[Abstract] During the Anshi Rebellion, the archives, records, and national histories originally hidden in the inner court were burned down, so there are not many historical materials from the end of the Post-TurkIc Khaganate that have been handed down to later generations. In addition, the two "Book of Tang" and other records of the history of the end of the Later Turkic Khaganate are obscure and sometimes contradictory. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully sort out and study the historical materials of the post-Turkic Khaganate. This paper analyzes the process of the decline of the Post-Turk Khaganate by combing through the historical materials of the Turks and Tang and eastern ethnic groups at the end of the Post-Turk Khaganate, and examining the specific historical events with reference to the epitaph.
Since the rebellion of the Later Turkic Khaganate, by the time of the Moshu Eastern Expedition to the West to win over Vijaya Khan, its power has reached its peak, and the Que TeQin Tablet records: "I have conquered all the people of the four directions, so that they will no longer be enemies." They all surrendered to Me and contributed to Me. [1] In the nineteenth year of the new century (731), Que Te served as a turning point in the post-Turkic Khaganate from prosperity to decline. In the twenty-second year of the new century (734), Vijaya Khan was poisoned by his Meru, and his son Yiran Khan Li, few, Yiran Khan died, and Lidenli Khan. Dengli Khan and his mother booby-trapped West killed Turkic civil unrest, and he himself died, and the subsequent Khans reigned for a very short time, and in the fourth year of Tianbao (745), Baimei Khan was killed by the Uighur Huairen Khan, after which the Turkic Khaganate collapsed. The demise of the post-Turkic Khaganate was caused by its internal strife, and the role of the Tang could not be ignored, as Mr. Chen Yinke said: "The so-called seriality of the rise and fall of foreign tribes, that is, a certain foreign tribe is not only in contact with the Tang-ruled China, but also related to other foreign tribes, and the rise or strength of other foreign tribes can lead to the demise or weakness of a certain foreign tribe." ”[2]
I. After the Khitan rebellion against the Tang in the eighteenth year of the new century, the Turks and the Tang and the northeastern tribes were related
In May of the eighteenth year of the new century (730), the Khitan leader Shao Gu was killed by Ketuyu, and the Khitan took Xi hostage and surrendered to the Turks, and then Kou Pinglu, the vanguard of the Pinglu army, made Wu Chenghu break it at Mount Chulu, and in the autumn of that year, "The governor of Youzhou, Shi Zhao Hanzhang, sent the Qingyi army to attack Xi and break it".[3] In November of the eighteenth year of the 18th century, there is a record of the khitan and Xi envoys paying tribute[4], which should be the result of Zhao Hanzhang's breaking of the Khitan and Xi. In the eighteenth year of the New Century, the Tang army fought only the troops of Youzhou Jiedushi and Pinglu Jiedushi in each battle, but due to insufficient troops, they did not completely eliminate the two provinces, and the Khitan and Xi remnants fled north to the Yellow River (present-day Xilamulun River) and Jingshan (present-day southern section of Daxing'anling Mountain) to protect themselves .[5] After that, although Tang had small-scale military operations, such as the "Pei Guangting He Youzhou Zhi Xi Shoujin Table" in August of the nineteenth year of the New Century (731), which contained "Youzhou Zhi rebellion Xi Shoujin to sacrifice"[6], the two sides generally showed a confrontational situation. In order to fight against the two provinces, the Tang court recruited warriors in the four provinces of Guannei, Hedong, Henan, and Hebei, with Zhongwang Jun as the marshal of the Hebei Province, and led the eighteen general managers to fight against the Khitan and Xi, and the Later Zhongwang did not make a trip, with the Xin'an Wang Yidai as the main commander. In March of the 20th year of the New Century (732), Li Yi and Youzhou Jiedu had Zhao Hanzhang part ways to requisition the two fangs, and the first two bo lured the Tang army with a trick to retreat, and youzhou Jiedu made Zhao Hanzhang defeated at Baicheng first, and then Wu Chenghu led other soldiers out of his right and broke it.[7] This matter is found in Li Yongxuan's epitaph, which reads: "Twenty years, Jiedu made Zhao Hanzhang make the juntuo Ma army enter, so Liang Beihe, Tu Baicheng, Plough Wu Huan Ting, Ai Xianbei Shou. [8] In March, King Yi of Xin'an broke through two large margins, but he was suddenly far away, and Yu Dang sneaked into the valley, and the Xi chief Li Shisuogao descended with five thousand tents. Regarding the Turkic movements of the Tang Dynasty at the time of the conquest of the two kingdoms, the "Breaking of the Khitan Lubu for the Governor of Youzhou Shi Xue Chuyu" states that "its Turkic troops were divided into support... The Tang Dynasty often referred to the Turks by the Xiongnu, and the Xianwang should refer to the "killing" of the Turks, and the Tang Dynasty should participate in this campaign and be defeated at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty's conquest of the Two Kingdoms in the twentieth year of the New Century (732).
Before the border conflict between the Turks and the Tang, the two countries made good relations, and in September of the fifteenth year of the new century (727), Tubo was about to copy the border, when the Turks asked to marry a Tang Princess to establish prestige among the Northern Tribes, but the Book of Tubo was dedicated to Tang, and the Tang was dedicated to the Tang in order to envelop the Turks in the western city of each other, and every year hundreds of thousands of relics were left behind. After that, the two countries frequently sent emissaries, and in October of the nineteenth year of the new century (731), the Turkic minister Sunong came to the court[11], and Tarqan was a military attaché of the Turkic military commander and an important figure in the Turkic regime. In the nineteenth year of the new century (731), Que Waste served in March, and in November the Jinwu general Zhang Went to escape into the Turkic Sacrifice, and the Tongdian Officials recorded that the rank of Jingo Wei was Zheng Sanpin, and Zhang Wenti was the nephew of Xuanzong's mother and the father-in-law of Li Heng, the King of Zhong, and the rank of the envoys sent by the two sides was still quite high. After the tang clashed with the Turks, the relationship between the two sides was not affected by this conflict, and in the twentieth year of the new century (732), "July Gengzi, the cousin of the Turkic Khan He Zhijian came to the dynasty" [12]. However, at the same time as peaceful diplomatic relations, the border conflicts caused by the two countries continued, and in the same year, when Emperor Xuanzong of Tang rewarded Xi, "the Turks and Murong Weiguole soldiers invited danger and plotted to abduct them".[13]
In the winter of the thirteenth year of the New Century (723), the Khitan leader Qidan Shaoguhu toured the east, and after his return, he sent his ministers to contribute to the Dynasty, and the Zhongshu attendant Li Yuanhong did not treat him with courtesy, and in the eighteenth year of the New Century (730), he could suddenly kill Shao Gu and coerce Xi to return to the Turks. In the twentieth year of the New Century (732), King Yi of Xin'an and Youzhou Jiedu made Zhao Hanzhang break the Khitan in a big way, but he was suddenly far away, and Xi also attached tang. The Vijaya Khan Tablet states, "When I was fifty years old, the People of Xi left the Khitan and went"[14], "The people of Xi submitted to the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty." Because I do not send envoys, I do not send greetings. He went out in the summer".[15] In the second year after Xi Li's surrender to the Tang Dynasty (733), the Turks and khitans jointly invaded Sai, and the Old Book of Tang and khitan biography says: "Next year, it will be raided again. [16] The raid appeared to be a separate act of the Khitan remnants, but from Xue Chuyu's dew cloth, it could be seen that "while the Xiongnu joined forces in the west, cut the Bohai Sea in the east, collected the embers, and spied on me and A descended Xi". The "Monument of Vijaya Khan" records that this military operation was launched by Vijaya Khan to fight against the Tang Dynasty. "When it was time, the four clouds and clouds, 100,000 rains"[18], the four when referring to the Turks, Khitans, Xi, and Bohai, the Tang army first won more with 7,000 horses, "deposed the stone, beheaded the beloved son of The Single".[19] The Tang army later took advantage of the victory to pursue the Khitan remnants with Xia Xi as the main force, and captured a lot, returning south on April 25 and reaching Mount Wuludu on the 27th, which is the time of Xue Chuyu Lubu. The Tang army "bought wine from the cattle and scattered the high society" in Dushan, and the Khitan remnants and the Turks attacked Tang, and Guo Yingjie, the general of the Left Guard and deputy governor of Youzhou Province, was killed. The Tang army's expedition took Xi Xi as the main force, mixed with black water buyeo, so there was a saying that "both barbarians attacked", and then "Xi Zhong held both ends and scattered the insurance"[20], and the Tang army was defeated. The Vijaya Khan Tablet reads, "General Qugh came with forty thousand troops. I attacked it at Mount Tüngär. [21] Tüngär Mountain, the Dushan recorded in the Old Book of Tang, is "Guangyun when the lone cut end is molded together with a flat encounter *tu"[22], and the Dushan in the Chinese literature should be an excerpt of Tüngär. The inscription also says that when the eldest son of Vijaya Khan fell ill and died, he made General Guo a killing stone, and there is a saying in Guo ChuyuLubu that "behead the eldest son", the eldest son of Vijaya Khan is likely to participate in this war and was wounded and died, and the Turkic burial custom "builds a standard on the stone erected in the tomb, and the number of stones it is, according to the number of people killed in his lifetime"[23], and Vijaya Khan used Guo Yingjie as his eldest son to erect a killing stone. Soon after this battle, Li Shi, the King of Xi, died, and his son Yan Favor rebelled. In the twenty-first year of the New Century (733), Tang made Zhang Shoujue the governor of Youzhou, and in June he broke xi, and his epitaph said, "The beginning of the gong to Youfu, □ surrender xi to rebel... Beheading and capturing the king"[24], Xi Fu surrendered, and the Book of Surrender Xi and others has the phrase "colder than severe"[25], and this time the re-surrender should be the end of autumn. At the beginning of Xi's surrender, the Khitan obstructed the danger and defended itself, and the Book of Zhang Shoujue in the Shuyou Prefecture Festival: "Now the Xi thieves are broken, and they are not enough to say, and the Khitan remnants are still stalks." [26] Later, due to zhang Shoujue's military pressure, he suddenly moved in a gradual northwesterly direction to defect to the Turks. Ke Suddenly submitted to the Turks, but also sent emissaries to make peace with Tang Yuan because of the Turkic conquests, and the Khitan was also divided into two factions, and finally Zhang Shoujue sent Wang Repentance to persuade Li Guo to get rid of the Khitan king Qu La, Ke Tu Yu and the rest of the party, and the Khitan surrendered.
The Turkic administration of the eastern tribes was ruled by Tutun in the pre-Turkic Khaganate era, sui shu khitan biography: "Turkic ShaBaoliu Khan, sent Tutun Pan to rule. [27] The same is true of Murong Wei, the Sui Shu Murong Wei Biography: "The Turks often led them by the Three Tutuns. [28] The Tutun Turkic language is tudun, and the Chu Yushitai says: "The imperial history is cold and steep, and the Turkic imperial history is Tutun." [29] In the view of imperial duties, Tutun was supposed to be an official sent by the Turks to the subordinate tribes to collect soldiers and horses, collect taxes, and monitor the affairs of these tribes. At the beginning of the reign of the post-Turkic Khanate Vijaya Khan, due to Turkic civil strife, its control over the eastern tribes was weakened, and although the Heishui Jingxiao had gone to the Turks to ask for Tutun during the time of the Moshi Khan, in the thirteenth year of the new century (725), Tang set up the Heishui Governorate here, and the tribute has been endless since then. In addition to the Heishui Jingxiao, there were also Yuexi, Tieli, and Fu ne Jing, and these tribes maintained tributary relations with the Tang during the First Century. The "Yuangui Foreign Ministers' Ministry" has both Yuexi Jingxiao and Yuejia Jingxiao, and this "Yuexi" Jingxiao may be the mistake of "Yuejia". According to the Yuangui Foreign Ministers, the Bohai state "bordered Yuexi Jingxiao in the west and Heishui Jingxiao in the northeast"[30], which is the same as the Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Bohai, but with a text below, and the Liaoshi Geographical Chronicle records that Xinzhou "Benyuexi Ancient City"[31], and Xinzhou was in present-day Huaide County, Jilin Province, where yuexibu was located. According to Lang Shihuo's epitaph, which was originally a Xianbei of the Jia tribe, followed by Tang, the epitaph contains the words "Although far away from the black water, taste the Han Chi cheng"[32], the black water should refer to the various departments under the jurisdiction of the Black Water Province, the Jiabu and the Black Water Room Wei in the "Wushi Temple Inscription", and the Black Water Buyeo [34] in the Xue Chu Yu Lubu are the same tribe, similar to the mi character, and seem to be a different character of mi. According to the Guangyun (廣韵), "Yu Pen Cut Zhen Zhi Hekou Zhong Niu Third Grade Mica, Wang Li *γǐwět"[35], Yue "Wang Va Che Yun Kai He San into the Mountain *γǐw."
t", jia and Jia Sheng Niu and rhyme with the same "ancient tooth cut see Ma Kai Er Ping False *ka"[36], from the transliteration of Mi Jia and Yue Jia is basically the same, and from the literature point of view, the two regions are not far apart, Lang Shi Huo's epitaph in the Jia Bu should be the West of the Bohai Sea State Yue Jia Bu. Lang Shi lived at the time of "Belonging to Lin Hu And not ning, the chieftain's back", and Led the crowd to surrender to Han with Zi Fengli, Lin Hu in the Tang Dynasty referred to the Khitan and the Yuejia Department was located in present-day Huaide County, Jilin Province, which was bordering the Khitan and this happened in the eighteenth year of the new century (730), when the various tribes were suddenly abducted and surrendered to the Turks.
During the time of Vijaya Khan, the eastern tribes that were closely related to the Turks had The Chamber Wei, and the Old Book of Tang Liu Quanyu (劉全燉週傳) "In the Kaiyuan Dynasty, there was the head of the Room Wei, Duan Puke, who was brave and brave, and counted the bitter sides; the festival made Xue Chuyu have the courage to resist Pu Ke with a guest slave" [37]. According to the Old Book of Tang. The Biography of Murong Wei is divided into nine parts, the westernmost one is Lingxi Murong Weihuo, whose area is the Nemuer River, the Wuyuer River, the east of Nenjiang County, and the west of Xiaoxing'an Ridge[38], Lingxi Murong Wei borders the Turks, and in the twentieth year of the new century (732), the Turks and Murong Wei plotted to rob the Tang Dynasty to reward Xi Silk Silk, which is Lingxi Murong Wei. However, at the time of the rebellion against Tang, the Bohai Sea was tense with Tang due to the matter of the Heishui Ministry's Jingxiao and the surrender of the Gate Art to Tang, and took advantage of the chaos to divide the troops into two ways, one way across the sea to raid Dengzhou, the other way to Madushan, the Pinglu vanguard army Wu Chenghu blocked its way with stones, the displaced people were stable, and Tang and Silla had a move to attack the Bohai Sea in the twentieth year of the new century (732). The relationship between the Khitan and Bohai began during the time of Li Duzhong, when Dazuo Rong was a different species of Goryeo and the fall of Goryeo was moved to Yingzhou, and after Li Duzhong's death, Li Kaigu attacked the Khitan Yu Dang, and Da Zuo Rong was among the Yu Dang, at this time Da Zuo Rong should be attached to the Khitan. After the founding of the Bohai State in Dongmushan, in order to oppose the Tang Dynasty, "sent envoys to the Turks"[39], and went to the Turks with the Black Water Jing to invite Tutun. In the Que Te Ching Monument, the mourner has the bü of the sunrise party
ö(l)ligil, il state, tribal meaning, Mr. Geng Shimin translated bükli as Mo Li, refers to the Manchu-Tungusic language ethnic groups in the northeast region
öl is a Mongolian loan word in Turkic, meaning wasteland, hence the translation bü
ö(l)lig il is a Moli wastelander, the Goyafu clan bükli is pronounced bök eli 貊之国[40], Iwasa Seiichiro clan, Henning (W.B.Henning), Andrjunmian is presumed to be Goryeo, and Morian Takao believes that Bök+ lig is more reasonable than Bök+kli+guri as considered by the Iwasa clan, and Bök+lig is added to the epilogue lig, and the consonant g is bükli or 貊国 (人), and at this time Goryeo has been destroyed. This state should refer to the Bohai state.[41] Sen Anshi wrote the Sanskrit pronunciation of Goryeo in the Tang Liyan Sanskrit Miscellaneous Sayings, that is, in the Tibetan scrolls of the Boxi and Dunhuang Collection P.t1283, "the Turks called Itmug-lig, and the Han people called it Ke'u-li", which is the same as the bükli kan in the Turkic inscriptions, and the Mujuli *mu gǐu lǐ[42] of the Guangyun Mujuli, which is close to the pronunciation of bükli and Mug-lig. In Turkic b, when translated into Chinese, it can be replaced by m, and in the Taiping Huanyu Chronicle, "the Turkic name fish is mole", and the turk *muɑ lk, according to Sir Gerard Clauson's dictionary balik, is the fish in the Old Turkic language
[44] Henningbi was designated as Goryeo by Lig, which Klauson thought might be a small regime on the Korean Peninsula, and Mr. Rui Chuanming proposed it as Lingli. Geographically, büö(l)lig was located to the east of the sunrise, by which time Goguryeo had perished, and the larger political entities were the Black Water Andyo and the Bohai Sea. The land of the western Bohai Sea and Goguryeo was originally called the land of The Three Kingdoms. The Buyeo Biography says: "The state-owned ancient city is called The City of Qicheng, the land of Gaiben. [45] Goguryeo, also known as Qi, Book of the Later Han Dynasty. The Goguryeo biography says: "A Jurchen is a cat, there are other species, living according to xiaoshui, because the name is xiaoshuiqi." Out of a good bow, the so-called 'bow' is also. [46] The Sui Shu Baekje Biography says: "Baekje traveled from the west for three days to The Kingdom of Qi. [47] This kingdom is the Goguryeo breed of small water cats, which existed during the Sui Dynasty. Daejo Eigen was a different species of Goryeo and considered himself the successor of Goryeo, so it was not impossible for him to call himself Goryeo. The Guangyun "貊 Goryeo *mk kau liei"[48], both phonetically and historically, bükli and Goryeo are more appropriate
ö(l)lig phonetically can not find its corresponding ethnic group, the Old Book of Tang has the Black Water Jing and the Bohai Sea together to go to the Turks to ask for Tutun, the Black Water Jing Yi has a total of sixteen ö (l) lig seems to be one of the Black Water Jing. In the Xue Chu Yu Lubu, it can be suddenly said that "while the Xiongnu are united in the west and the Bohai Sea in the east", and then there is the phrase "dissolved from the covenant", and in the twentieth year of the new century (732), the Bohai invasion should be a joint action with the Turks and the two provinces.
Although the Battle of Dushan in the twenty-first year of the New Century (733) ended in the defeat of the Tang army, this battle did not interrupt the turkic exchanges with the Tang, and the New Book of Tang and the Turkic Biography contains that "Mo Zhilian asked the Emperor to be diligent and the emperor allowed it, so he sent his brother Xie Li to thank you, please faint"[49], "The Yuangui Chaogong of the Book of The Imperial Household" In the twenty-second year of the new century (734), the Turkic ministers Sibi and The Qisi Xianque came to the dynasty [50], "The Yuangui and the Relatives of the Book of the Imperial Household": "In April of the thirty-second year, the Turks sent envoys to the dynasty... Only so that the solvable millet will be married. [51] The fact that there are no thirty-two years of kaiyuan should be twenty-two years should be erroneous, which should be the same as the dispatch of envoys in the "Imperial Household YuanGui Tribute"." "Guangyun" 粟bi *sǐwok pǐět, Sibi *sǐe piek", can *k'a, brother *kɑ. [52] The decipherable millet in the Yuangui of the Book of Records is the new Book of Tang in which the brother xie li bi, and the chestnut is the curse of millet. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang wrote in the Book of the Turkic Vijaya Khan: "As a father and son, love and age, intercourse, kinship and righteousness." Although the cloud is exotic, He Shu's family. [53] In November of the twenty-second year of the new century (734), Vijaya Khan was poisoned by his Meilu, "Emperor Mourning, for which he quit the dynasty for three days, the edict: Where the love and righteousness lie, the ritual is followed, and the Huayi is limited" [54]. Although the language of the edict is diplomatic, it can still be seen that the Tang and the Turks have a close relationship.
Turkic foreign policy during the time of Dengli Khan
In the 22nd year of the New Century (734), Dong Vijay Khan was poisoned by his Meilu, and his son Yiran Khan Li and Li Qi, the patriarch of the Xuanzong Sect, sacrificed Vijaya Khan and established Yiran Khan. Before Li Qi arrived in the Turks, the Yili Khan fell ill and died, and the Turkic Khan in the Book of the Turkic Khans in the early spring of the twenty-third year of the new century (735) was already the Dengli Khan. Louis Bazin, through his study of the Turkic calendar, concluded that Vijaya Khan died on October 26 of the Year of the Dog in the Turkic calendar (November 25, 734 IN THE TURK CALENDAR) and was buried on May 27 of the Year of the Pig in the Turkic calendar (June 22, 735 in the Julian calendar)[56], and the Book of the Turkic Denli Khan states: "Now I have sent the great general Shu Jinwu to hold a festival of sacrifice and also camp funeral... It's still cold in the spring. [57] In the middle of spring, when it was the second month of the lunar calendar, li qifang went to the Turks, so the old book of Tang said that Li Li was wrong to establish Yiran Khan, and the New Book of Tang stated that "Yiran Khan stood for eight years, died ... The right Jinwuwei general Li Zhi held the book as Dengli Khan"[58], also mistaken. Shortly after the death of Vijaya Khan, the Turks sent Goli Shijiejin to Tang to report the funeral and ask for funeral materials, and Tang Xuanzong held a festival with his brother and patriarch Li Qi, and the two sides maintained high-standard diplomatic relations. The Turks had always been grumpy about the two of them surrendering to the Tang, and during the processing of the funeral of Vijaya Khan, Li Yu heard that the Turks were preparing to go east to attack the two tribes, and soon after the funeral, the Turks came out to attack the two countries. Before the Turkic crusade against the two tribes, the Tang Dynasty was informed, and the Book of the Turkic Khans yun: "Although there was a preamble in the eastern discussion last year, the two countries both belonged to the state and did not invade. [59] Before the Turkic crusade, Zhang Shoujue knew the origin of the matter because of the capture of the Turks, and the Tang court's handling of the matter was that the Turks would win the two wars and "if they were slaughtered, they would also be eliminated".[60], and if the two were victorious, "the northern enemy would weaken, so they took advantage of it and destroyed most of them"[61], taking acquiescence to the Turkic actions, and at the same time warning the northeast army not to move lightly, so as not to form a grudge with the Turks. The Turks also sent a note to bohai in this operation, and the "Book of Great Martial Arts of the King of bohai" said: "The Turks sent envoys to seek peace, and planned to fight two wars." [62] Bohai informed the Tang Dynasty of this matter and wanted to detain its emissaries, and from this incident, it can be seen that tang and Bohai relations were restored.
At the time of the Turkic Crusade, the Xibu official Yunyun colluded with the Turks in an attempt to plot against Li Guiguo, the governor of Xidu, but was destroyed by Li Guiguo. Khitan Neli first led his troops to defeat the Turks, and Tang instructed Li Guiguo, the governor of Xidu, to fight with the Khitan and pursue them when they returned to their divisions, while the edict to the envoy of Pinglu Jiedu said: "If it is feasible, we must exhaust the enemy ... It must be complete and should not be taken lightly. The edict against Zhang Shoujue was that "if the material is perfect, it can be invited to attack, and the mixture of the Chinese and the Chinese makes it indistinguishable" [63]. According to the "He Breaking turkic form", Pinglu Jiedu made his troops participate in the pursuit of the Turks, and the Turks suffered heavy casualties. In this matter, Tang began to order only the generals to prepare the border to prevent the Turks from plundering, and did not send reinforcements to the battle between the Turks and the two tribes; after the Khitan defeated the Turks, the Tang army was ordered to attack, and the Han and The Han were mixed, so that the Turks could not distinguish. The result of this battle was that the two tribes broke the Turks and formed a vendetta, and the Turkic Dengli Khan was newly enthroned and defeated, and his prestige within the Turks was destroyed, and the first person of his soldiers died in this battle. In this incident, Tang did not appear to have directly clashed with the Turks, but in fact, the planner behind this campaign, the handling of this incident also shows Tang's border defense strategy of yiyi. Soon the Khitan rebelled again, and it was not until after the fall of the Turkic Khaganate of Tianbao for four years that The Khitan Li Huaixiu returned to Tang.
At the time of Vijaya Khan, there were three or four thousand horses per year of age, and at the beginning of dengli Khan's reign, he traded half a million horses and other miscellaneous animals within two years, and this trade became a heavy economic burden for Tang, so he mixed horses with inferior horses and returned to a part. The newly established Dengli Khan urgently needed to win the hearts and minds of the people through rewards, and the conquest of the two kingdoms ended in failure, with no proceeds of plunder, and the silk horse trade became an important economic pillar. Tang ostensibly used the silk horse trade to bind the Turks, but the inner truth was jealous, and the Book of Wu Zhiyi, the Envoy of Shuping Lu, said: "The Turks invaded the east in the past few years, and they have been greatly disadvantaged, and they are determined to take revenge, and they will come again... The armies of the Han Dynasty must be strictly prepared. [64] He also wanted to make Dengli Khan give up the conquest of the two tribes and join forces with the Tang army to break through the raid.
Iii. The Death of Denli and the Destruction of the Turks
At the beginning of Dengli's reign, his uncle killed two people left and right, and controlled most of the soldiers and horses, Dengli conspired with his mother to eliminate the western killing, and the Khitan took advantage of the chaos to flee from the Turks and said that "the yellow-headed Turks and the Silent Turks quarreled, * the soldiers and horses want to fight" [65] That is, the right killed the tribes in the western Turks, and the yellow-headed Turks should refer to the right killing. Soon after, Zuo Kill sentenced Que Ton-Trang to attack and kill Dengli, and made Vijay Khan a khan, and in the autumn of the twenty-ninth year of the new century (741), "the Turks sent envoys to report the death of Dengli"[66], and Dengli's death should be around July. Soon after, Bone Rulu Ye protected and killed the new Khan, established the Khan's brother, swirled and killed him, and established himself as a Khan. At the time of the Turkic civil unrest, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ordered Sun Laonu to summon the Uighurs, GeLuolu, Bashimi and other tribes, and at the beginning of Tianbaochu, these three departments attacked and killed Bone Rulu, and the Turkic Yuzhong li sentenced Que Teqinzi to be Usumish Khan. Wang Zhongsi's epitaph contains that "Apodagan held his concubines in love with his concubines, broke through the siege by liuqi, gathered in the eastern part of the country, and coerced the small seeds", at which time the turkic political center should leave the YuduJin Mountain and station in the east to avoid the simi and so on. The Khitan surrendered to the Tang in the fourth year of Tianbao, and the Old Book of Tang records that he repeatedly fought against xi nu and nu, and it can be seen that "xiao gathered in the eastern part of the country and coerced the small species" were the eastern tribes such as the Khitan and the Xi. When Wang Zhongsi shengbing the moraine mouth to wei Zhenzhi, Emperor Xuanzong sent emissaries to summon the annex, Usumish agreed to surrender to Tang, but it was delayed, Wang Zhongsi and Bashimi attacked it, Usumish Khan fled, and the Turkic Western Leaf Protector Asib and UsumiShizi killed GeRadaw and more than 5,000 accounts descended to Tang. In the third year of Tianbao (744), Bashimi attacked and killed Usumish Khan, the Turkic Yuzhong set up his brother as Baimei Khan, Wang Zhongsi broke his left compartment eleven times from the Northern Expedition of Taiwan, and the next year, the Turkic right compartment was broken by the Uighurs and other nine surnames of Tiele, the Baimei Khan was killed, and the Eastern Turk Khaganate died.
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[Fund Project] Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Department of Education Project "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Graduate Research Innovation Funding Project" (Project No.: B20161012618Z)
[About the author] Li Ronghui (1978-), male, from Qingdao, Shandong, is a doctoral candidate, mainly engaged in the study of the history of the ethnic groups in the north.