In recent years, by actively publicizing the importance of scientific fertilization and soil improvement to farmers and herdsmen, we have vigorously advocated the application of farm manure, low-carbon production and green planting by farmers and herdsmen, so as to enhance soil fertility, improve soil quality, and reduce planting costs, while improving the comprehensive production capacity of agriculture and promoting the increase of grain production and peasant income. Farm manure is an economical and practical organic fertilizer, which is widely used in agricultural production because of its simplicity of "local materials", and can provide a variety of nutrients to crops and improve soil properties. Farm manure generally includes human manure, manure, compost, green manure, mud manure, grass and wood ash, etc.
Several common farm manures
Farm manure needs to be decomposed into nutrients in the usable state of crops through the action of microorganisms in the process of accumulation and decomposition, which can be applied in agricultural production. Common farm manures are as follows:
1. Human feces and urine: it belongs to a fertilizer with more nitrogen and less phosphorus and potassium. For human feces and urine, it is necessary to undergo fermentation and decomposition, carry out appropriate harmless treatment, and dilute with water before application.
2. Livestock manure: including pig manure, cow dung, horse manure, sheep manure, chicken manure, rabbit manure, etc. In terms of nutrients, there is more organic matter in the manure and urine of various animals, of which sheep manure has the highest content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), followed by pig and horse manure, and cow manure is the worst.
3, manure: manure, also known as circle fertilizer, pen fertilizer, refers to the livestock manure and urine, mixed with a variety of gasket materials accumulated fertilizer, it can improve the nutritional status of fruit trees, promote the formation of soil agglomerate structure.
4, grass and wood ash: if it is crop straw, firewood and other incineration of grass and wood ash, it belongs to the relatively high-quality potassium fertilizer, and they also contain more calcium and phosphorus elements, so it is very suitable for the improvement of acidic soil.
5, composting: for crop straw, turf, peat and other organic matter and human and animal accumulation of decomposed fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and organic matter content are relatively rich.
6, green manure: is made of green plant system of fertilizer. Green manure is a nutrient-rich source of biological fertilizer. In addition to the same role as other organic fertilizers, green manure also has the effect of increasing soil organic matter and nutrients, and improving soil structure.
What are the benefits of using farm manure correctly
1, improve the soil when the farm manure is applied to the soil, the organic matter contained in the soil after the role of microorganisms in the soil, will form a humus, the role of humus can promote the formation of the soil agglomerate structure, in addition, the microbial activity in the soil is enhanced, the permeability in the soil will also increase, in this case, the soil water retention and fertilizer retention ability is improved, conducive to farming, the quality and yield of crops are guaranteed.
2, organic matter content of more farm manure contains more organic matter, when the farm manure into the soil, these organic matter is decomposed by microorganisms in the soil, releasing carbon dioxide or generating a part of the organic acid, to promote the rapid dissolution of some difficult to dissolve nutrients in the soil, to achieve a fertile effect.
3, the nutrition contained in the comprehensive to the chemical fertilizer comparison, we commonly used ternary compound fertilizer, which only contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium three elements, and organic fertilizer in addition to containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but also contains some trace elements, such as magnesium, sulfur, iron, calcium, etc., comprehensive nutrition, conducive to crop growth.
4, long effective time The nutrients in farm manure are mainly organic, and most of the organic nutrients contained in it cannot be directly absorbed by plants, so the fertilizer efficiency is slower than inorganic fertilizers, but it lasts.
The correct way to rot and ripen farm manure
Farmhouse fertilizer is a very good manure, is the preferred organic fertilizer for growing crops, want to give full play to the fertility of farmhouse fertilizer, must be decomposed. Livestock farm manure decomposition can kill harmful bacteria, insect eggs, weed seeds, to meet the standard of harmless treatment. It can prevent and curb the occurrence of pests and diseases and reduce the amount of pesticides used. Different states of farm manure fermentation and decomposition methods are also different, the following is divided into two categories to introduce the basic decomposition methods of farm manure.
Fermentation and decomposition method of liquid manure with large water content, such as fresh pig manure and fresh chicken manure
First of all, the fermentation tank can not be too deep, and the depth of the general fermentation tank is 40-50 cm. When the fermentation tank is dug too deep, the manure in the upper part of the fermentation tank has long been fermented completely, but the manure in the lower layer is almost the same as when it was just purchased, this is because the liquid manure has a large water content, poor air permeability, and the temperature at the bottom of the fermentation tank is low, which cannot reach the temperature required for fermentation, so that the manure in the lower layer of the fermentation tank cannot be fermented and decomposed, so the fermentation tank dug by the vegetable farmer must be shallow, so that the heat of the upper part of the manure can be transmitted to the bottom of the fermentation pond to ensure the temperature required for fermentation.
Secondly, the upper part of the fermentation tank should be covered with a film. Open-air fermentation of liquid manure, the temperature of manure can not be effectively maintained, the temperature is slower, the fermentation time will be greatly extended, but also will cause the loss of nitrogen in the manure, some nitrogen losses can reach more than 60%, when covered with film can quickly increase the temperature of manure, to prevent nitrogen fertilizer into gas loss.
Third, the addition of an appropriate amount of soil and weeds or biological agents to the liquid manure can promote fermentation, because the soil contains a large number of microorganisms, which can play a role in accelerating fermentation, and the soil and weeds can also use nitrogen fertilizer, reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizer, and increase the organic matter in fertilizer.
Finally, when fermenting liquid manure, it is also necessary to pay attention to the use of a shovel stirring manure once every 5-7 days, which can increase the oxygen in the manure and promote the reproduction of microorganisms, so as to achieve the purpose of rapid fermentation; at the same time, the manure of the lower layer of the fermentation tank can also be stirred to the upper layer, and the upper layer of manure can be stirred to the lower layer, so as to play a better fermentation effect.
Related fermentation methods for dried manure such as rice husk manure
When fermenting dry manure such as rice husk manure, a sufficient amount of water should be added to the manure to make the manure wet. Then according to the bottom width of 1.5-2 meters, the upper width of 1.2-1.5 meters, the height of 1-1.2 meters to build a pile, the length of the pile is not limited, and then use a wooden rod with a diameter of 6-8 cm to punch holes at the top of the pile, and go deep to the bottom of the pile, at intervals of 20-25 cm to hit a vent hole, at the top of the manure pile to punch 6-7 rows of ventilation holes, this is mainly to ensure that the manure has sufficient oxygen supply during fermentation, and then cover the old film, warm fermentation.
During manure fermentation, pay attention to the temperature measurement of the thermometer inserted below 20 cm of the surface layer of the manure, maintain the temperature of the manure pile at about 60 ° C, and maintain it for 1-2 days to turn the pile. When turning the pile, the manure of the outer layer of the manure pile is turned over to the inside of the manure pile, and the manure of the inner layer is turned over to the outside, and it is also necessary to pay attention to the exchange position between the manure of the upper layer and the manure of the lower layer, and then build the pile fermentation again, and pay attention to replenishing the water for the manure, so that after 3-4 times of turning the pile, when the manure is odorless, it means that the manure fermentation and decomposition can be used with confidence.
During fermentation, it should be noted that the temperature of the manure pile should not exceed 80 ° C, in order to prevent the high temperature from killing the microorganisms in the manure, and when it is serious, it will also produce a stuffy heap phenomenon, resulting in fermentation failure. When the manure is fermented and decomposed, it can be used with confidence. At present, there are many liquid fermentation bacteria on the market, if combined with the fermentation of this biological bacteria, the fermentation time will be greatly shortened, and the fermentation is more complete, and the fermentation bacteria can be sprayed to the surface of dry manure when turning over the pile.
Five major harms of applying chicken manure and other insufficiently decomposed farm manure
1． Infectious diseases and insect pests: Chicken feces contain E. coli, nematodes and other germs and pests, and direct use will lead to the spread of pests and diseases.
2． Fermentation and burning seedlings: After the insufficient fermentation of chicken manure is applied to the ground, when the fermentation conditions are available, the chicken manure begins to ferment, if the fermentation site is close to the root, and the crop plant is small, the heat generated by the fermentation will affect the growth of the crop, resulting in plant death when serious.
3． Acidification base soil: chicken manure is a strong acid fertilizer, this harm can not be seen in a short period of time, only for more than a few years of continuous planting will occur, so this hazard is extremely hidden.
4． Heavy metals exceed the standard: chicken manure contains a high amount of copper, mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead, arsenic and other heavy metals, as well as more hormone residues, resulting in excessive heavy metals in agricultural products, laying hidden dangers for sustainable development.
5． Inconvenient and inefficient to use: untreated feces, unpleasant smell when turned over.
There are many types of farm manure, with a wide range of sources and large quantities, which is convenient for local materials. Organic fertilizers are characterized by a relatively comprehensive range of nutrients and a suitable proportion, which not only contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, but also calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron and some trace elements. These nutrients are mostly in the state of organic matter, which must be decomposed by chemical and physical action in the soil and the fermentation of microorganisms, so that the nutrients are gradually released, so that the fertilizer efficiency is long and stable. In addition, the application of organic fertilizer is conducive to promoting the formation of soil aggregate structure, so that the ratio of air and water in the soil is coordinated, the soil is loose, and the ability to retain water, heat preservation, ventilation and fertilizer retention is increased. Raw manure or uncorried animal manure cannot be applied directly to the farmland, otherwise it will bring harm to crops. Uncorried farm manure is more harmful to crops, and I hope that everyone should pay special attention when using farm manure.