Remarks: The full text is 9865 words, and patience will eventually gain!
In 2003, the former kingdom of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was renamed "Serbia and Montenegro", the year when Yugoslavia left its last mark on the world and the year in which an old woman was freed.
This old woman was Tito's former widow, Jowanka Broz, who had been under house arrest for 23 years and finally ushered in her freedom.
After being released from house arrest, she received a pension, a subsidy for safety premiums, and although her life was not rich, she was also worried about food and clothing.
After his freedom, he often gave interviews to reporters, and countless times when she recalled the past, she said: She misses Tito, and she will never forget Tito who has changed his heart.
After a decade of remembrance and nostalgia, Jowanka Broz died on October 20, 2013, at the age of 89.
This man who is constantly being nagged and changed his heart is Tito, the protagonist of today's article.
What kind of life did he live?
Many people have said it, but not much to say clearly, this article is conservatively estimated to be nearly 10,000 words!
I hope to be able to use an article to briefly tell the story of Qing Tito and his Yugoslav past and present lives.
(Tito's widow)
One: Merry boy
On May 7, 1892, in the Croatian-Slavonian kingdom of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, an ordinary peasant family in the village of Kumlovic gave birth to a child, Josip Broz!
When he was a teenager, Broz's life was not bad, the family of nine people only had 10 acres of land, even if they worked hard to save money, their lives were still tight.
In order to make ends meet, the teenager Broz had just graduated from junior high school and went out to earn a living at the age of 15.
First as a restaurant apprentice in The Town of West Sax, and then as a locksmith apprentice, at the age of eighteen, the teenager joined the hardware workers' union and learned for the first time about the world of workers.
Although he recognized the world of workers, Tito's life was still difficult, because the world was unfair.
(Vienna under Hitler's brush)
In order to make a living, in October 1912, the impoverished Broz came to "Vienna", the heart of the empire, to defect to his brother Martin hoping to eat a mixed meal.
The so-called invincible road, the newcomer Broz ushered in a turning point of fate in Vienna.
The mechanical repair skills he had honed as a locksmith led Broz to enter Daimler as a test driver, and just a few months later, the clever man became a street wanderer wandering the streets of Vienna.
Those days were probably the most comfortable days for Broz.
Wandering through Vienna, he also rubbed shoulders with countless opponents of the great era at the famous Central Café.
(Beautiful Vienna)
Vienna at that time was the place where the storms met.
Hitler, 24, who was a down-and-out art student at the time, settled in the House of the Homeless man in Mannerheim, exchanging his paintings for living expenses, ironically, the dealers of paintings, or Jews.
At the age of 26, Schrödinger, who had not yet studied cats at the time, was at the beginning of his life, and collaborated with Khollausch to write a physics paper on the determination of radium (i.e., Po) content in the atmosphere, which won the Hettinger Prize of the Imperial Austrian Academy of Sciences.
At the age of 34, Trotsky, the stick that would later be Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, spent his days writing in a coffee house and then pried the world with the barrel of a pen.
The 35-year-old Stalin, Lenin's heir, the second boss of the Soviet Union, was a friend of Trotsky at the time, and he was also a famous pen holder, and the two often met in literature and talked happily.
At the age of 43, Lenin was a comrade-in-arms mentor and spiritual leader of the above two men, and a few years later, he ushered in a new era.
The oldest was Freud, 57 years old, who, years after the publication of The Interpretation of Dreams, produced another of his masterpieces, Totems and Taboos, and claimed that he had discovered three truths.
Are dreams satisfied in disguise as unconscious desires and childhood desires?
The Oedipus complex is a common psychological complex in humans.
Children have sexual awareness and motivation.
This series of great men, heroes or heroes, galloped freely in Vienna.
They were complemented by Tito, the youngest, who was only 21 years old at the time. As for whether they intersected with Tito, maybe they did, maybe not, no one can say.
(How many people are in the storm)
Tito's wind currents.
It seems that he has a successful career, drives shopping all day, and brings his own dance cells, so that Broz, who has no money, has become the darling of the social world and has also gained his first love.
A rich lady named "Lisa Sharpner" entered the life of Broz. The two were so affectionate and loving that they mixed together and became a sweet couple.
Seeing life improve, there are beautiful people to accompany.
It is reasonable to say that Broz should be at ease with the rich woman to marry and successfully promote to the middle class.
But broz, a 21-year-old boy, has not yet woken up, and after his girlfriend cried that she was pregnant, she found that she really couldn't afford to have children and didn't want to get married. Likewise, rich Lady Lisa Schurner didn't want children either.
What should I do at this time? Of course, it is two wide!
Broz then proposed to break up, and the reason was unassailable: according to the Austro-Hungarian military service law, I was going to join the army.
In October 1913, Broz enlisted as an Austro-Hungarian soldier and, after winning the all-army fencing competition, was promoted to the youngest non-commissioned officer in the 35th Modoran Regiment.
It seems that the career is good, but Broz is not here, counting on retiring and continuing to go to Viana to carry out his own career of bubble girls.
Who ever wanted to enter the barracks "Barbie Q", can not come back.
(Handsome Tito)
Two: World War I.
On June 28, 1914, a rally of troops ushered in a reversal in Broz's life.
The Sarajevo Incident broke out, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed, and a series of coincidences triggered the First World War. In the following month, the declaration of war in the lands of Europe began to rise, and the two camps began to fight each other.
As a vanguard and eye of the storm, austria-Hungary fought uncompromisingly in the war.
Broz reluctantly went to the front.
This upset the war-weary Broz, who had openly opposed the war, saying directly on the front line: I hated this war from the beginning.
However, the protests were ineffective, and after brozhiti was locked up, he reluctantly went to the east of Kazan to resist the Russians.
Then, there was a post-war captivity.
In the early morning of April 17, 1915, Broz's unit was surrounded by Russian cavalry near the tributary of the Transnistria.
The brave Russian soldiers rushed into the scattered Austro-Hungarian camp, and in the face of the enemy's attack, the lax Austro-Hungarian soldiers were taken prisoner one by one.
Not many resisted, and Broz was one of them.
Fighting closely with the Russians, he was attacked by one enemy and two encounters behind his back and finally unconscious.
(Siberian Laogai)
Then, five years of prisoner-of-war years, a group of men remained in a Russian prisoner-of-war camp until 1920, until Inje-Lenin appeared in Vienna and saved him with the April Theses.
The rising Bolsheviks were constantly spreading ideas in factories and prisoner-of-war camps, developing comrades, and building a common cause.
Broz in the prisoner-of-war camp, who received an education in new thinking, actively participated in the study, and in the follow-up, he also transformed into a member of the International Red Column and the Yugoslav Communist Party.
Since then, he has had a lofty ideal in his heart, that is, to save his compatriots and the motherland.
Then, the ideologically armed Broz returned home.
During that time in Russia, the clever man not only learned Russian, but also took the time to harvest his love, successfully getting pregnant with a 16-year-old Russian girl, Peragia Belousova.
This time, the 27-year-old Broz did not shirk his responsibility, but chose to take it bravely and abducted a Russian wife back to his hometown.
(Sassy Russian Woman)
As for the difference after returning home, it may be that the former motherland changed from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
World War I caused the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Tsarist Russia, the German Empire, and the Ottoman Empire to fall apart one by one, and Wilson's 14-point principle made waves in Europe and led to the emergence of countless nation-states.
Among them was the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which originally belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
What is a kingdom? The answer is to have the presence of a king.
This is inherently incompatible with Broz's ideals.
For the sake of his ideals, Broz began an era of struggle with the kingdom.
Strikes, revolutions, movements, and countless prisons and dangers followed.
The only pity is that Broz's career is not smooth, and he has not achieved anything for more than ten years, but it is getting worse and worse.
(Kingdom of Yugoslavia)
Three: A turning point in life.
Then, on October 9, 1934, Broz, who was already in his early 40s, ushered in a moment of life reversal.
On that day, there was an assassination in Marseille, France, and King Alexander I of Yugoslavia was assassinated by a Bulgarian killer, Vladeau Chernoszemski.
Why did the assassination happen? It is related to the European situation at that time!
The effects of the Great Depression allowed populism in Germany to flourish, and then they celebrated the new leader, Hitler.
Hitler, who came to power in 1933, was good at economics and good at playing politics, and used constant political games and strategic offensives to complete three checkpoints, including economic recovery, rearmament, and challenges to the Treaty of Versailles.
All this made the French see the threat.
In order to deal with the German threat, France did not dare to fight, so it made diplomatic checks and balances, hoping to win over a small country in the rear of Germany, become its own eastern ally, and build a counterweight to Germany's power, and the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia became a target valued by France.
The French plot to make the Fascist organization "Ustasha", which is committed to independence, dissatisfied. The king turned to the French, hoping to stabilize his country, why should we engage in division? (Ustaša, a fascist organization active before and after World War II, demanded Croatia independence from Yugoslavia, supported by Mussonini and Hitler.)
So they went to the Assassins and assassinated the king.
This assassination, however, helped Broz (Tito) from the side.
The news of the king's assassination came home and shocked the whole country of Yugoslavia, and after the shock, the 11-year-old child Peter II became king, and the former king's cousin Prince Paul became the regent.
The internal and external troubles made the new king's administration very radical, and at the end of 1935 began a three-month revolt, which caused heavy losses to the often troublesome Yugoslav Communist Party and countless arrests of key personnel.
This caused the Yugoslav Communist Party to fall into a split, not to mention, and even the leader hid in Viana, and the country lost its leader.
This situation was displeased by the Comintern, and at the behest of Moscow and Stalin, Broz, who was working in the Soviet Union, was blessed with misfortune and became the man whom Stalin valued and promoted.
(Stalin)
In the subsequent YUGO, the general secretary was Gorkic, the secretary of the organization was Broz, and Tito smoothly entered the center of power.
After entering the center of power, Tito's good fortune continued.
At the end of 1937, the leader of the Yugoslav Communist Party, Gorkic, was implicated in his wife's espionage and was swept to the end, and Tito stayed up a few months later, and under the appointment of the Comintern, he became the leader of the Yugoslav Communist Party.
This is tito's life reversal, a butterfly effect caused by an assassination, so that the original marginal people, all the way into the center to become a hero to answer the order.
However, this hero who answered the call still needed the help of a person at that time, and this person was Hitler.
(Hitler also helped)
Four: Thanks to Hitler.
Say Hitler's first impression is that this cargo is a war maniac.
This is true from the point of view of the faction, his rule of Germany, all the way to the rapid advance, after the blitzkrieg against Poland in September 1939, detonated the European battlefield of World War II.
After fighting Poland, Germany still did not stop, Northern Europe suffered, low countries suffered, and the great power France suffered.
Behind the fall of a series of countries is the loneliness of Britain and the fluttering of small countries.
Submission or destruction, this is the situation of the small Balkan states at that time, under such threats, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria all turned to Germany.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia did not resist the pressure and signed the Tri-Power Axis Agreement on 25 March 1941, joining the Axis Powers.
This is a pony that has made the Yugoslav people dissatisfied!
When you were an accomplice of the Nazis, didn't you bring trouble to yourself?
(Three Kingdoms Axis)
The reluctant Yugoslavs rebelled.
On March 27, Air Force Commander-in-Chief Simovich led an officer coup d'état, leaving Prince Paul, the regent, in favor of the newly adult Peter II in power, hoping to change his election and not participate in the war in Europe.
To this end, a few days later, on April 5, they signed the Treaty of Friendship and Non-Aggression with the Soviet Union.
This made Hitler, who was plotting against the Soviet Union, dissatisfied, and I drew you to give you face, if not, don't blame me for turning my face.
Subsequently, the Germans, who had turned their faces, moved.
They mobilized a large army to indiscriminately bombard Belgrade, and only 11 days later, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia fell completely and Peter II went into exile.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which had lost its king, was doomed, and the "Ustaše", who wanted independence, with the support of the Nazis, created an independent state of Croatia, and many of Germany's vassal states also hoped to take advantage.
(Left: Tito)
At the moment of survival, when a warrior stepped forward, Tito appeared.
Together with Army Colonel Raza Mikhainović (who later defected to the Nazis), he became a mainstay of resistance to the Nazis in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at the time.
And the backbone of this is that Titozhen is fighting for the interests of the Yugoslav people.
Because at that time, the Yugoslav Communist Party did not have a good life, and in the era of the kingdom, it was purged, leaving them sparsely staffed.
However, the chaotic actions of the royal government allowed the Yugoslav Communist Party to develop rapidly, from a few thousand to 12,000 (1939).
After the blatant invasion of Germany, it was even more uncontrollable and became a symbol of the Yugoslav resistance spirit.
From this point of view, without Hitler's attack and coercion, Tito would not have developed and grown.
(Partisans)
Fifth: Uncle Liu Huang's disposition, the essence of guerrilla warfare.
On June 22, 1941, Germany launched the Barbarossa Plan, and 5.5 million troops declared war on the Soviet Union in three ways.
Tito, who had been subject to the Soviet Union and could not play to the fullest, knew that this time the Soviet Union had no reason to restrain its own actions.
On the afternoon of the outbreak of the war, Tito drafted a "Letter to the People" calling on the whole country to resist the invasion of Nazi Germany.
Five days later, the Yugoslav Communist Party established its high command and created a guerrilla force, and Tito successfully became the commander-in-chief of the guerrilla group.
(Tito's team)
Subsequently, the era entered the era of World War II.
From 1941 to the surrender of Germany in 1945, the Yugoslav people, led by Tito, fought a four-year war of resistance.
Tito in battle, not tired of war in World War I, was very heroic and particularly responsible.
This responsibility is concentrated on not abandoning, not giving up.
Every time the guerrillas moved, Tito's team never gave up on any one person, did not leave behind any wounded, even the frail old man and child, he would find someone to take care of.
This makes Tito's team often drag the family with the mouth, and also makes the team that follows Tito to flee more and more large.
The most exaggerated time, the team with the old and the young as as many as nearly 100,000 people, this style is very Liu Huangshu and the people to cross the river.
(Uncle Liu Huang and min crossing the river)
The more people there are, the more difficulties there are, and it is inevitable that they will not be taken care of well, and many people will fall under the butcher's knife of the Nazis.
This situation made Tito very sad, and he led by example, and constantly reiterated: never abandon anyone, whether he is a refugee or a wounded person.
However, no matter how strong a person is, he will collapse in the face of unsolvable problems, and once Tito collapsed!
He wrote to Moscow with tears: More than 100,000 refugees are about to starve to death, and there is an epidemic of macules and typhoid fever. People died of hunger, but instead of complaining, they took out the last bread for our warriors, hoping to help us as best they could.
This is the true portrayal of the Yugoslav War of Resistance.
But the Soviet Union, which was struggling with itself at the time, was unable to assist Tito.
However, this situation did not make Tito give up, but on the contrary, he became more and more determined to resist.
As for their tactics, they are also familiar to many Chinese.
In military discipline, we do not take a needle and a line from the masses and mingle with the masses.
Tactically, shoot a shot to change places, go deep behind enemy lines, fight, guerrilla warfare, protracted warfare, and mobile warfare.
The ways to succeed are often similar.
Led by Tito's correct idea of guerrilla warfare, the Partisans of Yugoslavia repelled six encirclements and suppressions by Nazi Germany and the servant army, and grew stronger in the battle, from 15,000 at the outbreak of the war to 800,000 at the end of the war (May 1945), becoming the strongest resistance force in Yugoslavia, and finally this unit became the Yugoslav People's Army.
The spark of the stars can burn the plains, and the Yugoslav War of Resistance allowed Britain and the United States to see the strength of Yugoslavia and began to support.
It was only this aid, which had only begun after Italy's surrender in September 1943, that it was no longer important to Yugoslavia. (To the captured Italian equipment)
When summing up the War of Resistance after the war, Tito proudly said that the Yugoslav people had driven out Nazi Germany entirely on their own.
Although proud, it is still difficult.
This hardship is also evidenced by a scene in the Soviet film Liberation: Tito carries a submachine gun and leads the guerrillas through the Fucha-Kallijovik Highway.
The dubbed telegraph sound is: Here is the Yugoslav People's Army, here is the Yugoslav People's Army, we have broken through the siege, we are still fighting! We're still fighting!
In addition to this classic clip, once a Yugoslav movie, "Bridge" and the theme song, "Ah Friend, Goodbye" also impressed the Chinese people.
It's a special empathy of a special era, too much like it.
In the second half of 1944, the situation began to reverse.
The Soviets, who fought back in full swing, and the Allies who landed in Normandy, made Germany falter, and saw the Yugoslavs launch a counterattack.
On 20 December, the Yugoslav People's Army, with the support of the Soviets, attacked Belgrade, and a week later Belgrade was declared liberated, and a few days later, the entire territory of Yugoslavia was liberated.
World War II was won!
(Timeless Classics)
Fifth: Nation-building
The war is over, Tito is victorious, what should we do next? Of course, it is a nation-building!
Subsequently, Tito led the Yugoslav Communist Party to establish a federal state similar to the Soviet Union: the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
It is a country that includes six federal units: Serbia (including two autonomous regions: Vojvodina and Kosovo-Metohija), Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro.
These six federal units, all republics, have their own territories and national flags and coats of arms, as well as their own decrees and budgets, organs of power, and can be said to be political entities with national sovereignty.
The only reason they were brought together was that they shared a federal parliament, under the leadership of one organization and one leader, and had a common army and constitution.
What kind of state is this?
In short, it is to let the peoples that were originally separated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire form their own countries, and then unite together, but there are fewer majorities.
All this is also evidenced by statistics.
At that time, Yugoslavia, the Serbs were the largest, accounting for about 40%, followed by Slovenes and Croats, and the ethnic composition of various federal countries was also complex.
In addition to the complex ethnic composition and the absence of a majority ethnic group, the religion and language of the federal state cannot be unified, and the economic development is uneven.
Slovenia and Croatia are rich, Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia are the poorest, and Bosnia and Kosovo are the poorest.
Bulk countries, uneven economies, many nationalities.
The only thing that can sustain a country is a strong leadership and political party, and that is Tito and the Yugoslav Communist Party.
This also laid the groundwork for the subsequent disintegration of Yugoslavia, that is, there were too many reasons for division, and from the beginning it was barely put together.
In order to maintain the stability of the country, the subsequent Yugoslav government has always chosen the power below, expanded the right of national autonomy, and even maintained the stability of the country by weakening the central government.
Of course, this is an afterthought, because the biggest problem facing the post-state Yugoslavia is the conflict between the South and the Soviet Union.
(Yugoslavia with many nationalities)
Sixth: The conflict between southern Jiangsu and Southern Jiangsu
The world after World War II is a world of camp battles.
According to the tune of the Cold War, after the establishment of the Yugoslav state, it fell to the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc and confronted the Western countries.
But this turned to the Soviet Union, but it was met with Stalin's suspicions.
The camaraderie of wandering together on via Viana, and the relationship in Moscow, did not make Stalin and Tito friends, but became more vigilant.
This vigilance begins with two things.
The first happened in 1944, when Stalin, in order to ease relations with Britain, mediated the Yugoslav king Peter II, exiled in London, in the hope that Tito would look at his face and let Peter II return home.
Tito refused without hesitation about such an easy thing to cause turmoil, which made Stalin very angry, saying that Tito was narrow-minded and not arrogant enough. It also made Stalin understand that his little brother was a restless man!
The second event occurred in September 1947, when the Soviet Union proposed the establishment of a European Intelligence Agency (similar to the Five Eyes Alliance) in Belgrade, with the participation of nine countries and organizations. (Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Soviet Union, French Communist Party, Italian Communist Party)
The geographical advantage that can be set in Belgrade makes Tito think that this is a good opportunity to establish good relations with other organizations, so he stepped up contact with other countries and made a lot of diplomatic relations. Later, during a visit to Bulgaria, he negotiated with the Bulgarian leader Dimitrov into the union of the two countries, passed a mutual tariff exemption agreement, and developed the economy.
This made Stalin angry, this is a self-reliant mountain!
He scolded Tito's close comrades-in-arms Khadr and Dimitrov, and warned that it would be impossible to establish any broad federation without Soviet participation.
This made Dimitrov obediently admit that he said: Yes, we have made a mistake.
Although he was reprimanded, Stalin did not oppose the establishment of a federation in Nanbao.
Because he knew that it was enough for him to kill Tito's prestige and not let him overshadow himself.
(Tito and Stalin)
This contradiction has occurred a lot, and it is inevitable that it will intensify!
In February 1948, the Soviet Union finally expressed its dissatisfaction with Yugoslavia.
Subsequently, the two countries broke off trade relations, the Soviet Union withdrew military aid, and even accused Tito of being an imperialist spy on June 28.
This remark completely broke the relations between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, and soon after, under the pressure of the Soviet Union, many Eastern European countries followed up to criticize Yugoslavia.
Yugoslavia, which originally had a bad relationship with the West, broke up with its eastern friends.
This European iron orphan situation made Tito begin to reflect on how he should break the situation.
(Game Age)
Sixth: Diplomacy.
Loneliness is not good after all, and losing friends is problematic after all.
In the face of such a situation, the calm Tito made the following statement: The Yugoslav Communist Party has not made any ideological mistakes, it is the Soviet Union that is engaged in great power chauvinism, and we have the right to dialogue with the Soviet Union on an equal footing.
Based on this, there was a follow-up Policy of Independence and Autonomy of Yugoslavia.
They were on the scene of the United Nations General Assembly and dared to attack the Soviet Union.
They dared to accept British and American aid.
This strategy of independence and autonomy, on the contrary, made the Soviet Union and the West soften Yugoslavia.
The Soviet Union, after Stalin's death in 1953, corrected its relations with Yugoslavia, and in 1955 Khrushchev even personally visited Belgrade to apologize to Tito in person.
In the decade from 1949 to 1959, the West gave Yugoslavia about $2.4 billion in economic aid and technical support, allowing the Yugoslav economy to develop rapidly and have the confidence of the Balkan tiger.
(Balkan Tigers)
This is the high standard of living of the people!
Under the Yugoslav government's efforts to engage in the economy, by the 1970s, Yugoslavia's domestic economy was prosperous, the goods were dazzling, according to 1974 statistics, Yugoslavia had 54.4 cars per thousand people, and refrigerators and washing machines were commonplace. Even the popular installment payments in the West, such as advanced consumption methods, are very popular in Yugoslavia, with a per capita GDP of 3,000 US dollars in the 1990s, a level that China only reached in 2008.
Why is it developing so well? It is also related to the left and right sources of Yugoslavia.
At that time, in the Cold War era, in addition to the military, there was also a standard of living, as long as the Soviet Union was strong, Yugoslavia could get aid and maintain stability, but the Soviet Union was not strong, and Yugoslavia's good life was estimated to be bad.
The reason is no other, powder keg Balkan, no need for tigers.
(There can be no strong country in the Balkans)
Seven: The Balkan tiger is troubled.
Since Tito was pro-Western, he has engaged in a lot of anti-Soviet propaganda at home and governed the country in a way that deliberately contradicts the Soviet Union.
In the end, even the name of the Yugoslav Communist Party became the Yugoslav Communist League.
The only thing Tito insisted on was the "ideological education leadership" and "personal exemplary role" of the YUGO.
He hoped to use ideological education and reformation to make all the Yugoslav peoples identify with equality and autonomy, learn to put the overall situation first, and maintain unity.
But the policy of being too lenient has always allowed the Yugoslav problems to continue. Because of a Yugoslavia that did not strengthen the concept of the state, local autonomy was too serious and local power was too expanded.
All this, in the face of common pressure, can often be warmed up, but when the pressure disappears, there will inevitably be problems after economic development, especially the national issue.
Tito's problem occurred many times during tito's lifetime, for which Tito amended the constitution twice in succession in 1971 and 1972, established a federal presidium in which all ethnic groups took turns, and established a two-chamber parliamentary system with equal distribution of seats.
(Elegy)
But Tito was also human, and on May 4, 1980, at the age of 88, he left.
All kinds of lurking problems, after the big parents of this country left, began to erupt!
Tito had just died, and his widow, Jowanka Broz, was thrown out of his apartment by ill-intentioned people and placed under house arrest.
To make matters worse, Western friendliness has also soured.
Beginning in 1949, various loans provided by the West to help the Yugoslav government were due after Tito's death, and after the outbreak of the world oil crisis in 1973, Yugoslavia also imported oil, and the foreign debt owed by more than $20 billion was also due.
This double squeeze has caused the economic development of Yugoslavia to begin to languish, and the financial problems have become more and more serious.
By 1980, in order to save foreign exchange, Yugoslavia had to reduce imports of consumer goods on a large scale.
Throughout the 1980s, Yugoslavia's economy was characterized by high unemployment, fiscal deterioration, and severe inflation.
This problem became more and more serious in the 1990s.
At the same time, the occurrence of drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe also allowed Western countries to ignore the death and death of Yugoslavia. Suffering from 2,000% inflation, more than a million people unemployed, and negative economic growth, Yugoslavia is finally in chaos.
The seemingly alienated republic blames each other, competes for resources, and creates a miasma of domestic smoke and ideological trends.
Just a year after Tito's death, Albanians in the Kosovo region appealed to the Republic of Kosovo, triggering a riot that killed more than 200 people. (1981)
Poor and remote Kosovo is making trouble, and rich Slovenia and Croatia are also dissatisfied!
Rich subsidies for poverty are the norm in Yugoslavia, and they do not want to continue, they propose, or make the federation into a confederation, right?
The difference between this word, which seems insignificant, is the difference between the form of government. Federal Yugoslavia is a country, and confederation Yugoslavia is an organization.
Rich Slovenia and Croatia must secede, and the poorer Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia must of course oppose it!
Croatia and Slovenia simply announced their withdrawal from the National Congress indefinitely.
This put Yugoslavia on the road to disintegration.
Under the influence of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the YUGOD (formerly the YUGO) of the major republics lost their leadership positions, and by the end of December 1990, only Serbia and Montenegro were still adhering to the leadership of the SADC.
The original six republics were divided into three factions.
Serbia took Montenegro with it and insisted on national unity.
Slovenia and Croatia, demanding national independence.
Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina also had the mind to observe the situation independently.
Then, of course, is the lament of the civil war.
(Storm surge)
Eight: The Lamentations of the Civil War.
In 1991, the Serbs, the most populous in Yugoslavia, took the lead in forming an armed force, followed by war in Croatia, and Croatia, not to be outdone, held a referendum in May and declared independence in August, and war broke out at the same time.
In September of the same year, Macedonia declared its independence, and in February of the following year, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence.
This wave of independence sparked the Bosnian War, which lasted for more than three years.
(Solo of Sorrow)
The Serb forces opposed to secession, the Muslids who demanded independence, and the Croatian armed forces that supported the Mutant ethnic group fought inextricably, and finally with the intervention of NATO, the Bosnia and Herzegovina Peace Framework Agreement was signed on November 21, 1992.
During the war, many bad things happened, and the war met with widespread international condemnation.
Yugoslavia also declared its dissolution while the war was in progress.
On April 27, 1992, Serbian President Milosevic announced the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. (Serbia and Montenegro)
Since then, the original Yugoslavia has been divided into five!
However, this is not the end, because Kosovo, an autonomous province belonging to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, still wants independence.
Kosovo Albanians, who declared independence in 1991, formed the Kosovo Liberation Army (1996) under the militant organization because they were not recognized, which subsequently led to the Kosovo War.
In late 1998, NATO began to intervene in the Kosovo War in support of ethnic Albanian armed forces.
In January 1999, the euro was officially launched, with good trends and the potential to become a world currency.
At first glance, the United States encouraged NATO to escalate the war.
From March 24 to June 10, 1999, NATO, relying on its superior air power, launched a 76-day indiscriminate bombardment of military targets in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, causing 1,800 deaths, more than 6,000 injuries, countless infrastructure damage, and direct economic losses of $200 billion in humanitarian disasters.
What makes us even more angry is the occurrence of the May 8 incident and the embassy!
This caused a national uproar, and it also made us recognize what hypocrisy was through a war.
30 years of Taoguang and obscurity, 30 years of lying down to taste the guts, 30 years of hard work.
Behind the story of Tito and Yugoslavia, it is not an interpretation of the truth: dignity is always on the blade, always needs economic assistance, and is always played by all people.
(Grieving Big Boy)
The story of Yugoslavia is basically over!
In 1999, Yugoslavia, which had experienced indiscriminate bombardment, was forced to sign an agreement recognizing Kosovo's high degree of autonomy.
In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro.
In 2006, after montenegro's independence after the referendum, the Yugoslavia established by Tito was completely lost, becoming a landlocked country of Serbia that lost its access to the sea.
Kosovo declared its independence in 2008, but Serbia has not recognized it.
The Western abacus is that if you want to join the European Union, you will recognize independence, but this hypocritical promise Vucic does not understand.
Every Serbian family member who sees this big boy has an inexplicable feeling.
Looking back at the big boy's grief, I look at the spirit of Tito.
If Tito can see today, it is estimated that he will sigh: stability and unity are the keys to the sustainable and strong of a country.
Note: The timeline of this article, counting from 1913 in Tito's Vienna years, lasts until the present day of 2022, a full 109 years of storms.