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In 1648, the largest Cossack revolt broke out, led by the most legendary Getman in Ukrainian history, Bogdan Khmelnytsky (1595-1657).
I. Khmelnytsky's Great Uprising
Born into a ruthenian aristocratic family, Khmelnytsky was educated in a Jesuit school and later served in the Polish army. In the 1620s and 1630s, he successfully ran a family business in central Ukraine, avoided involvement in Cossack uprisings, and became a loyal cossack.
He didn't look like a figure who was going to lead a great uprising.
1. Ties with Poland
However, in 1646, a Polish neighbor robbed his estate, beat his young son to death, and snatched his fiancée. After the local courts and the Senate in Warsaw were unable to achieve an impartial ruling, he fled to Seč and was elected Getman, encouraging the Cossacks to resurrect under his leadership. With the help of their former enemy, the Tatars, the Cossacks advanced north to engage the Polish army.
Khmelnytsky initially won several big wins. They fought hard at the Battle of YellowWater in April 1648, and throughout 1648 the Cossacks continued to defeat the Polish army as they marched into Warsaw. The rebels received a lot of support in the Ukrainian countryside, and the peasants took the opportunity to attack polish landlords and Jews who were culturally hostile to them and economically profitable.
The Orthodox Church tried to turn Khmelnytsky's uprising into a holy war, and Mojira's heir, Archbishop Sylvester Kotiv of Kiev, declared Khmelnytsky "New Moses" and "Gift of God" (Ukrainian for Boyi Gedan).
By 1649, Khmelnytsky had occupied most of central Ukraine, known as the "Getman regime", establishing the capital of Kiev.
Until this time, however, Khmelnytsky's purpose was unclear. In 1648, he wrote several times to the Polish king to express his indignation, but signed it as "His Majesty the King's Master of Zaporozhye". At the end of 1648, when the time seemed ripe, he did not take the opportunity to retake Galicia.
Although many Ukrainians regarded 1648 as the year of the National Liberation War, in fact many Ruthenian nobles – Polished and still Orthodox – rebelled against Khmelnytsky.
By 1650, Khmelnytsky had even turned his gun to launch an attack on Moldova in the hope that his son Timosh would become ruler.
Not only that, but the divisions within the Cossacks also grew, mainly on the question of whether to abolish serfdom (Khmelnytsky, as a landlord, tended to retain serfdom). Like the Poles, the Cossack elite continued to assert themselves as descendants of the Sarmatians as a way of emphasizing the legitimacy of their status, which made the Cossacks more class-oriented than representative of the early Ukrainian nation.
In return for the Tatars, Khmelnytsky allowed them to go to the villages of Ruthenia (Ukraine) at will to collect slaves and then auction them off on the slave markets of Crimea.
Regardless of the purpose, Khmelnytsky ultimately did not succeed. In 1649, during an important battle, the Tatar Khan withdrew his reinforcements, forcing Khmelnytsky to reach a provisional agreement with the Polish king. The agreement banned Polish troops and Jews from entering Getman's territory, but required farmers to restore their serf status.
In 1651, another round of war with the Poles began. In a great battle northeast of Lviv near the small town of Belestečko, polish troops faced a combined Cossack-Tatar army of 150,000 men.
Largely (still) the Tatars defected and kidnapped Khmelnytsky, leading to the defeat of the Cossacks in this battle. After another peace agreement, Khmelnitz returned to the battlefield in 1652 to defeat the Polish army at the Battle of Bartog. But it was clear that Khmelnytsky was no longer able to prepare for a decisive campaign against the Kingdom of Poland.
2. Russian intervention
It was then that Khmelnytsky found new external support: Moscow. Russia has a strong interest in Ukraine: it wants to expand its power westward, weaken its rival Poland, and defend the rights of Orthodox Christians. In January 1654, in the small town of Pereyaslav on the outskirts of Kiev, Khmelnytsky accepted the Russian Tsar's rule over Ukraine. Khmelnytsky expected the Russians to swear an oath to guarantee cossack rights in their territory, but the Russians refused to accede to this demand.
On the contrary, Khmelnytsky unilaterally swore an oath of allegiance to the Tsar, thus making him "the absolute monarch of Great Russia and Little Russia (Ukraine)".
Through the Pereya Slavic Agreement, Russia, once far from the periphery of Europe, was transformed into a great power and quickly became the dominant power in Eastern Europe.
Despite Khmelnytsky's accusations, various interpretations of the Pereyaslav Agreement defended him as simply seeking a military alliance or a subordination (the Tsar was required to provide protection to the Cossacks but not interfere in their internal affairs) or perhaps to seek a personal union based on a common monarch but with a separate government.
In any case, after the signing of the agreement, Russia began its invasion of Poland. Sweden, which fought against Poland in the early 17th century, also revolted and occupied Warsaw in September 1655. The Swedes, Cossacks, and the Kingdom of Terrasivania (part of present-day Romania) launched a joint military campaign to divide Poland.
However, the Swedes also attacked Russia, creating tensions between the Cossacks and the Russians. Without consulting with the Cossacks, Russia concluded a peace treaty with Poland in 1656, and the Swedish-Cossack-Transylvanian army was defeated. During a rebellion within the Cossacks, Khmelnitz died of illness in 1657.
II. The Origins of the East-West Split : The Treaty of Andrewsovo
Khmelnytsky's death did not bring the end of the war, and the next 30 years of endless war were a period of catastrophe that the Ukrainians called the "Great Decline.".
Fearing Russia's growing power, Khmelnytsky's successor, Geitman Ivan Wigowski, tried to reconcile with the Poles.
In 1658, the Cossacks signed the Gagachi Agreement with the Poles. The agreement stipulates that the provinces of Kiev, Chernigov and Braclav are independent grand duchies and become equal third parties to the republic. The Grand Duchy would enjoy unprecedented autonomy, the right to elect its own Getman and its own courts, currency, and army. The traditional rights of the Cossacks were guaranteed, and every year a certain number of Cossacks could acquire aristocratic status.
The Brest Union was abolished, so catholicism and orthodoxy enjoyed equal status.
If this agreement can be implemented, then most of Ukraine's territory will henceforth be freed from Russian influence and thus develop into an independent state.
It is true that its provisions gave Ukraine more autonomy than any previous agreement under Polish and Lithuanian rule, but it was never really implemented.
Even before the agreement was signed, a large Russian army had already set foot on Ukrainian soil. Although Wigorovsky led his army to defeat him, he faced accusations from some of his compatriots that he had betrayed the Cossacks to Poland. Finally, Wigowski abdicated in 1659 in a rebellion and fled to Poland.
Khmelnytsky's 18-year-old son Yuri was elected Getman, and under duress from the Russians, he signed a new agreement ceding cossack diplomatic power to Russia and allowing Russia to garrison troops in all of Getman's major cities.
In 1660, Poland and Russia went to war over Land in Ukraine.
Ukraine was openly divided under the Treaty of Andrewsovo of 1667, with Russia gaining the Left Bank and the Poles gaining the Right Bank.
According to the agreement, the Russians should return Kiev to Poland, but in fact they did not do so. The war between poles, Russians, Cossacks and Tatars lasted until 1686.
In 1686, Poland and Russia affirmed the terms of the Treaty of Andrewsovo (1667): Poland gained right -- (western) Ukraine, and Russia controlled left-bank (eastern) Ukraine and Kiev. The Russian tsars gained sovereignty over Ukraine on the east coast, while the Cossacks maintained some form of autonomy. There were actually three independent regimes on the territory of the Cossacks: the Getman regime, zaporozhia sechi, and Sloboda ("free") Ukraine.
Of the three, the Getman regime is the largest and most politically influential.
The so-called Polish-Russian Treaty of Permanent Peace actually confirmed the partition of Ukraine by the Treaty of Andrewsovo and, to the great humiliation of the Poles, stipulated that the Russians had the right to intervene in the affairs of the Republic in the name of defending the Orthodox faith.
As Poland regained control of right-bank Ukraine and Zaporozhiazeki still enjoyed autonomy, the Cossack Geitman regime in the late 17th century occupied only 1/3 of the territory that Khmelnytsky had once controlled, and its administrative capital was located in Baturin, northeast of Kiev.
The Getman regime, known to the Tsar as Little Russia, bordered Russia to the north and east with much denser population density than its southern neighbors. Some residents call it "Ukraine" (literally on the border), and this is the first time that the land has been named after "Ukraine". It consisted of 11 cities and more than 1,800 villages, with a total population of about 1.2 million in 1700.
The Khmelnytsky Uprising, which had been dedicated to promoting Ukraine's autonomy, ended up dividing Ukraine into east and west, ceding half of it to Russia.
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