Guo Jing
31 years ago, the Sino-Japanese joint mountaineering team mountain disaster in the Meili Snow Mountain shocked the world, and 17 Chinese and Japanese mountaineers died on the ice peak. Since then, Merry's mountaineering activities have stopped, but the search, exploration and reflection around this mountain disaster have not stopped.
As a doctor of ethnology and a researcher of southwest mountain culture, Guo Jing has been paying attention to the "Meili Mountain Disaster" since 1998 and has been to the scene of the incident many times. Over the years, he has successfully interviewed Chinese and Japanese mountaineers, the families of the victims and local mountaineers, combined with the data of the "Meili Mountain Disaster" studied by all walks of life, deeply analyzed the mountain disaster, and wrote the book "Mountaineering Story", while trying to restore the overall situation of the mountain difficulty to the greatest extent, he examined the mountain disaster from five perspectives, such as the Chinese and Japanese mountaineers, the local Tibetan mountain people, the "snow mountain" itself, the mass media, and the families of the victims, in order to achieve communication and understanding between different cultures in the real presentation. And pay attention to the causal relationship between human activities and nature, so as to reflect on the significance of human free travel and mountaineering.
Authorized by the publisher, The Paper-Private Geography has excerpted wolf stories dictated by mountain people, showing the impact on the lives of local farmers and herders after the start of mountaineering activities.
"Mountaineering Story"; Guo Jing/Author; Beijing United Publishing Company Lefu Culture; 2022-3
The wolf is coming
I listened to the mountaineers in Japan talk about their experiences, and in Deqin I listened to the locals say what they saw, just like breaking into Akira Kurosawa's movie "Rashomon", which seems to be a simple thing, but it spreads many clues, and people living in different cultural contexts give different explanations. The local villagers are all masters of storytelling, and they can't put up any big reason, but they can stubbornly give many examples of how mountaineering has angered Kawagebo and brought disaster to them.
These examples are well-founded, but they are also twisted and bizarre, and often make me stunned and even suspicious. Fortunately, the training in anthropology taught me some common sense of listening to stories, such as respecting the locals' telling, understanding the "authenticity" of the story in their context, and so on, before convincing myself to slowly calm down and carefully ponder the taste.
Of the stories the villagers told me, the legend of the wolf was the most peculiar.
At noon on May 26, 1998, the village of Sidang was shrouded in hot sunshine, and in the shade of walnut trees, cicadas called out. Veterinarian Rob Jang-tso walked out of the gate of the village office to see an injured animal at the villager's house. I walked with Him Jianhua, carrying an old-fashioned brown leather medicine kit and A video camera. Rob Jangso is only 25 years old, but he has a mature ability beyond his age, he is a bit stuttering, but he especially likes to chat with me. During that time, I was investigating alpine grazing, and he gave me common sense about science popularization while walking:
Our place is different from Zhongdian, they are alpine meadow pastures, we are alpine forest meadows. Although they are all vertical mobile grazing, they have more yaks there and more calves here.
Yaks are afraid of heat, have poor adaptability to river valleys, and are prone to digestive tract diseases along the river. The benefits of calves are more, they are adaptable, they are flexible in the mountains, they are not afraid of heat by the river; calves can plow the ground, can milk cows, and produce more milk than cattle; calves have the advantage of hybridization, are larger than yaks, and are docile, can drive things, and can be extensive management; bulls and male calves make beef cattle, produce more meat than mothers, and sell more money.
Where did calves come from? They are not born species, but are hybrids of female and male yaks. Breeding is mostly on the pasture, but it is troublesome. The cow in heat will bark and her tail cocked. Because it is small and the support is not enough, it cannot withstand the violent movement of the male yak, so it requires three people to help. First tie it to the trunk, one man clutches the bull's head, and the other two hold the cow's body, pulling its tail to the side and letting the male yak climb its crotch. After a month of mating, the cow does not have estrus, and the breeding is successful. The cow is in heat in July, August and September and is five to six months pregnant. Cows can live to be about 25 years old, but they can't do it by the age of 19.
Calves that are mated to cattle and yaks, males have no fertility, and females can give birth, but the survival rate of the cubs born is low, the adaptability is poor, and they are generally killed.
Our farmers here go up the hill in May, and a few people put together their cattle in a unit and catch up with the pasture in batches. You can also ask small workers to herd cattle, and if there is a lot of labor, they will be self-made. Usually, middle-aged or young men go. In fact, it is very lonely in the mountains, there are few grasslands, and the cattle of each family are not together. The salary is about 6 yuan a day, and it is settled with ghee at the end of the year. The amount of livestock in the forest grassland is small, and a grassland only stays for more than ten days. The construction of cattle sheds on a social basis, with a shepherd in charge, is done (in order) to prevent private disputes. The meadows are large, and each family can build its own cowshed.
When milking, use rice and salt to lure the cows over, once in the morning and once in the evening. During the day the calves stay in the cowshed, and the adult cows disperse into the wild and come back at night. The bulls gather once a month and go out into the woods to look for them. The cow has a bell hanging around its neck, there is a size, the weak cowbell is small, the bull runs far, and the bell is louder. A cow is worth two or three thousand dollars, and there are quite a few lost in the mountains, and some shepherds will steal people's bulls and sell them.
In the summer, cattle are most susceptible to digestive tract diseases, and they can't pull out the and eat from hot places to cold mountains. Then from the mountain up and down to the river valley, and you can't pull out the. This disease will die, the cow stands up, falls down, the stomach is flat, just want to drink cold water, the whole body sweats, the most dead cows are this disease. Whenever a cow goes up and down the hill, the veterinarian is the busiest. The disease can also be contagious, and bulls are most susceptible to infection because of dry labor, driving things, fighting, injuring the body.
Our Village of Xidang has a high grain yield and few cattle, and a family only raises two ploughs and raises several cows to milk the cows. The family has a maximum of five or six cows, and in addition to producing ghee, it is ploughing the ground. There is also a family that raises a bull, and the two families cooperate, and the two cows raise the bar to plow the land. The main source of income here is grain and matsutake mushrooms, most of the livestock is produced and sold, and some ghee is not enough to eat. Yubeng Village is different, they are mainly animal husbandry, selling ghee, a family sells 500 to 600 pounds a year, in Deqin 1 pound to 30 to 40 yuan.
Rainslide animals Indyn painting
Just as we were talking about Xingtou, we arrived at a family. Rob Jangso went straight into the door, but I watched for a moment. I've been bitten by the dogs of the village, and they look at the far corner and jump in front of you in the blink of an eye. Because the rope of the leash is mostly hung on a wire, it can slide back and forth, or tie it to a small branch, and the dog will bend as soon as it is broken. I waited for my master to come out, and it was a young man named Baimaduji, who stopped the roaring dog and beckoned us into the yard.
The Baimaduji family had four calves, three horses, two cattle, two donkeys, and more than thirty sheep, and this time both donkeys were bitten by wolves. The poor donkey stood under the wall. BaiMaduji asked it to turn its ass around, and I saw the bitten flesh at the base of its thighs trembling and hanging. BaiMaduji shook his head and said that this was a female donkey, who was bitten by a wolf on the 19th. When a female donkey gives birth to a foal, she used to hide in a place where she couldn't see anyone. That night, it went up the hill to give birth to a foal and did not return. The next day the family went out to look for it, and found it less than two kilometers from the village, only to see that the foal had been eaten by the wolf, and there were no bones left, and the mother donkey's thigh was taken away from a bowl of meat, let alone more than half a kilogram.
While giving the female donkey penicillin anti-inflammatory to prevent maggots from infecting, Rob Jancuo told us that there were many livestock bitten by wolves in the village, not only donkeys, but also sheep, calves, cattle, horses, and mules. Usually bitten on the neck, seven or eight cattle and sheep were injured last year, and five or six were healed by him this year. I told He Jianhua what kind of damage the wolf had caused to him and Bai Ma Duji, and they talked a lot:
Guo: How many times have you come to his house?
Luo: Three times, and today it's been 2 or four times.
Guo: What day was it bitten?
LUO: On the 19th of May. It's been seven or eight days now.
Guo: What kind of bite was it?
Luo: Wolf.
Guo: This mountain wolf Doga?
Luo: These days, there are quite a lot of wolves on the mountain. Wolves are going too wild.
Guo: What kind of fighting now?
Luo: Now penicillin, anti-inflammatory injections.
Guo: How many of you have seen this kind of wolf bite?
Luo: There are five or six of them.
And: Such a large wound will produce maggots?
Luo: There will be maggots. Mainly anti-inflammatory injections, long-term anti-inflammatory injections it will not be maggots.
AND: How many have you cured now?
Luo: Oh, five or six. Wolves bite a lot, calves, cattle, horses, mules.
And: Before the wound was bigger than this?
Luo: This is the biggest, I've ever seen it, usually bitten on the neck.
White: Our neighbor's scalper, this big lump on the thigh was removed, the bones were all seen, and they were not dead.
AND: How many people have been bitten this year?
Luo: This year it was only two, and last year there were already seven or eight. The two families died.
Luo: The sheep and the goats have eaten the most, and they are the eight classics.
And: Will The Grid be the same bunch of wolves? Used to eating?
White: It is.
AND: You're not going to kill Wolf Ga?
White: It's quite cunning!
And: Why not use sheep as bait, and a sheep to lure them? Or are you not going to kill them?
White: Most of them go out at night, two or three o'clock, four o'clock.
And: Like a few of you who have been bitten unite, go to the whole thing, not the whole Karma? White: Honestly, it doesn't work out at night.
AND: Poisoning or something.
White: It can't eat when poisoned, oh, it has a strong nose.
And: Why did the donkey run away and put it on the mountain at night?
White: No, oh no, the foal, that it has a feeling, it goes out on its own and wants to be born.
And: Past births of Karma?
White: Born outside, this little one was also born outside, it got used to it.
Luo: Donkeys have the habit of hiding from life, and where people see it, they are not born.
AND: How many days lost?
White: It was one night, when the foal was born that night, the foal also ate it, and it was also bitten.
AND: At what point are you looking for it?
White: This point goes up, there's a highway.
AND: You see blood everywhere when you see it, right?
White: There was blood everywhere, and the foals were all eaten. The colt's bones were honestly not there, and they were all eaten, less than two kilometers from the village.
White: The animal is closed in a pen at night, and during the day it comes down and grabs and eats. There are also those who eat during the day. At night, when the sheep rushed home, the wolves seized the time to eat.
And: Isn't there someone behind the sheep?
White: There are no people who put it. There were more than a hundred sheep in the family of someone to put them, and fewer people did not put them, so they were bitten by wolves.
Guo: How much sheep were eaten?
White: There are about five hundred sheep eaten in our village of Xidang.
Luo: Five or six hundred is more than that, and it is super, really!
Guo: How many years have you eaten so much?
White: Just two or three years.
Luo: In 1996 and 1997, the two years were quite serious beasts. Guo: What other cattle were eaten? White: The big ones don't dare to eat, and the bunches of them don't dare to eat. Eat those who go alone, those who are weak.
Guo: Donkeys eat?
Luo: Donkeys eat oh, and eat the most, our donkeys in Xidang Village have almost eaten out.
AND: How many donkeys ate?
Luo: Fifty or sixty of them came.
And: Donkeys are also this kind of mountain littering with Karma?
White: Yeah, put it on the mountain and graze.
Luo: If it bites the donkey to death, it will throw it up, it will not eat it, it can't afford to eat it, and a group of wolves will eat it all. There are also wolves by the river, walking in the village at night, I saw it once in the car of Bu village.
And: What else are there besides wolves that harm you on this mountain?
Luo: Bears, specialize in eating crops.
White: At high altitudes, rainslides, the buds they planted, and all the bears came to eat.
Luo: Their land is 7 kilometers from the village, the village lives on the top of the mountain, and the ground where the bud valley is planted is at a low altitude. There were quite a few people, and there were only one or two people living below.
And: When the bud valley is ripe, the personality is guarded?
Luo: Last year, it was all eaten. The waste is over. The old bear came, and the slap and slap all crushed.
Wolves and guns
We asked the agricultural technician Kobayashi to do the survey, naturally talked about wolves, he said, in the eyes of the villagers, horses and cattle are worth a lot, 3,000 or 4,000 yuan to buy one, so the loss is very miserable. The way wolves attack large livestock such as cattle and horses is to sweep around the mountains and roll them down the slopes, or fall into the ditches and ridges in the forest, otherwise one or two bites will not die.
A family in rural Ni was bitten to death in a year by more than thirty goats, as well as more than a dozen sheep and a cow. In recent years, the matsutake people have gone up the mountain, and everywhere they have heard wolves crying, crying like dogs. Kobayashi's big horses and ponies were placed on the snowy mountain, and they were still grazing well before dark, and the next morning when he went to the mountain to see, the ponies were eaten, leaving only one heel and a bone above the neck, and the intestines were dragged out and pulled on the ground for a long time.
In June 1998, I met an old man in Mingyong who said that his family had more than twenty sheep eaten by wolves this year. In the first half of the year, three production teams in Rongzhong Village, more than 360 households, sheep alone were eaten by wolves fifty or sixty, in addition to some goats, donkeys, mules, horses. In the words of President Eichung Shōden: "Wolves are like seeds, they come everywhere and do anything." ”
What's more serious is that even the yubeng village in the depths of the snow-capped mountains has also shown traces of wolves. On July 17, 1998, I went to Yubang to investigate, and villager Zashnungbu told me that his family had been bitten by wolves this year to kill two horses, and his relatives' sheep had been eaten six. Eighteen large livestock were bitten to death in the village, including seventeen mules and one yak.
Editor-in-Charge: Qian Chengxi
Proofreader: Yan Zhang