Top news reporter Huang Yafang
A thousand years old rhyme, Tokyo Dream. Zhang Zeduan's "Map of the Upper River of the Qingming Dynasty" depicts the prosperity and grandeur of the Northern Song Dynasty capital City of Bieliang Street, and tells the infinite style of the Great Song Dynasty.
As a social custom painting, the "Map of the Upper River of the Qingming Dynasty" is quite rich in content, revealing the life of the people of Kaifeng in the Song Dynasty in detail. But after all, we are not the people of that era, what is the deeper social background, living conditions and folk customs behind the superficial phenomena?
The second "Qingming on the River Map" Cultural Forum was successfully held online through the top news culture channel and other platforms, and a number of experts and scholars shared the latest research results around the paintings.
◆ Song Dynasty popular dad with baby? The ratio of male and female with babies in the painting is 11:5
Su Shengqian, a professor at Yunnan University and a guest speaker at CCTV's 100 forums, devoted himself to the study of the details of "Qingming on the River Map", and he paid attention to a question - "Who will bring children"?
△ The scene with a baby in "Qingming on the River Map"
According to him, a total of 24 children appeared in the "Qingming River Map", some of them played by themselves, and more were brought by parents, of which there were 11 children brought by men, only 5 children with children by women, and 7 children with moats, playing by themselves, and listening to and listening to books.
Among them, two children are seeing a doctor, one is walking to the clinic, and one is being held by two women to feed the child. "People first think of the mother when they feel pain, so when the child is sick, it is often brought by the woman, and there are two children on the ship, because the transportation of the Song Dynasty ships is generally a mixture of passenger and cargo ships, some families do not live in a fixed place, whether at the helm or in charge of the sails, the boat is a heavy physical labor, often by the man to do, then the child is naturally brought by the woman." Su Shengqian said.
Why was it so common for men to bring children in the Northern Song Dynasty? In Su Shengqian's view, women are more likely to be distracted than men, may divert attention, the Northern Song Dynasty by men to take children to the street, is more in line with the child's safety considerations.
Su Shengqian said: "In the "Qingming River Map", men with children are the mainstay, but in modern society, some retired people are not willing to manage their children and hope to enjoy more retirement life, but I think that taking children is an opportunity to enjoy the joy of heaven, because taking children needs to be focused, you can also exercise sensitivity, old comrades should do more obligations, this is also the historical record left to us by Zhang Zeduan, it is worth our learning. ”
△ The scene with a baby in "Qingming on the River Map"
◆ What is the connection between the "Tower-shaped Cave" and the "Silk Road" of Kaifeng Fanta?
The image of camels can be seen in many places in the "Map of the Upper River of the Qingming Dynasty", and there are several camels walking leisurely with goods at the city gate.
Song Xixin, former deputy director of the Kaifeng Municipal Construction Committee, senior engineer and national registered urban planner, said that these camels are relatively rare in the Central Plains, and most of them are camels from the western region, or the camels of merchants.
△ The camel caravan in the "Qingming River Map"
Although there is no iron pagoda and Fan Pagoda in the "Qingming River Map", the two Northern Song Dynasty pagodas of the Iron Pagoda and the Pó Pagoda are precious Song Dynasty cultural relics left by Kaifeng landmarks. Song Xixin also found details of the cultural exchange between China and the West in the Song Dynasty from the Fanta.
According to Song Xixin, Kaifeng Fan Pagoda was built in the seventh year of the Northern Song Dynasty (974), located in the Qingtian Temple of the Northern Song Dynasty, and among the existing ancient pagodas in ancient China, it is the most complete and original Song Dynasty brick and stone building in existence, and it is also the first example of a hexagonal imitation pavilion-style stupa.
Fanta Song Dynasty Buddha statue brick is a very rich treasure trove of Buddha statue art, the inside of the pagoda is a hexagonal Buddha brick "tower-shaped cave". Among them, the first floor of the tower heart chamber 57.4 square meters, the second floor of 50 square meters, the chamber wall is inlaid with Buddha statues like grottoes, 6925 wall bricks embedded in the inside and outside of the tower, due to the damp underground, some of them have fallen off, and more than 1,000 pieces have been repaired during the Ming Dynasty. In 1984, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage made another special repair, and there are still more than 5,000 pieces left over from the Song Dynasty.
△ "Western Regions Lead the Tiger Walking Foot Monk" Buddha statue brick
Song Xixin said that the Kaifeng Fanta Buddha statue bricks reflected the phenomenon of frequent cultural exchanges between Kaifeng and the western region in that year. So what exactly does this have to do with the "Silk Road"?
Among them, the most noteworthy is the Buddha statue brick of "Western Tiger Walking Monk". Song Xixin introduced that the Song Dynasty artists portrayed the image of the foot-walking monk very realistically, with deep eyes, high nose, thick lips, bald head, a Zen staff in his left hand, wearing a cotton coat with a collar, and a servant of the wind and dust, which is a portrait of the character of the monks in the Western Regions, and the content of the Buddha statue is vividly displayed.
What is a walking foot monk? The walking monks generally have the image of traveling on the road, and are the messengers of cultural exchanges between Chinese and Western cultures and the Silk Road.
Song Xixin said: "At that time, there was no film and television, and if there were no large number of Western monks in Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty, our craftsmen could not accurately portray this image." Through a simple Buddha statue brick, it reflects the prosperity of the Northern Song Dynasty Tokyo City in the Song Dynasty, and at the same time shows that the Song Dynasty was frequent and international cultural exchanges, and there is practical evidence. ”