Nepal), the officials of the two sides will try it; If there is a dispute between Gorkha (Nepalese) merchants or Kathmandu Muslims in Lhasa, Tibetan officials have no right to try them.
But after the signing of the Tibet-Nepal Treaty, Nepal has been expanding its privileges in Tibet and gaining the right to garrison troops in Lhasa and other places
The arrival of New China abrogated the treaty
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Premier Zhou Enlai stepped forward to abolish Nepal's privileges in Tibet
In 1956, after negotiations between China and Nepal, the Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal on the Maintenance of Friendly Relations and between the Tibetan Regions of China and Nepal was signed, and Nepal converted its representative office in Lhasa into a consulate general, withdrew its armed forces stationed in Lhasa and other locations in Tibet, and abolished Nepal's privileges in Tibet.