Abstract: There are 33 individual ornaments excavated from Fuling Odaxi M12, which can be restored to a group of jade pendants according to their position in the tomb. Through the analysis of the age and source of each component and the comparison with other groups of jade pendants, this paper believes that the string style of the jade pendants of this group of jade pendants starting with glass beads is similar to that of the Chudi group, and the components are mainly from Chudi, a few may be from the local area, and the late Warring States period was concatenated in bashu. The age of Odaxi M12 will not be as late as the Qin and even the early Western Han Dynasty, and should be the middle of the third century BC.
Keywords: Odaxi M12; Group Jade Pendant; Structural Restoration; Style Comparison; Chronological Analysis
Located on the west bank of wujiang in Fuling District, Chongqing, the Xiaotianxi Tomb Group is an important remnant of the late Bashu culture, and has been excavated four times and cleaned up more than 20 tombs[1]. It was once regarded as the tomb of the Ba kings in the early Warring States period[2], and with further excavation and research, although the specific age of individual tombs is slightly different, it has become a basic consensus that the overall age of the tomb group belongs to the Qin Dynasty from the Qin Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty.[3] Odaxi M12 is large-scale, and 66 pieces (sets) of burial items such as copper, pottery, jade and lacquer have been unearthed, including a basically complete group of jade pendants. The author of the briefing separately described this group of jade pendants, briefly mentioning that their shapes were copied from the Three Jins, and the nature was classified as burial jade[4]. The late Bashu culture was not popular for jade ornaments, and the well-preserved group jade pendants were very rare and precious, which was an important material for understanding the history and culture of that time, so the author was willing to try to discuss and seek advice from the Fang family.
First, the structure restoration and comparison of M12 group jade pendants
The Odakei M12 group consists of 33 individual pieces, made of jade, glass, copper, and agate. The silk sets of the strung ornaments have decayed, but their relative positions are still largely clear, with 29 of them located on the abdomen of the tomb owner and four pieces of jade heng falling under the tomb owner's femur. According to this, its combined structure can be restored, and a dragonfly eye glass bead should be used as the collar, and the jade ring, heng and dragon-shaped pendant should be strung in turn, with various colored beads between them, and the lower end should be jade honed tail; the rest of the tubes, beads, and ornaments should be roughly tied to the left and right in a symmetrical form; the jade pieces should be blue and white in color, and the glass beads should be blue and green, interspersed with golden brass beads and red agate (Figure 1).
The jade pendant used in the costumes of the two countries is the most complex, and its structural changes and use systems are important issues. Since the late Spring and Autumn Period, the form of group jade pendants has undergone great changes, with rings, hengs, and dragon-shaped pendants as the main components, and group jade pendants with various types of beaded pipes have become popular styles, and are most common in late Spring and Autumn and Warring States tombs, but there are very few people with clear combination structures [7]. This set of jade pendants of Odaxi M12 has not departed from the overall fashion trend, adding a new example of basically clear structure and complete components for this type of jade pendant.
Since the late Spring and Autumn Period, the eastern Zhou Dynasty and Qilu have unearthed groups of jade pendants, and those with a more clear structure begin with jade rings. For example, the two sets of peiyu on the abdomen of the main abdomen of the M2717 tomb on Zhongzhou Road in Luoyang, the structure is restored to the jade ring (reported to be bi) collar, the middle wears jade and amethyst beads, and the lowest part is the jade dragon pendant (Figure 2, 1); the pendant at the left chest of the M1316 tomb owner, the top is the jade chalcedony ring, the center is two rings, one is stony, the other is chalcedony, the stone dragon pendant falls to the tail, and the turquoise beads and crystal beads are worn between the layers (Fig. 2, 2) [8]. Qilu Pei is decorated with crystals and jade chalcedony, such as the two sets of pendants on the young woman's body in the M1 No. 10 funeral pit of Linzi Langjiazhuang, which are basically preserved when excavated, and both ends are crystal rings, large and small, and in the middle are various colored crystal beads, orange red stone beads and flesh red chalcedony beads[9]; a set of jade pendants at the chest and abdomen of the M58 tomb in the ancient city of Qufu Luguo, led by a jade ring, followed by two columns of 4 bead tubes each, and then a tube and a dragon pei (Fig. 3) [10].
Although a large number of jade objects have been excavated from the Chu tomb, it is still rare to see a group of jade pendants with a clear structure. The Two Columns of Ornaments are composed of 21 single pieces, symmetrically distributed in the upper body of the tomb owner, with a number of beads, hoses, and rings are strung from below the ring, and the end is dropped, and the materials are Xiuyu, tremolite nephrite, granite, dolomite, ice stone, agate, glass, coal crystal, and bone. The inner coffin of Jingzhou Tianxingguan M2 was almost stolen and excavated, and the situation of the tomb owner's jade pendant is unknown, but there is a set of jade pendants in the east chamber bamboo pipe (No. 63), which are small rings 1, silk ring 1, juxtaposed long stripe 2, Heng 1, and Long Pei 1 from top to bottom.[12]
In addition, the painted wooden figurines in the Chu tomb provide the most intuitive information for the structure of chudi peiyu in the Warring States period, and there are currently 9 known pieces: Tianxingguan M2[13], Wuchang Yidi M6[14], Jingzhou Jicheng M1 [15] 2 pieces each, and Xinyang M2 excavations 3 pieces [16]. The status of the characters reflected in these wooden figurines is not high, and the group jade pendant does not contain a dragon-shaped jade pendant, but a beaded pipe, a ring, and a hose as the main components, and the complexity and simplicity are mainly reflected in the number of basic components and group colored knots. Among them, the painted wooden figurines of Xinyang M2 are particularly meticulously depicted, the texture of the components is clear, the overall structure is clear, and the characteristics of the round bead collar are highlighted, and the rings and hoses are tied under it, especially the large beads on the upper collar of M2:154 indicate that there are several small dots, but the dragonfly eye glass beads popular in Chudi are depicted (Figure 4) [17].
The above comparison shows that since the late Spring and Autumn Period, the structure of the jade pendants of the various kingdoms has not been exactly the same, but on the whole, they are similar: among them, the main order of Zhou and Lu Yupei is ring, bead, and dragon-shaped pendant; the crystal pendant of the State of Qi is rich in color, and the components are mainly rings and beads; Chudi highlights the brightly colored glass beads, so that it occupies the starting position, and the gentle and elegant silk jade ring immediately below it contrasts with each other. From this point of view, the group jade pendant of the Odaxi M12 is closer to the style of Chu Du.
Second, the M12 group of jade pendant age and source analysis
The individual ornaments of the Odaxi M12 group of jade pendants are of various materials, and the jade pieces are not designed and processed as a whole, but are assembled into a string group. The following is a description of those with clearer characteristics.
1. Glass beads
There are a total of 4 glass beads in this group of jade pendants, with a diameter of 2.1 to 2.5 centimeters, which are very eye-catching in the jade pendants. Referring to Zhao Deyun's division of dragonfly-eyed glass beads[18], M12:114 is a set of ring eyeballs, with a total of 8 large circles on the surface of two layers, and 7 small circles (Figure 5, 1), which is basically the same as a set of ring eyeballs excavated from the ancient city of Luguo in the early Warring States period (Figure 5, 2), in addition, the glass beads produced by the middle of the Warring States period Xinyang Changtaiguan M1 [20] and the late Warring States Lixian Xinzhou M1[21] are only 6 large circles, but they are also quite similar. M12:126 and 127 are the same, and the geometric line of small dots composed of a single line of spaced eyeballs may be a product of the late Warring States period Chudi.[22] M12:133 Eyeballs shed only circular fossa, which may be layered or rounded.
2. Silk ring
Specimen M12:115. The section is flat and oval, the surface is finely milled, about 47 new silks, the overall features should belong to the Warring States period, the diameter is 4.9, the pore diameter is 2.6 cm [23].
3. Rectangular jade ornament
Specimen M12:118. With a rectangular jade piece as the main body, the short side protrudes a perforated trapezoidal jade piece, which may have been used as an inserted mortise, and the long side on one side is grooved, and the two ends are drilled obliquely to the short side, and the shape of the instrument is quite rare (Fig. 5, 3). A rectangular strip of jade C1M3943:23 in the late Warring States tomb at the site of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Luoyang is similar, with a curved concave on one side and a perforation of two short sides at each end of the groove (Fig. 5, 4) [24].
4. "Peach-shaped" ornament
Specimen M12:125. The surface is outlined with a shady line, and the lines are sparse and gentle, with a jade style of the middle and late Warring States period. Among them, the contour line of the triangular tip edge is obviously broken, which may be a jade modification of the jade C1M3943:11 excavated from the tomb of Luoyang.
5. "Wing-shaped" ornament
Specimen M12:141. Similar to the "peach-shaped" ornament, it has the mid-to-late Warring States jade style, its tail feathers and bird head are lifted upwards, the beak and abdomen are perforated (Fig. 5, 5), and the morphological ornaments are very similar to the jade bird M6:44 excavated from M6 in Guwei Village, Huixian County (Fig. 5, 6) [25].
6. Bird's head crosses the dragon body shape jade pendant
Specimen M12:138. The whole body is plain, and only the simple yin line is milled to show the structure of the eyes, crown, foot and so on. The head and body are opposite, and the dragon's body is long and curved, like a rope, and each bends outward and then turns sharply inward, interlacing in the middle (Figure 5, 9). No matter how complex and flexed the image, the animals on both sides generally do not cross each other, such as the Jingzhou Wangshan Bridge M1:D50 similar to Odaxi M12:138, both of which are cut from curved jade pieces, and the animals on both sides are symmetrically connected in the middle, but do not intersect.[26] However, the two double dragon jade pendants XK:356 and 357[27], also intersected in the middle of the dragon body, excavated from the tomb of King Cuo of Zhongshan, are chu-style jade carvings[28], which should be characteristic of the late Warring States period (Figure 5, 10).
7. YuHeng
5 pieces in total. Among them, the inner edge of M12:123 has 3 rectangular grooves, the outer edge is narrower than the inner edge, and leaves a small twist, which seems to have been cut, and the dragon head at both ends does not exceed the width of the arched jade piece, and it is known that it is modified from a tooth edge jade ring with a diameter of 4.9 cm, accounting for two-thirds of the ring (Figure 5, 7). The tooth edge ring is found in the early Warring States Tomb of Changxing Nose Mountain in Zhejiang Province[29] and the Shitang Warring States Tomb in hangzhou Banshan District[30], and the two pieces of the late Warring States Tomb in Songshan, Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, are buckled with a gold handle as the head of the ring. In addition, the two pieces [32] excavated from the Xiku tomb [32] (Fig. 5, 8) and the 1 piece of tooth edge jade ring [33] excavated from jiulian dun M1 belong to the late Warring States period. Although the tooth edge jade ring is more found in Yuedi, some scholars believe that this shape is still Chu-style jade.[34] M12:87, 88, 144, the shape, ornamentation, and material are basically the same, and the production procedure may be three for a jade ring. The head of the dragon at both ends is olive-shaped, the front and back corners of the eyes extend long, the upper and lower jaws and the outer edges of the two staggered fangs are basically flat, the mouth is not only showing the fangs, but also carefully carving wide and flat teeth in the upper part, several arcs in the lower part may show the lips and tongue, and two yin carved arcs are formed between the neck and body, and the dragon body is flat, only along the upper and lower edges of the yin line (Figure 5, 11). The shape of the vessel is similar to that of a Piece of Warring States Yuheng M1:62[36] excavated from the Huanping Tomb in the Tianchang Triangle of Anhui Province, with a short proportion and a similar overall structure of the dragon's head, especially the details of the jaw and the mouth and teeth are almost the same (Figure 5, 12). In addition, the Northern Suburbs of Xi'an Lianzhi Village and Lujiakou Sacrifice Pit are also similar to them, with rough and simple deformations, dating from the late Warring States period [37]. M12:86 Yuheng is about one-third of the whole circle, and its dragon pattern has been decomposed into bas-relief cirrus, paisley and S-shaped pattern, but the upper remains on the left and right sides mark the small circle of the dragon's eye (Fig. 5, 13). The artifact is similar to the early Warring States specimens from the tomb of Zhao Shi of Jinqing in Jinsheng Village, Taiyuan[38], and the tomb of Marquis Yi of Suizhou[39]. It is likely to be a relic left over from an early period like the Huaiyang Pingliangtai Yuheng (Fig. 5, 14).
8. 觿
Specimen M12:122. The plain surface is unstried, the head has two wear, and the tip of the tip is hooked and swept up, which may be regarded as the crown of the bird's head (Fig. 5, 15). Bird-shaped bird-shaped inscriptions appeared in the middle of the Warring States period, such as The Tomb of Cuo Xiku XK:233, 232[41], Changsha Yangtian Lake M165:2-2[42], Huaihua Qiancheng M27:6[43] and so on. In addition, a fish-shaped jade pendant excavated from M172 in Yangzishan, Chengdu, has no stripes and only outlines, and the style is the same, dating from the late Warring States period to the late Warring States period (Figure 5, 16) [44].
In summary, most of the individual components of the Odaxi M12 group of jade pendants belong to the late Warring States period to the late Warring States period, and some components can be as early as the late Spring and Autumn period or the early Warring States period, but the whole should be completed in the late Warring States period. The relationship between each single piece and Chu is relatively close, and may be mostly obtained from Chudi, combined with the structural comparison of the previous sections, it can be seen that the assembly elements and string style are influenced by Chu.
It is also worth noting that there are 6 bamboo knot-shaped copper beads (M12:116, 119, 120, 126, 129, 130) in this group of jade pendants. Copper beads were rarely found in various princely states to decorate the human body, but occasionally found in the local Warring States tombs in Bashu, such as the Xuanhan Luojiaba Cemetery[45], the Deyang Shifang Chengguan Cemetery[46], the Chengdu Jingchuan Hotel Tomb[47], the Xingjing Nanluoba Village[48], and the Tongxin Village Cemetery[49] all found bottle-shaped copper beads[50]. In addition, a group of ornaments were excavated from the Odaxi M22, including dragonfly eye glass beads 1, jade ring 1, Zhen 1, dragon-shaped pendant 2, and amphora jar-shaped gold beads 1, which were concentrated on the abdomen of the tomb owner, which should belong to a set of jade pendants, but the structure is unknown, of which the form of the gold beads is completely in the style of pottery amphorae excavated from sarcophagus burials in northwest Sichuan in the same period [51]. Although specimens of the same shape could not be found, the six bamboo-shaped copper beads of M12 may have come from the local area. The M12 group of jade pendants should eventually be locally concatenated into groups.
3. Discussion of related issues
In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, jade ornaments were not popular in tombs in the Bashu region, and the few groups of jade pendants excavated by archaeology were concentrated in the Xiaotianxi tomb group, in addition to M12 and M22, M9[52] found glass beads 1, glass pipes [53]1, jade ring 1, jade dragon pei 1, M22 and M9 due to the excavation location was disturbed, can not be restored. In addition, more jade artifacts were excavated from M172 in Yangzishan, Chengdu, and many of them were distributed on the abdomen, side and head side of the tomb owner, except for the jade ornaments on the jade sword, but the combination relationship could not be determined [54]. The central axis of the M12 group of Odaxi M12 group is clearly layered, and its main jade ornaments are rich in ornamentation mechanism, some are plain but well polished, and with colorful bead tubes, it is the most abundant jade ornament with the material, decoration and component in the Bashu region. Some researchers have pointed out through a large number of statistics that as a clothing jade, the Zhou Dynasty group jade pendant is not the main indicator of the user's identity level, but is more closely related to financial resources, preferences and fashion, but because the financial resources of individuals at that time were often positively correlated with social status, it can still be seen that the role of hierarchical factors in the use of jade [55]. Therefore, although it is not possible to directly determine the rank of the tomb owner, the tomb should undoubtedly belong to the local upper ruler.
Regarding the dating of M12 in Xiaotianxi, the briefing mainly refers to the M1~M3 of the same tomb group to analyze, and believes that the M12 era is later than M1 and M2, and at the same time as M3, it is presumed to be from the Qin Dynasty to the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. There is no doubt that the Odaxi M3 was buried with the Qin Shi Huang "twenty-six years" Ge, and the burial age has entered the Qin Dynasty[56], but whether it can represent the age of the rest of the tombs is still controversial. Song Zhimin believed that M1 to M3 belonged to the same era, and according to M3, it was designated as the qin tomb or the time of Qin and Han,[57]; Jiang Xiaochun believed that M1 and M2 were dated slightly earlier than M3, setting the former in the Qin Dynasty and the latter in the Qin and Han Dynasties,[58] and Xiang Mingwen advanced the M2 era to the middle of the late Warring States period, and M1, M3, and M12 were from the end of the Warring States to the qin dynasty.[59] It can be seen that although the ages of these four tombs are not far apart, there are differences between morning and evening.
Fuling is the hometown of the ancient Pakistani kingdom. According to literature, with the continuous expansion of the Chu forces in the middle of the Warring States period, the establishment of Wu County and Qianzhong County, the State of Ba gradually lost its strength to compete with Chu, and its forces retreated; after the Qin State occupied Bashu, it established Ba County, and in the early period of the Warring States period, it continued to use troops through Ba Di to the east, and the area around Fuling became the front line of Qin and Chu Saws.[60] In the decades around 300 BC, the upper echelons of the local tribe were sandwiched between the two powers, supported and used by both sides, and the Qin, Chu factors and local factors were clearly presented in local tombs. At this time, Chu was geographically advantageous, coupled with the fact that the operating time was longer than that of Qin, the cultural influence was greater, and the high-level ceremonial musical instruments [61] and ornaments were accepted by the locals. After 278 BC, the Qin general Bai Qi attacked the capital of Chu, and the upper rulers of the Chu state moved east, weakening their ties with Badi. M12 and M1, M2 funerary items are very rich, the combination of bronze ware is similar, in addition to the local Bashu factors in the bronze, Chu factors such as beans[62], chimes, jade swords, Qin factors such as crossbow machines, halberds are more prominent, but there is no clear relics belonging to the Qin Dynasty; M3 is well preserved, and what is seen mainly shows the factors of Bashu and Qin. Therefore, the age of M1, M2, M12 should be earlier than M3. In other words, judging from the complete group of jade pendants produced by M12, the acquisition of materials and the cultivation of good habits have been completed about the late period of the Warring States to the early stage of the late Warring States period, and the tomb age may be slightly later, preferably in the middle of the third century BC, not as late as the Qin and even the early Western Han Dynasty. At that time, although Badi was completely under the rule of Qin, it was still closer to Chu culturally and aesthetically.
P.S. This article was written with the support of the General Project of the National Social Science Foundation of China, project approval number 18BKG014, special Shen Xie Chen.
(Author: Dai Lijuan, College of Archaeology, Sichuan University.) In addition, the note is omitted here, for the full version, please refer to Jianghan Archaeology, No. 1, 2022)
Editor-in-charge: Duan Shushan
Audit: Diligence
Chen Lixin
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