1.1 Pioneers
Robert Morrison (5 January 1782 – 1 August 1834) was an English-born Scottish missionary who was sent to China in 1807 by the London Missionary Society, the first Christian missionary in history. Morrison's greatest contribution was in 1823, when he was the first to translate the Bible in its entirety and to publish Chinese edition in Malacca. He edited and published the first Chinese-English dictionary in Chinese history, the Chinese-English Dictionary, which made great contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and the West.
Robert Morrison
Morrison also translated Chinese cultural classics, was the first person to systematically translate Chinese classics into English, and introduced Chinese culture to the West. In 1812, Morrison translated and published Classic Chinese cultural works such as The Three-Character Classic, The Great Science, Account of FOE, and Account of the Sect TAO-SZU.
Morrison founded the Chinese Monthly Magazine in Malacca, which mainly introduces Christian doctrines, but also a small amount of history, natural sciences, etc., so that Chinese have some understanding of Western culture and the teachings of the Bible. It was the first Chinese journal in modern times to target Chinese, which opened the prelude to the history of Chinese periodicals. In 1832, Morrison collaborated with the American missionary Elijah Coleman Bridgman (1801–1861) to edit the English edition of The Chinese Repository.
In 1818, Morrison founded Anglo-Chinese College in Macau, which was quite large, similar to a university, with the goal of educating Chinese youth and children, and was the first foreign school in China. The school was also the first Chinese school opened by modern missionaries to cultivate Chinese pastoral talents. The school teaches in both English and Chinese, including theology, mathematics, history, geography, etc. Morrison was the pastor of the college. In 1825, the school began admitting female students. Missionaries running schools in China have accumulated valuable experience for the establishment of Christian schools in the future, and are a cross-cultural educational undertaking.
In 1820 Morrison opened a Chinese clinic in Macau, employing Chinese and Western physicians to use free medical services as a medium of missionary work. In 1827 an eye hospital was added. Six years later, an eye hospital was opened in Guangzhou, and ophthalmologists hired doctors from the British East India Company.
Morrison fell ill in bed on 30 July 1834 and returned to the Lord at 10:00 p.m. on 1 August, at the age of 52. Morrison devoted his life's energy to China's missionary cause, and the family was buried in Macau, where Morrison Church was built in front of the cemetery.
1.2 Morrison believes in the Lord
Morrison was born on 5 January 1782 in morpeth, a small town in Northumberland, northern England, to a modest farming family called Bullers Green, north of Newcastle. His father, James Morrison, started farming, moved to the Banks of the Tyne River in Newcastle at the age of 3, where he switched to boot making and served as an elder in Newcastle Church for many years. His mother was Hannah Nicholson, the youngest of eight children, who grew up in a devout Christian home and developed a hard-working, stoic personality from an early age.
Robert Morrison oil painting
At an early age, Morrison received a comprehensive basic education at school, and he was rigorously trained in scripture by his guide, Reverend Hutton. He left school at the age of 14 to work as his father's apprentice, and his embryo-making craft reached a proficiency level. At the age of 15, Morrison broke away from his godless and debauched friends, cried out to God, and experienced the renewal and change of life. In meditation and prayer, we experience the goodness and embraced love of youth. Morrison studied hard since he was a child, and was a determined and sincere person.
In 1798, at the age of 16, Morrison's growing religious experience led him to seek salvation and to find joy in Christ. He was baptized, reborn, and became a member of the Protestant Presbyterian Church of England. The following year, impressed by his reading Of The Evangelical Magazine, Morrison became interested in missionary work and began to receive education in languages, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and theology. After his mother's illness and death in 1802, Morrison decided to dedicate himself to missionary work. On the second day of his 21st birthday, he went to Hoxton Theological Seminary in London to receive a theological education and preached in a village in the countryside. Shortly after entering school, his father became seriously ill, and when his family advised him to abandon the seminary and return home to inherit his father's business, he said, "I don't want to go back, I am already ploughing with my hand, and I will not look back." ”
On 27 May 1804, he applied to the London Missionary Society to become an overseas missionary, and the next morning arranged a reply, and because the First Reply Review Committee was so satisfied, it cancelled the second reply and approved the acceptance of Morrison as a missionary on the same day. A few days before filing his application, Morrison wrote to his family detailing his plans for the future. Morrison was then sent to Gosport, Hampshire, for further study at missionary college, where David Bogue, one of the founders of the London Missionary Society, was its president.
Morrison's missionary goal was Africa or Asia at the time, and in September 1804 he was officially designated to go to China to teach, which was the beginning of the introduction of Protestant Christianity into China. Morrison's primary goal in China was to master the Chinese and translate the Bible into Chinese, not missionary work. Chinese learning became Morrison's top priority.
In order to come to China as a missionary, In August 1805 Morrison came to London and began to study astronomy and medicine in addition to Latin, Hebrew, Greek, theology, philosophy, mathematics, and botany. Subsequently, he began to study Chinese with Rong Sande, a Chinese student who came to the UK. The study lasted for a year and eight months until he embarked on a journey to China. Years of study and training, coupled with experience in the Christian faith, have laid a solid foundation for spreading the gospel to China.
The London Missionary Society originally planned to send three or four missionaries to China to teach together, but for various reasons it did not find a suitable candidate, and finally decided to send only Morrison to China. Morrison wanted his classmate and friend Clunie to travel to China with him, and he wrote to Croni many times to explain the significance of going to China as a missionary, but for some reason he did not succeed.
In July 1886, Morrison returned to his hometown with Rongsand in advance, visited his father, brother, sister and other relatives and friends, and stayed in his hometown for two weeks, during which he participated in 13 sermons.
On 8 January 1807, on the eve of his departure, Morrison was ordained a priest at a Scottish church in London, along with two of his classmates. It was a day he would never forget, and the beginning of preaching the gospel in a mysterious country with one-third of the world's population.
1.3 Morrison is in China
On 31 January 1807, Morrison set sail alone from London on the freighter Remiduntz in Port Gravesan, arrived in New York on 20 April, sailed to China on 12 May, and arrived in Guangzhou on 8 September of that year. When changing ships in New York, the captain knew that he was going to China as a missionary, so he asked him, "Do you think that you alone can change the great Chinese concept of idol worship?" At that time, Morrison replied with a famous sentence: "I can't, but I believe that God will be able to do it", and he arrived in China with this faith and confidence.
When Morrison came to China, it was during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, China was completely closed to itself, the only treaty port was Guangzhou, only merchants could pass through the East India Company, using Macau as a base, briefly entering Guangzhou during the trading season, and could only live in the merchant house, not enter other areas at will. During this period, Macau was occupied and administered by the Catholic Portuguese, and it was forbidden to refuse to christians.
Morrison came to Guangzhou and lived in an American firm, when he was 25 years old. He hired Chinese teachers to begin learning Chinese and spread the gospel, and the Qing government banned foreigners from learning Chinese, and violators were sentenced to death. Due to his unaccustomed life and deteriorating health, he traveled from Guangzhou to Macao on June 1, 1808, and began to write a Chinese-English dictionary while treating his illness. After recovering from health, he returned to Guangzhou on August 31, and after a political storm in October ordered all The British to leave the country, Morrison returned to Macau to continue his studies and translation work. In Macau he lived in Mr. Morton's house and became acquainted with Mr. Morton's eldest daughter, Mary Morton (1782–1821), who married Morrison and 17-year-old Mary in Macau on 20 February 1809, on the day of which he accepted Chinese translators from the East India Company so that he could legally remain in Canton.
In 1810, Morrison's Chinese improved by leaps and bounds, and he could already use Chinese talk to Chinese officials and write official documents to the Chinese government. By this time he had translated many volumes of the Bible, such as acts, Luke, John, etc., and published them in print the following year. At the same time, he also read a large number of Chinese books and translated some classic books into English. To meet the missionary needs, Morrison wrote and published the Questions and Answers on Protestant Christianity in 1812. The New Testament was completed in 1813 and published the following year. In early 1815, Morrison was dismissed by the East India Company for publishing Chinese New Testament, after which he worked as an interpreter for British companies and firms in China until his reinstatement in 1825. In 1816, Morrison visited Beijing as Chinese secretary and interpreter of the British special mission, which was expelled by the Jiaqing Emperor.
Morrison works on steel engravings with chinese co-workers
Morrison's eldest son died after birth, but fortunately he had a daughter and a son, which made Mary have some sustenance. However, the health of his beloved wife is gradually deteriorating, and if you want to live, you must leave China for a long time. In January 1815, Mary returned to England with her two-and-a-half-year-old daughter Robecca and her nine-month-old son Marohan, a six-year absence. In August 1820, Mary returned to Macau with her children for a reunion, and died the following year due to difficult childbirth.
Seven years after Morrison came to China, he received a Chinese believer, Cai Gao (1778-1818). A native of Xiangshan (present-day Zhongshan), Guangdong, Cai Gao was Morrison's assistant and engraving printer, and on November 8, 1812, he voluntarily received baptism, and after two years of study, on July 16, 1814, Morrison baptized Cai Gao in Macau. It was a historic day when Cai Gao became the first Protestant Christian in China. Later, Macau established Choi Ko Tong in honor of the first Chinese Christian, which was later changed to Choi Khoi High School. Over the next twenty-five years, Morrison and his mission baptized only ten believers, demonstrating the difficulty of missionary work.
On 4 July 1813, William Milne (1785–1822) arrived in Macau with his newlywed wife, and Morrison finally had a powerful assistant. A native of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Mi Pi was expelled by local authorities within three days of arriving in Macau and had to go to Guangzhou, where he concentrated on learning the language for six months. Most of the time thereafter was spent mainly in the Java Islands and the Malacca region, where he was responsible for preaching, translating, printing and distributing missionary publications.
On November 3, 1816, Mi Pi baptized Liang Fa (1789-1855, Zhaoqing, Guangdong), and Liang Fa was an engraving worker. In the fall of 1820, Liang Fa's wife, Li Shi (1799-1849), became the first Protestant female believer in China. In 1823, Morrison baptized Liang Fa's son Liang Jinde, which was the 16th year of Morrison's visit to China, and before returning to China for a vacation, He established Liang Fa as a pastor, and Liang Fa became the first Christian preacher in China and the first Christian family in China. Morrison prayed for the family and gave good wishes for the future spread of Christ in China. Liang Fa is the author of books such as "Persuasion to the World", and his grave is in Sun Yat-sen University. He is the author of "Liang Fa - China's Earliest Missionary", published by the Christian Literature and Art Publishing House in Hong Kong in 1998. In the same year, Morrison partnered with Dr. J. Livingston in Macau to open a clinic for Chinese, providing medication and medical guidance to poor Chinese.
In 1817, the 10th anniversary of Morrison's mission in China, the University of Glasgow in the United Kingdom recognized the value of his Chinese work and awarded him a doctorate in theology. In 1818, the Ganges Mobile Missionary Missionary Society was established in Malacca, Malaysia, and in order to Chinese the promotion of teaching and spread the gospel, the first Chinese school was established in the same year, Anglo-Chinese College (moved to Hong Kong in 1843), with Mi Pi as the first principal.
Morrison knew that printing was a weapon that could break through China's external blockade, and with continuous printing and distribution, the gospel could always find an opportunity to spread into China. An anemia College has a printing house, which prints and distributes the "India-China Collection Quarterly". It was here that China's first monthly magazine, The Biography of the Monthly Chronicle of the Secular World, was printed here. Mi Pi's Memories of the First Ten Years, based on Morrison's original manuscript, was also printed and distributed at the Yinghua College Printing House.
In 1815, the first volume of the Chinese-English Dictionary edited by Morrison was published. In 1823, the A Dictionary of the Chinese Language was published in its entirety, the first Chinese-English Dictionary published in Chinese history, with 6 volumes and 4595 pages, divided into three parts. The first part is the Chinese Dictionary arranged by beginning, the second part is the Wuche Yunfu arranged by rhyme, and the third part is the English-Chinese dictionary arranged in English letters. At the same time, he also published the Chinese Grammar and various other books.
Chinese-English Dictionary
1.4 The first Chinese Bible
On November 25, 1819, Morrison and Mitchell completed all bible translations, the result of 12 years and three months of hard work. In early December 1823, Morrison returned to China for the first time after sixteen years of coming to China. He purchased and brought about 10,000 volumes of Chinese thread-bound books to England, met with Emperor George IV, and presented him with a copy of his translation of the Bible Chinese and a map of Beijing. (These books are currently preserved in the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, the Morrison Library, and later the collection of Chinese books are preserved at the University of Hong Kong) He was elected a member of the Royal Society, established the Oriental Language School, opened a seminar on women's Chinese, advocated the organization of the Association for the Promotion of Women's Missionary Work, and advocated for the establishment of Chinese lectures at Oxford and two universities, etc.
In 1823, the entire Bible was published as the Divine Book (Old Testament and New Testament), in 21 volumes. The Biblical Society Museum in New York still houses Morrison's translation of the bible Chinese bible, which is difficult to see elsewhere.
The entire Bible, 1823
The Bible of 1823
During his time in England, he traveled between various parts of England and Paris, where he was invited by various missionary groups and institutions to preach and give lectures. In November 1824, Morrison married Miss Eliza Armstrong and married her in Liverpool. That year, Morrison personally presented the Chinese Bible at the annual meeting of the Anglican Book Society, and stated his principle that the translation of the Bible should be based on the principle of simplicity and ease of writing. During his time in England he also tutored Samuel Dyer (1804–1843) and Maria Tarn Dyer (1803–1846) (Father-in-law of Hudson) to Chinese. In May 1826, a family of four boarded a ship back to China to continue their unfinished business.
In 1827 Morrison helped James Matheson (1796–1878) found the Canton Register. The newspaper became the first English-language newspaper published in China. That same year Morrison wrote an open letter calling on the United States to send missionaries to China. In 1830, the first American Congregational missionaries, David Abeel (1804-1846), arrived in Guangzhou. The two later settled in the Strait of Malacca among malays and Chinese who worked hard. The Congregational Church soon followed by the missionary missionary work of pastors Ira Tracy and Samuel Wells Williams (1812-1884).
The Netherlands Missionary Society sent the German Pastor Karl Friedrich August Gützlaff (1803-1851) to Indonesia as a cleric in 1827, Chinese also known as Guo Shili and Guo Shizhen), who resigned and came to China in 1831. Morrison was deeply interested in the work done by Guo Shila. Versatile, Guo Shila began sailing along the coast of China, distributing Bibles and Christian books along the way. His reports of three consecutive inland voyages aroused great enthusiasm from the political, commercial, and religious circles of Britain and the United States, which led to the establishment of the China Evangelization Society. The first missionary sent by the society was the founder of the Inland Society, Hudson Hudson, who called Guo Shila the father of the Inland Society. Morrison's prints were passed to Chinese through Guo Shila.
In 1833, Madame returned to England with her five children. The eldest son, RuHan, and Morrison bid farewell together, and when they waved goodbye, Morrison could not help but be sad and the old tears flowed. I didn't expect this parting to be a life and death.
At that time, due to the prohibition of proselytizing, Christian books were distributed in secret. From 1819 to 1932, hundreds of thousands of Christian books may have been printed and distributed, including Books edited by Morrison and translated Bibles, according to The Book. The seeds have been sown, the sparks have been ignited, and God's blessings have finally arrived in China.
Morrison constantly called on Western countries to send missionaries to China. After Morrison and Mitchell, the London Missionary Church sent a succession of missionaries who worked diligently to lay a broad foundation of Christian churches in the Chinese circles of the East. The names of many missionaries from the London Missionary Society are forever inscribed in the annals of Chinese evangelism: Pastor Mu Weilian W. Muirhead (came to China in 1847), Reverend J. Edkins (1848), Chalmers (1852), Jang Gefei (1855), etc. They have made tangible and beneficial contributions in Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Hankou, Shanghai, Tianjin and other Chinese cities.
David Washington Cincinnatus Olyphant (1789-1851), the owner of the American Company, made pioneering contributions to American missionary work in China. Not only did Morrison receive donations from Oliffen, but the first batch of American missionaries such as Pei Zhiwen and Wei Sanwei were supported by Oliffen. After the missionaries came to China, they were struggling under the Qing government's strict policy of prohibition of religion, they did not dare to disclose their true identities, but could only act as employees of the merchants, and Oliven not only provided them with legal identity and shelter, but also gave financial support to the missionaries' activities. His church in New York arrived in China in 1832 at his request, and when the China Series was opened, he offered that if the newspaper lost money, he would bear the entire publishing loss. His company's merchant ships provided free tickets to and from China for 51 missionaries and their families.
Before Morrison's death, 23 priests, including female missionaries, had been influenced by him.
On the basis of Morrison's translation, a translation of Guo Shila's dialect was published in 1840, a commissioned translation (文言文) was published in 1854, a vernacular translation based on the Nanjing dialect was published in 1857, and a translation of the Shallow Script (Simplified Chinese) translated by Michael Simpson Culbertson (1819-1862) in 1862, and Griffith John, 1889, 1831-1912) translated into the official dialect "Bible", and successively appeared in Miao, Mongolian, Manchu, Tibetan, and the brace "Bible" used by the blind.
The translation was launched shortly after Morrison's death in 1834, and was revised by John Robert Morrison (1814–1843), Walter Henry Medhurst of the London Missionary Church (1796–1857), and The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) of The Book of Foreign Missions. By 1836, the translation of the New Testament was completed. In 1838, the first edition of the Old Testament was printed in Singapore. Subsequently, Guo Shila also revised the New Testament many times, and finally changed it to the "New Testament of Jesus the Savior".
The New Testament of Jesus the Savior
At the Missionary Conference held in Shanghai in 1890, representatives of the various missions set up three committees, each responsible for translating the "Mandarin and Heben", "Shallow Literature and Combined Translation", and "Wenli and Combined Translation". In 1904, the New Testament was published in the Shallow Literature and The Combined Translation, the New Testament in 1907, and the Old Testament in 1919. In 1906, the translation of the official dialect and the combined version of the New Testament was completed; in 1919, the translation of the Old Testament was completed. When it was officially published in 1919, the translation of the Bible was called the Official Dialect and the Combined Translation, which has since formed the hehe Bible, which is widely used today.
Because missionaries such as Guo Shila, Pei Zhiwen, and Ma Ruhan participated as translators in many Sino-British negotiations, including the Treaty of Nanjing, they were named opium dealers, instigated opium wars, and even the villains who invaded China by some Chinese historians, which need to be judged by future historians. What I know is that opium entered China because the Qing government had been closed to itself for a long time, its national strength had declined, the West had opened the door to China by force, and merchants had used the resale of opium as a means of making money. Instead, missionaries witnessed the dangers of opium in China, established drug rehabilitation centers in many places, and pressured the British government in various ways, and later the mainland would make the prohibition of the opium trade one of the priorities, and founded the Anti-Opium Association, edited the magazine "National Justice", and published books such as "The Truth of Opium Smoking" and "Britain's Sin and Folly". The joint efforts of many churches, missionaries, and other people of insight prompted the British government to finally ban the export of opium to China in 1917.
1.5 Rest and return to the Lord
From 1834 onwards Morrison began to deteriorate, and continued to work, going to Guangzhou on July 17 to participate in negotiations until the 29th. Morrison fell ill in bed on the 30th and returned to the Lord at 10 p.m. on August 1 at the age of 52. The next night, almost all European and American foreigners in Guangzhou went to his house to escort the coffin to the pier, and Ma Ruhan and many others escorted him to Macau. Morrison has always been humble and has left a message not to hold a solemn funeral for him after his death. Many Europeans in Macau, with grief, attended Morrison's funeral, where the funeral prayer was read by the Reverend Edwin Stephens. The body was buried in the cemetery of the former East India Company in Macau, next to his ex-wife Mary.
Morrison Church, Macau
Interior of Morrison Church, Macau
In his honor, the famous Morrison Church was built in Macau in 1821. It is located in the cemetery of the East India Company, which houses fifty British and American tombstones. The doors and windows of Morrison Church are designed with unique arches, the doors are lit with small round lamps, and there are only ten benches in the church, and the top maintains the old beams, rafters and two long ceiling fans. The stained glass cross in the middle is painted with a Bible, on which the words "The Beginning of the World" are written, and the surrounding environment is quiet and unworldly, and the church was rebuilt in 1922.
Morrison was indeed a pioneer in bringing the gospel of Christ to China, and his heroic story was written not on the dusty battlefield, but on a land of hostility, suspicion and loneliness and pain, sown with the blood and tears of his life, so that it blossomed and bore fruit, and it is no wonder that whenever we mention this missionary who has been dead for more than a hundred years, we are solemnly revered.
Morrison's eldest son, Margaret, was a British missionary, secretary and translator Chinese the British Commercial Supervision Office in China. He was enthusiastic about missionary work, and in accordance with his father's will, he revised the Chinese translation of the Bible, and cooperated with Madus, Guo Shila, and Pei Zhiwen to complete the new translation of the Bible. He is the author of "British Chinese Travel Directory" and "Business Guide to China". After nine days of illness, Maruchin returned to Macau on 29 August 1843 with malaria at the age of 29.
On August 1, 1934, the Centennial Monument was erected
The tomb of Morrison, his wife Mary and his son Marjouhan
Morrison's tombstone
In November 2013, I went to Morrison Cemetery in Macau to commemorate the three great deeds of his life: translating the Bible, compiling dictionaries, and running a school. For the spread of the gospel in China, every minute and every second of his life was not wasted.
Morrison was born in Morpeth, a small town in Northumberland, in northern England, to a modest farming family called Bullers Green, 25 kilometres north of Newcastle. At the end of January 2020, I came to this small town in the north-east of England. Mopers is directly connected by train from London to Newcastle, and the transfer is 20 minutes away.
Morrison's work is recognized as an extraordinary monument to Christians' devotion and perseverance to God. In 1836, in honor of Morrison, The Morrison Education Society was established. In 1839, Samuel Robins Brown (1810-1880) arrived in Macau from the United States to open the Morrison Education Society School, and served as the principal, and on November 4, it officially opened in Macau, the first Christian school in China, accepting Chinese children. In addition to mr. and mrs. Brown, the teacher also asked a Chinese to teach Chinese. Courses include Chinese, English, Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Physiology, Geography, History, etc., and chemistry courses have also been offered.
There are six students in the first class, and their tuition, book and room and board are fully provided by the Morrison Education Association. In 1842, the school moved to Hong Kong, and in September 1845, the Morrison Education Association held its seventh annual meeting, and Pei Zhiwen was elected president. The following year, Brown took the first batch of students, Rong Hong, Huang Kuan and Huang Sheng, to the Monson Academy in Massachusetts for further study. Among them, in addition to Huang Sheng, who dropped out of school due to water and soil dissatisfaction and fell ill and returned to foreign countries, Rong Hong and Huang Kuan both graduated from Mangsong School two years later. Rong Hong continued to study at Yale University, while Huang Kuan went to the University of Edinburgh in Scotland to study medicine. This was the first batch of Chinese students studying in the United States, creating a precedent for learning science and technology from the West.
After graduating and returning to China, Huang Kuan became the first Western doctor in China to obtain the honorary title of doctor of medicine abroad. He served successively at the London Guild Hospital in Hong Kong, the Hui Ai Hospital in Guangzhou, and the Boji Hospital, and in 1867 he served as the acting president of the Boji Hospital. After graduating and returning to China, Rong Hong is committed to promoting education in the United States, hoping that the government can send international students to study in the United States so that after completing his studies, he can transform China and revitalize the national fortunes. After seventeen years of hard work, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang and others jointly went to the imperial court, and the Qing government agreed to send a total of 120 Young Chinese children to study in the United States in four batches, each Chinese New Year's Eve from 1872 to 1875, and Rong Hong was hired as a supervisor of students studying in the United States.
The first batch of students to study in the United States were engaged in 30 people engaged in industry and mining, railways, and telegraphs, including 6 engineers and 3 railway directors. Among them were Zhan Tianyou, a famous railway designer on the mainland, Wei Han, Zheng Qinglian, Wu Dezhang, Chen Zhao'ao, Li Shoutian, and Yang Lianchen, six international students who studied abroad and became the backbone of the Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, the largest shipyard in East Asia at that time. There are 5 people engaged in education, and 2 people have become university presidents, including Cai Shaoji, president of Tianjin Beiyang University, and Tang Guoan, president of Tsinghua Xuetang. There are 24 people engaged in diplomacy and administration, including 12 consuls and chargé d'affaires, 2 foreign deputy ministers and ministers, 1 foreign minister and 1 prime minister. There were 20 people engaged in the navy, and they were assigned to the Fuzhou Ship Administration School and the Tianjin Beiyang Marine Division. Fourteen of the 20 became admirals, with Wu Yingke promoted to fleet commander and Xu Zhenpeng to vice admiral.
In 1850 Morrison School was dissolved for various reasons. There is still the Morrison Memorial in Hong Kong. Morrison School produced the earliest chinese students, promoted the Qing government to create the education of Chinese students studying in the United States, and made China begin to realize the shortcomings of self-isolation and gradually go to the world.