In the April 21 issue of The Zealotica Daily, we deciphered 9 articles focusing on: weight rebound, microecological interventions, germ-free mice, hypertension, drinking water, antibiotics, ICUs, fungi, intestinal stem cells.
Jia Wei + Zheng Xiaojiao: Dieting weight loss is easy to rebound, a potential probiotic may be preventable
Nature Communications——[14.919]
(1) The resumption of free eating after caloric restriction (CR) can lead to weight rebound in mice and exacerbate obesity-related metabolic disorders; (2) the intestinal flora may play a key role, and cr's remodeling of the microbiota is similar to that of high-fat diets, especially the significant reduction of Bacteroides diridria (Pd) producing secondary bile acids; (3) this is accompanied by changes in serum bile acid profile, and the proportion of non-12α-hydroxy bile acids (non-12OH BA, such as UDCA and LCA) is reduced, Reduced fat thermogenesis in mice (downregulation of UCP1) and affected glucose homeostasis (GLP-1 reduction) to promote weight rebound; (4) Mice supplemented with Pd or non-12OH BA increased the proportion of non-12OH BA, reducing body weight rebound by increasing fat thermogenesis.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
It is difficult to lose weight, and it is also difficult to prevent weight rebound after dieting to lose weight. Jia Wei and Zheng Xiaojiao of the Sixth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University and their team published a new mouse study in Nature Communications that revealed the interaction between intestinal flora and bile acids in the phenomenon of weight rebound. The study found that dieting (calorie restriction) can cause intestinal microflora remodeling, resulting in a decrease in Bacteroides dinisalis, reducing the proportion of non-12α-hydroxybile acids in blood bile acids, which in turn affects the body's metabolism and promotes weight rebound after dieting. D. diethylella may act as a potential probiotic to preserve the "fruit of victory" for dieting and weight loss. （@mildbreeze）
【Original information】
Gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk contributes to the rebound weight gain after calorie restriction in mice
2022-04-19, doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29589-7
Domestic team: microfluidic prebiotics and postbiotic synergistic delivery microcapsules for the treatment of colitis
Advanced Science——[16.806]
(1) IPA microcapsules (IPA@MC) composed of indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) probiotics and prebiotics such as sodium alginate, resistant starch and chitosan prepared by microfluidic electrospray method ;(2) IPA@MC with fold surface and pH-sensitive core-shell structure, IPA will be slowly released in the upper gastrointestinal acidic conditions and rapid release of the lower gastrointestinal neutral conditions; (3) compared with the use of IPA or MC alone, the IPA@MC show stronger preventive and therapeutic effects on DSS-induced mouse colitis ;(4) IPA@MC treatment increases the diversity of the intestinal flora of mice and significantly increases the abundance of short-chain fatty acids such as Faecalis and Rossella, which may be a mechanism for IPA@MC to exert activity.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
Recent studies have shown that the pathogenesis of colitis is closely related to intestinal dysbiosis, and probiotic, bacterial metabolites, or fecal bacteria transplants have been shown to be effective in relieving colitis by manipulating the gut microbiota. Recently, Zhao Yuanjin of Southeast University and Lan Ping, Wang Hui, Huang Rongkang and the team of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University published an article in Advanced Science, and prepared a new type of prebiotic and postbiotic synergistic transmission microcapsules by microfluidic electrospray for the treatment of colitis, indole-3-propionic acid microcapsules (IPA@MC) have a double pH-sensitive nuclear-shell structure, IPA can be slowly released under acidic conditions in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and rapidly released under neutral conditions in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Compared with taking prebiotics or epizootics alone, it was found that oral IPA@MC in mice had a significant protective effect on colitis, significantly increased the diversity of the intestinal flora of mice, reshaped the structure of the intestinal flora, and suggested that there was a synergistic therapeutic effect between epiphytics and prebiotics. In summary, this prebiotic and postbiotic co-delivery microcapsule is considered a promising candidate for the treatment of colitis. (@Jiuqingchen)
【Original information】
Prebiotics and Postbiotics Synergistic Delivery Microcapsules from Microfluidics for Treating Colitis
2022-04-11, doi: 10.1002/advs.202104089
Wei Hong's team: What is the role of humanized germ-free mouse models in tumor immunotherapy? (Overview)
Antioxidants and Redox Signaling——[8.401]
(1) Symbiotic flora is closely related to the host immune response, and the clinical outcomes of cancer patients receiving immunotherapy vary significantly with the host symbiotic flora; (2) Akk bacteria, Spirobacteriaceae, Rumenaceae, and Spirobacteriaceae contribute to cancer immunotherapy responses, and Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation can reduce immunotherapy side effects; (3) Colonization of bacteria of interest in sterile animals can more accurately verify the potential causal relationship between certain symbiotic bacteria and physiological phenotypes; (4) Humanized animal models provide strong support for the accurate screening and evaluation of functional strains as new targets for tumor immunotherapy, and the tumor immunity of the model is closer to that of humans, and the microbial background is blank.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
Symbiotic flora is thought to be closely related to the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, and the use of intestinal flora to regulate the host immune response has attracted widespread attention from researchers. However, for immunotherapy, research results based on traditional animal models often do not translate well in humans. As a result, advanced animal models for screening and evaluating immunotherapy-associated functional bacteria are rapidly evolving. Recently, Wei Hong's team at Sun Yat-sen University recently published an article in Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, describing the potential role of symbiotic microflora in cancer immunotherapy, exploring the construction of germ-free mouse models and humanized mouse models and their value in tumor immunotherapy research. Based on severe immunodeficiency, the team carried out the reconstruction of the human immune system and the humanization of the tumor, and constructed an auxiliary screening system for generating a humanized germ-free mouse model for antibodies to tumor biological therapy. In summary, humanized germ-free mouse models provide strong support for the accurate screening and evaluation of functional strains as new targets for tumor immunotherapy. (@Jiuqingchen)
【Original information】
Humanized Germ-Free Mice for Investigating the Intervention Effect of Commensal Microbiome on Cancer Immunotherapy
2022-04-10, two: 10.1089/burned.2022.0039
Sino-foreign cooperation: cold will promote high blood pressure? or related to the microbiota
Science of the Total Environment——[7.963]
(1) Male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (NT, 20 °C), cold induced hypertension (CIH, 4 °C) group, intervention for 6 weeks, CIH was successfully modeled; (2) cold exposure reduced the diversity of rat intestinal flora, increased the abundance of possible pathogenic bacteria and conditional pathogenic bacteria, and reduced the abundance of beneficial bacteria and SCFAs; (3) NT rats with fecal flora cross-transplantation after cold exposure 6 weeks, transplanted WITH CIH rat flora, and the conditional pathogenic bacteria such as Prevo's bacteria UCG-003 increased, CiH rats transplanted with NT rat fecal flora increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Ilicobacterium; (4) In addition, the level of SCFAs (butyric acid) in CIH rats was significantly reduced, which may be related to increased blood pressure.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
Research results by Luo Bin of Lanzhou University and Kai Zhang of Albany University and the team. Cold exposure is a risk factor that can contribute to high blood pressure, and it can alter the gut microbiota, which is also associated with high blood pressure. In this paper, male SD rats were raised in a 4 °C environment and found that cold stimulation at 6 weeks did promote hypertension (CIH) in rats, and this may be related to the intestinal flora, especially SCFAs producing bacteria. The article argues that CIH can be controlled by supplementing with beneficial bacteria or butyric acid-producing bacteria. （@Bingbing）
【Original information】
Cold exposure, gut microbiota, and hypertension: A mechanistic study
2022-04-10, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155199
Nature Sub-Journal: Drinking water chlorination has little effect on the development of children's intestinal flora
Nature Microbiology——[17.745]
(1) In Dhaka, Bangladesh, randomized trials involving more than 4,000 children found that chlorination of public tap water was effective in reducing diarrhoea and antibiotic use in children; (2) stool samples from 130 children who had not drunk or drank chlorinated tap water for 1 year to detect differences in the intestinal flora; (3) drinking water chlorination increased the abundance of some intestinal health-related bacterial genera, but had no effect on the overall richness or diversity of the flora; (4) some clinically relevant antibiotic resistance genes in the intestinal flora of the chlorinated drinking water group were relatively rich, This may be due to an increase in Enterobacteriaceae bacteria; (5) Chlorinated drinking water does not have a significant effect on the development of the intestinal flora of children.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
In countries with a high burden of infectious diseases, children are often exposed to diarrheal pathogens and antibiotics as they grow up, which disrupts the establishment of homeostasis in the gut microbiota. A recent article by Nature Microbiology found that more than 4,000 children in the Dhaka region of Bangladesh received a significant reduction in both diarrhoea and antibiotic use after receiving tap water chlorination, and that tap water chlorination had no substantial effect on the development of children's gut microbiota, suggesting that we can use chlorination to give the world access to safe drinking water. (@Zhangtailiu)
【Original information】
Drinking water chlorination has minor effects on the intestinal flora and resistomes of Bangladeshi children
2022-04-14, doi: 10.1038/s41564-022-01101-3
Cell Sub-Journal: Antibiotics may have a lasting effect on the gut microbiota of healthy adults
Cell Reports——[9.423]
(1) 20 healthy volunteers were randomly divided into 4 groups, each received 4 commonly used antibiotic interventions for 5 days, and analyzed the fecal flora before and after treatment; (2) compared with before treatment, the number of bacteria and species richness after antibiotic treatment were significantly reduced, and the species richness of most volunteers recovered after 2 months, but the taxonomy and metabolic pathways changed, and bacterial resistance increased; (3) compared with other antibiotics, the recovery time of flora richness of volunteers receiving azithromycin increased significantly; (4) after treatment, The bacterial resistance of the volunteers increased, but it was different from that of ICU patients; (5) the microbiota diversity of some volunteers continued to decrease, and the microbiota composition of ICU patients was similar.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial pathogens, but they are targeted at conserved microbial processes, meaning that the use of antibiotics interferes with the symbiotic flora. Cell Reports recently published an article in which 20 healthy subjects were recruited to receive short-term treatment with each of the 4 antibiotics to observe changes in the gut microbiota and resistance genes. The results showed that short-term use of antibiotics led to a decrease in flora diversity and increased drug resistance. The diversity of the intestinal flora of some subjects will continue to decrease, similar to the composition of the ICU patients, suggesting that we need to be cautious about the use of antibiotics. (@Zhangtailiu)
【Original information】
Acute and persistent effects of commonly used antibiotics on the gut microbiome and resistome in healthy adults
2022-04-12, doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110649
Diarrhea in patients with ICU
Intensive Care Medicine——[17.44]
(1) 73.8% incidence of diarrhea over a 10-week period of 1109 ICU patients enrolled ;(2) Of the 99 patients with diarrhea tested for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD), 23 were positive for Clostridium difficile; (3) Independent predictors of diarrhea included enteral nutrition, duration of antibiotic use, and suppository use, whereas opioid use was associated with a reduced risk of diarrhea; (4) diarrhea increased treatment modification (changes in enteral nutrition or medication) or other outcomes (bowel management devices or CDAD tests) ;(5) Diarrhea was associated with longer hospital stays and longer ICU lengths, but was not significantly associated with hospital mortality.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
The results of a multicenter prospective cohort study published in Intensive Care Medicine found that the incidence of diarrhea exceeded 70% in 1109 ICU patients, and enteral nutrition, duration of antibiotic use, and suppository may increase the risk of diarrhea. Diarrhea was associated with longer hospital stays and longer ICU lengths, but not with hospital mortality. （@aluba）
【Original information】
Diarrhea during critical illness: a multicenter cohort study
2022-04-11, doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06663-8
Gut bacteria and fungi are associated with the risk of death in ICU patients
Critical Care——[9.097]
(1) Rectal swabs of 57 ICU patients were collected and divided into the death group (13 cases) and the survival group (44 cases) ;(2) Compared with the survival group, the α diversity of the intestinal bacterial population and fungal population in the death group was significantly reduced, and the β-diversity of the bacterial population (not the fungal group) between the two groups was significantly different; (3) The relative abundance of Staphylococcus hemolyticus, Malassezia cutaneous, Saccharomyces cerevisia, etc. in the death group was higher, and the relative abundance of Corinthia aerogenes, Streptococcus, bifidobacterium, etc. in the surviving group was higher; (4) The causal association between mortality and intestinal bacterial and fungal diversity in critically ill patients has not been established.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
A new study published in Critical Care found in 57 ICU patients that the α-diversity of intestinal bacteria and fungi was significantly associated with 28-day mortality, while the composition of intestinal bacteria in dead patients and surviving patients also differed significantly, but the causal association between intestinal microbiota and mortality in ICU patients needs to be further studied. （@aluba）
【Original information】
Gut bacteriobiota and mycobiota are both associated with Day-28 mortality among critically ill patients
2022-04-13, doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-03980-8
Cell Sub-Journal: How do microorganisms regulate intestinal stem cell differentiation through immune pathways?
Cell Reports——[9.423]
(1) In Drosophila, intestinal symbiotic flora and pathogens can promote the differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) into intestinal cells (EC) and intestinal endocrine cells (EE), respectively, which have different effects on the composition of intestinal epithelial cells; (2) symbiotic bacteria mainly activate the Imd-Relish pathway, which can directly regulate differentiation factors, thereby promoting ISC-EC differentiation; (3) In addition to activating the Imd-Relish pathway, the tissue damage signal caused by infection also activates the JAK-STAT pathway. Promotes ISC differentiation into EE; (4) the balance of two immune pathways (Imd-Relish and JAK-STAT) determines the influence of microorganisms on ISC differentiation.
【Editor-in-Chief's Comments】
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) can differentiate into intestinal cells (EC) with absorption and enterocrine cells (EE) with secretory functions. A recent drosophila study published by Cell Reports showed that symbiotic flora and pathogens can have different effects on the differentiation fate of ISCs, which in turn affect the composition of intestinal epithelial cells and reveal the mediating role of two immune pathways in them. （@mildbreeze）
【Original information】
Microbes affect gut epithelial cell composition through immune-dependent regulation of intestinal stem cell differentiation
2022-03-29, two: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110572
Thanks to the creators of this issue of the daily: Circle, Danny, Sleek Iron Spoon, Bingbing, Zhou Mengqing, Aluba, WK Red Leaf, Ytxtj
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