As a specific natural landscape, the garden uses engineering technology to form a natural environment that conforms to the public's aesthetics through the subjective creation of natural landscapes in a certain area.
Its birth itself is a manifestation of culture and art.
The arrangement of flowers and plants in the garden, landscape construction, road paving and building construction and other engineering expressions are deeply influenced by the social culture of a specific period. In the construction of traditional garden landscapes in China, the idea of "Li le" has a deep influence on the landscape construction of gardens.
In ancient times, Chinese gardens were roughly divided into two types, one was a palatial royal garden, and the other was a small and chic private garden. The Song Dynasty was a period of prosperity for all kinds of art and culture.
The artistic achievements of the private garden of the Song Dynasty have played a role in the history of the development of mainland gardens.
The Song Dynasty was the beginning of the development of the literati of private gardens.
I. Overview of the Development of Private Gardens in the Song Dynasty
During the two Song Dynasties, the economy, culture, and science and technology flourished, and there were many achievements in culture and science and technology. In the construction of private gardens, there has also been great progress, China's classical gardens were born earlier, in the Yin Shang period has appeared the early prototype of the garden, and after hundreds of years of development, in the Song Dynasty gardening technology reached its peak,
The economic and cultural development of the Two Song Dynasties laid the foundation for the construction of gardens
The garden construction of the Song Dynasty inherited the gardening art of the previous dynasty, and the garden construction ideas of the Song Dynasty also had a profound impact on the garden development of later generations.
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The improvement of the social status of the literati - the direct cause of the rapid development of gardens in the Song Dynasty
Literati is a characteristic of the development of the culture of the two Song Dynasties.
During the Song Dynasty, social thought emphasized literature over martial arts, and the social status of the literati was unprecedentedly improved.
The reading atmosphere prevailed, the number of intellectuals in society increased significantly, the imperial examination system was inherited and improved, and a large number of civil officials emerged in the dynasty, and the construction of private gardens was often owned by some nobles in ancient China. Then this large number of Song Dynasty appeared
Literati doctors had a major influence on the development of the literati of private gardens in the Song Dynasty
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During the Song Dynasty, although the literati elected by the Imperial Examination achieved a higher social status, it was still different from the general imperial relatives and nobles, and the officials elected by the Imperial Examination did not have the hereditary status of the imperial princes and nobles, so these civil officials also had consideration of the retreat of the late dismissal of officials when they entered the dynasty. After the dismissal of the official, the whole body retreated, and the seclusion of the landscape seemed to have become the consensus of these civilian officials.
Repairing the garden has become a hobby of almost all incumbent officials.
As a result, the number of private gardens during the Song Dynasty soared.
2. The artistic characteristics of private gardens in the Song Dynasty - the creation of artistic conception
The private gardens of the Song Dynasty period reflected the state of mind and cultural aesthetics of the literati of the Song Dynasty in the landscape and the layout of flowers and trees, which was recorded in the "Record of the Famous Gardens of Luoyang":
"Nandu Tongjin Bridge, upper liuting pavilion, wangzijun hall ... Walk the shade pavilion, admire the youtai, and resist the boxuan... The flowers and trees of the pavilion are all out of their sight, so they are all curved and have Aus. "
It can be seen from the records in the text that the private gardens of the Song Dynasty at this time,
The thinking and aesthetics of the literati profoundly influenced the design methods of private garden construction.
This garden construction technology not only examines the technical level of garden craftsmen, but also reflects the garden builder's gardening experience.
The literati performance of the private garden in the Song Dynasty is to pay more attention to the artistic creation of the garden.
2. The social literati of the Song Dynasty
1. Song Dynasty literati, spiritual leaders who lead the trend of society
If you want to say which factors have the greatest impact on the development of the society and culture of the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty
Doctor of the Literati
It is a cultural group that must be mentioned. After the cultural prosperity and cultural integration of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the social and cultural performance of the Song Dynasty was more brilliant.
The pursuit of culture in the society of the Song Dynasty is inseparable from the ruler's implementation of the idea of emphasizing literature over martial arts, the society of the literati of the Song Dynasty has been improved, and the ideological learning of the literati has influenced the cultural direction of the society, because of the rise of the Song Dynasty theory, the aesthetic feelings of the Song Dynasty literati have been refined to the ultimate purity, and the Song Dynasty literati are no longer the momentum of external objects.
What it pursues is a careful and delicate taste for the heart and life.
2. The spiritual characteristics of the Song Dynasty literati doctors
The literati thought of the Song Dynasty had the characteristics of pursuing blandness, conforming to Zen intentions, and doing whatever they wanted. The Song Dynasty literati's pursuit of bland artistic characteristics refers to the creation of natural blandness, the pursuit of a kind of bland beauty, "doing things without ancient and modern, but creating bland and difficult", Su Dongpo's life realm: "Return, there is no wind and rain and no sunshine." For the pursuit of nature, the great poet Ouyang Xiu of the Song Dynasty was highly respected in his writing:
"Although Meng Hanwen is high, it is not necessary to be similar, take its natural er."
In addition, the Zen pursued by the literati of the Song Dynasty is mainly manifested in the dialectical thinking of dealing with secular society and elegant heart, this Kind of Zen Thought breaks the original solidified thinking, and the distinction between elegance and vulgarity is not above objective things, but more emphasis is placed on the elegant and vulgar thoughts of the person who sees things.
"Everything has objectivity, and everything has cola."
The Song Dynasty's arbitrary yiqi thought to the Song Dynasty calligraphy and painting as the main form of expression, the Song Dynasty literati painting does not seek the shape of the likeness but only seeks the god-like, Su Dongpo said in the interpretation of "scholar painting": "The painting of the scholar is like reading the world's horse, taking what its intention is."
Third, the literati characteristics of private gardens in the Song Dynasty
The artistic ideas of the Literati of the Song Dynasty, which pursued blandness, conformed to Zen intentions, and did whatever they wanted, also became the guiding ideology for these literati doctors to build private gardens. This kind of private garden is based on the idea that the literati of the Song Dynasty can retreat to the hidden landscape after the official field.
The creation of private gardens also shows this art of life of the literati.
1. Private garden of the Song Dynasty, garden of literati thought and body
The private gardens of the Song Dynasty paid attention to the art of construction
The Fun of Nature,
This idea of pursuing natural interest is embodied in two aspects, one is the portrayal of the interior scenery of the garden, which requires being close to nature and going with the flow; on the other hand, the site selection and design of the garden should be coordinated with the scenery around the garden, so as to achieve the consistency of the interior and exterior scenery of the garden, as if it were natural.
"Although it is made by man, it is like opening up from heaven."
This is recorded in the Song Dynasty garden construction book "Garden Ye", which says that although the garden is designed by people, the highest gardening art requires that it cannot be seen that it is deliberately done. This art of gardening has had a profound impact on the development of gardening in later generations.
"At the foot of the Mountain... Open the window in front of it, to the water... Van Deng, if he is in detail, is set up by heaven and earth, and does not wait for manpower and skill. This sentence is from the "Luoyang Famous Garden",
It represents another kind of gardening idea - the inside and outside of the garden are integrated. The construction of this kind of garden requires adapting to local conditions, combined with the original landform, natural and man-made coordination, and so on, all because of the upgrading of gardening art under the influence of the literati thinking of private gardens in the Song Dynasty.
2. Under the concept of elegance, the literati private garden
The construction style of private gardens in the Song Dynasty also reflects the elegant concept of the Song Dynasty literati, the elegant concept of the Song Dynasty literati, which is different from other dynasties in that the elegance of distinguishing things does not lie in the things themselves but from the thoughts of people who observe things. Under the influence of this cultural thought, the private gardens of the Song Dynasty,
Bamboo is mostly used as the main configuration in plant construction.
Su Dongpo once said:
"It is better to eat without meat than to live without bamboo."
It can be seen that bamboo has a wider group of hobbies in this aesthetic concept of the Song Dynasty. Under the aesthetic concept of the Song Dynasty, which was full of "Zen" meaning, many temple gardens and smaller private gardens appeared in the Gardens of the Song Dynasty.
But no matter what kind of garden, bamboo has become the representative of these garden plants. It is very common in garden cultivation,
A Brief Analysis of Landscape Painting and Ancient Gardens
In summarizing the characteristics of the gardens of the Song Dynasty, it is written:
"Three points of water, two points of bamboo, one point of the house."
The character of bamboo, a plant, triggers the observer's perception of life between inches, and the zen meaning of garden scenery is another innovation created by the literati of the Song Dynasty.
3. Literati private gardens, the perception and sustenance of life
The "meaning" image of the literati of the Song Dynasty was originally embodied in literary creation, writing poems and paintings to pursue god-likeness rather than similarity.
Use the artistic technique of allegorizing the scene and blending the scene to express your thoughts.
Show more views in a limited space.
Strange flowers and stones in the garden, pavilions,
Draw bridges
The arrangement of scenery such as the water pavilion tries its best to show endless scenery in a limited space, showing endless charm and artistic conception. The private gardens of the Song Dynasty are pinned on the feelings of the literati, and the construction of the garden also tries its best to fit the ideas of the literati, so that the people in the gardens,
Along with the changes in the scenery, different life perceptions are presented.
Fourth, what was the impact of the literati of private gardens in the Song Dynasty?
The literati class of the Song Dynasty vigorously built private gardens, making it possible
Classical garden construction reached its peak during the Two Song Dynasties.
The private garden of the Song Dynasty played a role in the history of classical gardens, and it was the first stage of the mature period of classical gardens in mainland China.
"The rise and fall of the garden, the rise and fall of Luoyang."
The prosperity of private gardens contributed to the prosperity of the country, and the prosperity of private gardens in the Song Dynasty also brought about the prosperity of the economy of the Song Dynasty. The private gardens under the literati of the Song Dynasty showed the peak of garden art and laid the foundation for the garden construction art of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The private gardens painted by the literati of the Song Dynasty left a large number of physical gardens that can be examined by future generations, and the expressive techniques, plant configurations, and text paintings used in the construction of the gardens left valuable wealth for future generations
"GardenIng" and "Long Material System" have become representatives of garden theory works.
The small landscape painting style of the literati who rose up in the Song Dynasty and the calligraphy works left in the garden became valuable assets in the cultural circles.
5. Summary
The literati of private gardens in the Song Dynasty promoted the development of garden landscaping techniques, and garden designers created many under the guidance of following this literati thought
Amazing works,
Although there are not many gardens left in the present world during the Song Dynasty, their ideas and reputations are still very extensive.
Canglang Pavilion
It's a good representation.
The construction of private gardens in the Song Dynasty was influenced by the ideas of the literati.
On the other hand, the creation of gardens has also affected the literati's perception of life.
Isn't this bland, god-like idea of the literati also perceived from objective scenes? In short, the private garden under the literati of the Song Dynasty is worthy of our careful taste.
bibliography:
1. "The Famous Garden of Luoyang"
2. "GardenIng"
3. "A Brief Analysis of Landscape Painting and Ancient Gardens"