Sakhalin Island is located in the east of the mouth of the Heilongjiang River (known as the Amur River in Russia), adjacent to the Sea of Okhotsk to the east and north, across the Tatar Strait and the mainland to the west, and adjacent to The SogoKu Strait to the south by Hokkaido, Japan, with a total area of 76,400 square kilometers, equivalent to the size of two Taiwan islands. The northern part of Sakhalin Island is low and flat, with vegetation of tundra and small birch and willow forests, many lagoons along the coast, and the south-central part of the island is mainly mountainous, with dense deciduous forests. Sakhalin Has a cold winter climate, with a frozen period of more than 8 months in the north-central region and cool and foggy summers. The island is rich in rivers and lakes, rich in forest resources, and many mineral deposits such as oil, natural gas and coal.
Sakhalin Island location
location
Sakhalin Island, Russia, Krasnoyarsk Krai. With an area of 76,400 square kilometers, it is located in the east of the mouth of the Heilongjiang River (Amur River), facing the Sea of Okhotsk to the east and north, and across the Tatar Strait to the west from the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia. It is bordered to the south by the Strait of La Peruvez (Munakata Strait) and Hokkaido, Japan. It is 984 km long from north to south and 6-160 km wide from east to west. Sakhalin island is prone to earthquakes due to its location in the Pacific Rim seismic belt.
climate
Sakhalin Island has a continental climate with cold, short summers, six months of winter, and average temperatures between -19°C and -24°C in winter, with temperatures as low as -40°C in the northern regions. Several ports have been frozen for long periods of time. The north froze for eight months. Annual precipitation 500-1200 mm.
Largest city on Sakhalin Island: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Origin of the name
The name sakhalin island comes from the Manchu language: sahaliyan ula angga hada (Heilongjiang zuiding), transliterated as Сахали?н (Sakhalin), both of which mean "black" in Manchu. In the Tang Dynasty of China, Sakhalin Island was called "Cave Saying" (Yin Yue) and "Qu Shi"; the Yuan Dynasty was called "Bone Ridge"; the Ming Dynasty was called "Kuyi" and "Bitter Wu"; and the Qing Dynasty was called "Kuye", "Kuye", and "Kushu". In the Ainu language, the island is called "kamuy kar put ya mosir", and the meaning of the name is "the island created by God at the mouth of the river". Japan calls Sakhalin Island "North Ezo" or "Birch Tai", and the name "Birch Tai" is derived from the corresponding Chinese character for "kar put", which means "estuary".
Because of its location at the mouth of the Heilongjiang River, it is called "Black Dragon Island" in Chinese.
About history
Before the Yuan Dynasty
Sakhalin Island was originally Chinese territory. In the history of geographical discovery, China was the first country to know Sakhalin Island. In the geography book "Classic of Mountains and Seas" in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, in the "Overseas Eastern Classics", it is recorded that the residents of Sakhalin Island are "Mao". "The Mao people are on the great continent", which refers to the Fiyaka people who live on Sakhalin Island, that is, the Gilead charm. In the "Biography of Dongyi Lie" in the Book of later Han, it is further recorded that in The Northern Wo Depression "there is a female kingdom in the sea". Later history books also have the same record, such as the Yuan Dynasty's "Kaiyuan Xinzhi" and the Ming Dynasty's "Special Domain Zhou Consultation" both record that Ji Lie, who lived on Sakhalin Island, was charming and "hairy", and also mentioned that the people living on the island were "more women than men". Therefore, the "Wanfu Tukao" clearly pointed out: "Sakhalin Island is the ancient female country, also known as the Mao people's country." These records prove that as early as two thousand years ago, China already knew sakhalin island as an island on the sea, and also had some understanding of the island's residents.
China was also the first country to administer Sakhalin Island. Since the Tang Dynasty at the latest, China has ruled the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang and Ussuri rivers, including Sakhalin Island. At that time, sakhalin's ghost kingdom (Ainu) paid tribute to the Tang government, and the Tang king also made his emissary She Zhi a knight lieutenant. The Japanese believe that the Ghost Nation is more likely to be a country on the Kamchatka Peninsula farther away than Sakhalin Island, and that the people who live on Sakhalin Island are more likely to be the Cave Sect of the Tamari clan, and in any case, Sakhalin Island has been associated with the Central Plains Dynasty at least then.
According to the History of East Asia, since the Tang Dynasty, China has exercised effective direct control over the Heilongjiang and Ussuri River regions, including Sakhalin Island.
In 725 AD, the Tang Dynasty set up the Heishui Prefecture in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River, exercising effective jurisdiction over the tribes of the Sui Dynasty, the Heishui Jing, and the Cave Saying.
In the 10th century, the Five Kingdoms of the Liao Dynasty of China ruled Sakhalin Island.
In the 12th century, Sakhalin Island came under the jurisdiction of the Jin Dynasty.
Yuan
In 1246, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, ordered the eastern expedition to the east to attack the Bone Ridge (Ainu) on Sakhalin Island, but this was not possible. Since then, four large-scale crusades against the bone crests have never been successful. The Bone Ridge people crossed the sea many times to plunder, and the Yuan army had no choice. In 1264, the Mongol Empire sent 3,000 troops to capture Sakhalin Island, and the local residents paid tribute to the Mongols. In 1308, King Shannu of the Bone Ridge and others sent people to request surrender, and paid the fur tax every year, contributing to Haidongqing, mink rats, otters, seal skins, etc.
The Yuan Dynasty brought it under the jurisdiction of Liaoyang Province. This is the first time that China has included Sakhalin Island in its administrative scope.
Ming dynasty
In 1368, the Yuan Dynasty collapsed, defeated the desert north, and lost control of the island.
In 1412, the Ming Dynasty conquered Kugu and established the Nanghar Wei off the coast of sakhalin Island, and in the central Polonai
The river basin has a Polo River Guard, and the Eastern Yulie River Basin has a Wulie River Guard, which belongs to the Nurgandu Division.
In order to more effectively manage the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River and Sakhalin Island, the Ming government sent eunuchs out of the Nuergan area 10 times, and established the Yongning Temple, and set up two stone tablets, "Monument to the Restoration of Yongning Temple" and "Monument to rebuild the Yongning Temple", to record the management of the local affairs.
In 1430, Emperor Xuanzong of Ming sent the capital to command Kang Wang, Wang Zhaozhou, Tong Da, and others to go to Nuer Gandusi to comfort the soldiers and civilians.
Qing Dynasty
In 1616, according to Wei Yuan's "Sacred Martial Record", "Qing Taizu sent four hundred troops to collect the coastal scattered departments, and his island-dwelling bearers took two hundred boats to take it, and the library page was attached, and the mink skin of the year tribute was set up, and the sons and daughters of the township chief were set up to unify it." After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Sakhalin Island came under the administration of the deputy capital of Ningguta. After 1715, it was under the jurisdiction of the three surnames of the vice-capital. The inhabitants of Sakhalin Island paid tribute to the Qing government every year in Pulu Township in the lower reaches of the Heilongjiang River.
In 1689, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Nebuchu with Tsarist Russia, which stipulated that the south of the Waixing'an Mountains was Chinese territory, and the Chinese side's understanding was to include Sakhalin Island. Sakhalin was legally part of China, but due to the extreme faintness of the Qing rulers, Sakhalin island was effectively controlled by the Russian Expeditionary Force.
In 1709, the Kangxi Emperor sent three Jesuit monks to survey the territory of the country, and the Jesuits learned that there was a large island, and the following year a second Manchu survey team successfully crossed the Tatar Strait to Sakhalin Island.
From 1738 to 1739, lieutenant Russian Lieutenant Spanberk obtained the presence of Sakhalin Island from the Ezo people while searching for a Japanese route.
In 1742, the Russian Sharik surveyed almost the entire east coast of Sakhalin Island, making Tsarist Russia aware of the strategic value of Sakhalin Island in the Far East.
In 1785, the Edo shogunate dispatched five men and his entourage, including The Minister of Works, Tetsugoro Yamaguchi, to survey the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island in two ways, and concluded that "the northern part of Sakhalin Island is subordinate to the Qing Dynasty of China" and "all belong to the Yi District under manchurian rule.".
Tsarist Russia invaded Sakhalin Island
In 1789, the Russian invaders wantonly slaughtered the Hezhe residents of the island, expelled them back to the mainland, and built government halls, churches, prisons, schools and other buildings in the mother and child berth, completely occupying Sakhalin Island.
Russian prisoners exiled to Sakhalin Island
In 1858 and 1860, Tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the unequal Sino-Russian Treaty of Yaohun and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing, and more than 1 million square kilometers of Chinese territory, including Sakhalin Island, were ceded to Tsarist Russia, and since then Sakhalin Island has been completely separated from China in legal and practical terms.
Tsarist rule
On May 7, 1875, Japan and Russia signed the Treaty of Exchange between the Kuril Islands and Tsarist Russia, in which Russia gave Japan the northern part of the Kuril Islands in exchange for Japan's sovereignty over Sakhalin Islands. Japan, on the other hand, announced that it would completely renounce its sovereignty over Sakhalin Island and that the entire island would come under the administration of Tsarist Russia. During this period, Sakhalin Island was the place where the Tsarist government housed hard laborers and exiles, and on this prison island, it was full of political prisoners and "rioters".
In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War, Russia was defeated, and Japan occupied the entire island of Sakhalin Island the following year.
Divide north and south
On September 5, 1905, according to the Treaty of Portsmouth after the Russo-Japanese War, Russia ceded the area south of Sakhalin Island south of the 50th parallel to Japan, and Japan established the Birch Administration in the ceded territory.
In 1909, Tsarist Russia established Sakhalin Oblast in the northern part of Sakhalin Island, with its capital as Alexandrovsk. Since then, except for the Japanese occupation of the southern part of Sakhalin Island from 1918 to 1925, the northern part of Sakhalin Island has been firmly controlled by the Russians.
In 1918, Japan took advantage of the October Revolution in Russia to occupy the entire island, and did not withdraw its troops until 1925.
second world war
On November 1, 1942, the Japanese Ministry of Takumiku merged with other provinces and agencies to form the Greater East Asia Province due to the unification plan. The Birch Tai Hall was changed to be subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior.
On August 8, 1945, the Soviet Union launched Operation August Storm, attacking Sakhalin Island, and on August 28 took full control of the island. Japan then transferred the functions of the Birch Taido hall to the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Postwar
On February 2, 1946, the Soviet Union issued a declaration declaring that they occupied the entire island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Southern Sakhalin Oblast was established in the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands. On January 2, 1947, the Soviet Union merged the northern part of Sakhalin Island with Sakhalin Oblast south to form Sakhalin Oblast and transferred it to direct federal jurisdiction. It was also abolished in accordance with the Organic Law of the State Administration, which came into force on June 1, 1949.
On September 8, 1951, Japan issued a declaration announcing a total renunciation of sovereignty over Sakhalin Island. Since then, japan's history of pioneering on Sakhalin Island has come to an end. Soviet Russia officially controlled all of Sakhalin Island.
Ethnicity of the population
Sakhalin Island has a total population of about 500,000, basically urban residents, and only 14% of rural residents.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
There are about 100 ethnic groups on Sakhalin Island, of which 84.3% are Russians, 5.4% are Koreans, 4.0% are Ukrainians, 1.25% are Tatars, 1.0% are Belarusians, and 4.05% are other ethnic groups, including Tatars, Chuvash, Yamato, Ainu, etc. The proportion of indigenous peoples is extremely small, representing the Nevkhs (0.3 per cent), the Oroch (0.03 per cent) and the Evans (0.03 per cent).
The sons and daughters of China have withdrawn from Sakhalin Island for more than a hundred years.