Prince City Village, a lonely and nameless small mountain village in Sitaizui Township, Chongli District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province, has quickly become a "net red" because it is located in the core area of Zhangjiakou Olympic Village, and the ruins of Prince City have become the focus of people's attention.
Aerial view ©of Prince Edward Ruins Park THAD-CHCC
In May 2017, in order to ensure the smooth construction of Zhangjiakou Olympic Village for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics and implement the "Implementation Plan for the Protection and Utilization of Cultural Relics in Zhangjiakou for the 2022 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games", the ruins of Prince Edward City began comprehensive surveying, mapping, exploration and excavation.
What kind of sparks can be sparked when the monuments and sites encounter the Winter Olympics?
Interviewed 丨Zhu Mingxia Cultural Protection Project Director of the Prince Edward City Project Group of the Cultural Heritage Protection Center of the Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University (THAD-CHCC).
Wen 丨 Cui Hyuk-hsiang Observatory Think Tank Observer
This article is the original article of the Lookout Think Tank, if you need to reprint, please indicate the source of the Lookout Think Tank (zhczyj) and the author information before the article, otherwise the legal responsibility will be strictly pursued.
1 Prince Edward City is not a secret
For many years, the legends of "Prince Qin Fusu", "Prince Donkey Head of Tang" and "Prince Yelübe of Liao" have been passed down by word of mouth in Prince City Village, but there is no conclusive and credible basis for who the owner of this city is.
There are ruins on the south side of princely city village, which is not a secret.
In 1978, the Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics Census Team conducted an archaeological survey, which speculated that the site of Prince Edward City was square, with a side length of 320 meters, and collected fragments of iron tribulus and white glaze, black glazed porcelain bowls, chicken leg bottles and so on. Judging from the collected relics, archaeologists speculate that the city site is dated to the Liaojin period.
In the early 1990s, the Chongli County People's Government announced it as a county-level cultural relics protection unit and did partial protection.
The third national census of cultural relics, which began in 2007, is one step closer to the more real Prince Edward City, and the archaeological team speculates that the site of the city is roughly rectangular, about 356 meters long from north to south and 276 meters wide from east to west.
In 2015, Beijing and Zhangjiakou won the right to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, which not only made Zhangjiakou attract the world's attention, but also made the "Prince City Jindai City Site" break into the world's vision, because the Prince City site is located within the area of the Prince City Olympic Village project in Zhangjiakou District.
The protection of cultural relics at the site was immediately launched. In November 2016, the Zhangjiakou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted a preliminary archaeological survey and exploration work on the site of Prince Edward City. From May to November 2017, a comprehensive survey, exploration and excavation of the ruins of Prince Edward City were carried out.
The archaeological results are gratifying.
* The city site is 400 meters from north to south and 350 meters from east to west, although the scale is small, but the specifications are high. The distribution of buildings in Prince Edward City is in a front-facing backward sleeping mode, and important building sites are distributed along the axis. No general types and military buildings such as commercial, residential, or shogunate have been found. Investigation and drilling in and around the city did not find a burial area, and it was speculated that Prince Edward City should be a seasonal residence.
*The level of excavated artifacts is also high. There are a large number of outlined square bricks and plain noodle bricks stamped with the characters "Nei", "Gong" and "Guan" on the building components, 15 pieces of Printed Capricorn-patterned bowls and plates with "Shang Food Bureau" inscriptions were found in white glazed porcelain, and 2 small dragon head ornaments with copper and gilded were unearthed.
[Note: The "Shang Food Bureau" is an institution in the courts of most dynasties since the Northern Dynasty in ancient mainland China that is in charge of "matters for the taste of imperial meals". 】
Through the excavation of cultural relics and historical evidence, it was finally determined that the Prince's City was a royal palace in the middle and late Jin Dynasty (1161-1234), and it was basically determined that it was the Jin Dynasty Palace built by Jin Zhangzong for the bowl - Taihe Palace. In March 2019, the ruins of Prince Edward City were also selected as "2018 National Top Ten Archaeological New Discoveries", and in October of the same year, they were approved and announced by the State Council as the eighth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
As early as after Emperor Taizong of Liao took Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, in order to maintain the khitan tradition of riding and shooting and fighting, he still lived a life of "moving at any time, and taking the carriage and horse as home". Since then, a set of four-hour bowl system with distinct nomadic Khitan ethnic characteristics in the county has gradually been formed. Many emperors of the Liao Dynasty have records of summer and hunting in the Jinlian River and Changle River (that is, the area where the Prince City is located).
[Note: "捺钵" is a Khitan transliteration meaning "xingying", which refers to the liao, Jin, and Yuan emperors who migrated from time to time according to the traditional customs of the nomadic people, nomadic hunting, and patrolled the border defense activities. The Jin Dynasty Emperor's "Bowl" activity was called "Chunshui", "Zhuxia" or "Qiushan". 】
In the Jin Dynasty, the four-hour bowl system was continued, and Jin Shizong completed Yan Yong and his grandson, Jin Zhangzong completed Yan Jing, who was born on the way to the bowl, both had a special love for bowl activities. During the Sejong period and the early Zhangzong period, he went to the Golden Lotus River eleven times to stay in summer and autumn hunting.
In order to facilitate the summer and autumn bowls, at the latest in the early years of Taihe, a palace was erected on the post road between Jinzhongdu and the Jin imperial family's station at the Summer Point Jinlian River.
In addition to the bowl, it is strategically located – surrounded by mountains on all sides, with a river to the east, south and north converging in the west of the city. Traditional Kan public opinion pays attention to the mountains and rivers, the location of the Prince City is negative yin and yang, the north is leaning on the Dama Mountains, the east is adjacent to the Yanshan Mountains, the west is even the Qingshui River, and the south looks at Jinzhongdu, which is in line with the feng shui pattern.
More importantly, it is about 190 kilometers southwest of Jinxijing Datong and about 100 kilometers north of Jinlian River, which is the key point of the three places, the southern arch of Beijing, and the northern control of Shuo Desert, which can be described as extraordinary intentions. In fact, with the destruction of the Jinliancheon area by the Tatars in the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Mingchang of jinzhangzong (1196), and the jinjie trench (the defense line of the Jin Dynasty Great Wall) moved south, the Taehwa Palace had replaced the Jinlianchuan Jingming Palace as the destination of the Jin imperial family's summer and autumn bowls.
Jin Zhongdu, Prince City (Taihe Palace), Jinlianchuan Historical Location Map ©THAD-CHCC
Jin Zhangzong was very fond of the rebuilt Taehwa Palace, and from May to August of the second year of Taehwa (1202) and the fifth year of Taehwa (1205), Jin Zhangzong was stationed in Xia Taehwa Palace (later renamed GyeongnyeongGong) twice, and left behind the poem "Yunlongchuan Taehwa Hall May Peony".
However, after the death of Jin Zhangzong in 1208, there is no record of the Jin Emperor stationed in Xia Taihe Palace. In the Ming Dynasty, the area of Prince Edward City was reduced to an out-of-border area, inhabited by Mongolian tribes. In the Qing Dynasty, the Prince's City may have become a ruin, and there is much confusion in the literature about the Prince's City and the Prince's Mountain, and its exact location is no longer known.
Until the planning and implementation of the Chongli competition area of the Winter Olympic Games.
2 Make way for the ruins
At this point, a huge puzzle emerged.
Prince Edward City is located in the core area of Zhangjiakou Olympic Village, and the site area was originally planned to be an Olympic village, cultural and creative shopping street and other Olympic groups. Is the Olympic Village going to be relocated?
On the one hand, site relocation is not an easy task and requires IOC approval. On the other hand, the ruins of Prince Edward City have important academic value, it is the first archaeological excavation of the Jin Dynasty Palace site, is an important city site second only to the Jin Dynasty capital, and is also the largest excavation area in recent years.
In the end, under the leadership of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and the Hebei Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage, the Beijing Winter Olympics Organizing Committee and the local government unanimously agreed to put the protection of cultural relics first. In order to protect the integrity of the site, the team of Professor Zhang Li, dean of the School of Architecture of Tsinghua University and deputy chief architect of the Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University, has greatly adjusted the control rules of the ice and snow town of Prince Edward City, completely avoiding the site area. The Olympic Village moved 240 meters to the east, and the boundary of the Cultural and Creative Commercial Street moved more than 200 meters south, completely freeing up the site land, and inviting famous cultural heritage protection experts, Professor Lu Zhou of Tsinghua University and his team to carry out the planning and design of the protection and utilization of the Prince Edward City Ruins Park.
In addition to the basic functions of scientific research, education, recreation and so on, the core significance of archaeological sites is that the core value of cultural heritage and the latest archaeological discoveries of the site can be effectively popularized and popularized in the park.
The archaeological park can not only display the original appearance of the site in a complete way, showing its basic values such as history, art, science, society and culture, but also interpret the excellent traditional Chinese culture it contains as a "Chinese story" that the public can understand, see and speak clearly, and finally let every citizen who comes to the park fully appreciate the contribution of the cultural heritage to the development of Chinese civilization and even world civilization.
With the help of the Winter Olympics, the archaeological site park can become a window for the world to read China.
According to the adjusted plan, the Cultural and Creative Commercial Street, the Olympic Village, and the Sports Park will be built around the Prince Edward City Archaeological Site Park, and after completion, whether it is from the Prince Edward High-speed Railway Station to the Olympic Village, or to the two major Winter Olympic venues of Genting and Ancient Poplar Trees, they can pass through the Heritage Park. Prince Edward Ice Town is distributed in the shape of a "cross", and the heritage park is located in the center of the "cross".
"In the construction of the Winter Olympic venues, it is unique in the history of the Winter Olympics to 'make way' for an archaeological site." Xie Xueyan, senior engineer of the Planning and Construction Department of the Organizing Committee of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games, is still excited.
"The task of receiving the Prince Edward Ruins Park is late winter. At the scene of minus twenty degrees, mobile phones cannot be turned on, and the power of aerial drones cannot be supported for too long in such a cold winter. Entering from the south gate of Prince City, you will be greeted by the base site No. 9, which is the largest single area, the highest platform base and the highest specification in the city, which is likely to be the "Taihe Hall" mentioned in the poem of Jin Zhangzong.
"But when I walked to the middle of the No. 9 base site, I suddenly felt the landscape pattern of the site." The shocking feeling made Zhu Mingxia remember it vividly until now.
Prince Edward City ruins and surrounding landscape pattern ©THAD-CHCC
What is the landscape pattern?
That is to say, the most important buildings of the Prince Edward City site: the South Gate Gate, the No. 9 Base Site, the No. 59 Base Site, and the No. 3 Courtyard (presumably the Jinzhangzong Residence), all located on a central axis of 22 degrees west-north, and the northern end of this central axis is falling on the peak of the North Mountain of princely city, and the southern end is also facing a mountain peak. There is a mountain facing each other in the east and west of the city, forming a pattern of three waters converging.
In the planning of the Prince Edward City Ruins Park, the counterpoint relationship between prince city and the surrounding landscape environment is also emphasized, the distribution relationship between the north-south central axis and the central axis of important courtyard buildings is emphasized, and the dual city wall city pattern of prince city is emphasized.
3 Deliberate, polished
However, the design and construction process of the Prince Edward City Ruins Park was not so smooth.
Due to the deadline for the opening of the Winter Olympic Games, the construction of the Prince Edward City Archaeological Site Park is facing the practical problems of on-site archaeology, control adjustment, protection design, engineering construction, and temporary facilities for the Winter Olympics. The design and construction of the heritage park needs to be adjusted often according to the archaeological progress, often overturned.
Zhu Mingxia said: "Archaeology summarizes the results in an annual manner, because of the winter freeze-thaw problem in the Prince Edward City area, the archaeological excavation time is only from April to October every year. Every December, the team gets the archaeological work report of the year and starts to adjust the plan. For example, the outer contour range changes, the range changes, and the naturally designed 'red line' changes. For another example, the discovery of many courtyard wall patterns and the discovery of new important building foundation sites have led to a deeper understanding of the plan layout of the site, and planning and design need to be adjusted accordingly. ”
Archaeological progress of the Prince Edward City ruins and the planning adjustment ©of the ruins park THAD-CHCC
Pond site excavated after construction and conservation facility ©THAD-CHCC
In addition, what kind of appearance the heritage park should eventually look like also made the design team think about it.
Regarding the restoration design of the Taihe Hall, Zhu Mingxia said: "No matter how the building is restored, it will definitely cause a lot of controversy. Different people have different understandings, and the restored buildings will vary greatly. The so-called restoration is bound to mix with personal ideas. In order to truly present the archaeological situation, under the suggestion of Academician Zhuang Weimin, dean of the Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University, the buildings of the central axis were not restored and displayed in the design of the pre-competition stage of the Heritage Park, but were quietly integrated into the landscape environment pattern. ”
THAD-CHCC change of base address protection display scheme No ©. 9
Based on the principle of "authenticity", during the Winter Olympics, there will be no restoration of the middle of the axis of Prince Edward City, and most of the ruins park will be marked by the site landscape and local glass coverings that can see the original shape of the site's bricks and stones. The "Taihe Hall" is finally displayed in the form of a pedestal.
According to the vision of the planning stage, the Taihedian Base Square will serve as the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Zhangjiakou Competition Area of the Winter Olympic Games, and stages and performances can also be set up during the games to showcase the cultures of various countries. At night, the audience will watch the past and present life of the city site displayed by digital technology.
As the most densely distributed architectural site and the only indoor display in the archaeological site park, the west courtyard where the "Shang Food Bureau" is located is planned to build an overall coverage protection facility of 4,600 square meters.
West Courtyard Ruins and Conservation Exhibition Facility ©THAD-CHCC
Cui Guanghai, director of the Cultural Heritage Protection Center of the Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tsinghua University, once introduced in an interview that the red wall skin found in the archaeological site proves the prominent position of the place at that time, and the color of the outer wall of the protection facility also considers the use of red.
But what kind of red color to use has aroused heated discussion among designers.
Ultimately, the research team believes that color selection should be more realistic and use positive red, that is, "Chinese red". On the one hand, red can represent today's China, in addition, in the Olympic rings, red represents vitality, and at the same time, in the snowy winter, red is more obvious. The upper part of the red enclosure is also designed with a hexagonal pattern. This is the style of the ancient royal palace pane, which is a royal symbol, and the hexagon is also the shape of a snowflake. He said: "The red wall with the hexagonal pattern gives the feeling of a snow falling on the palace wall. ”
West Courtyard Site Conservation Facility ©THAD-CHCC
West Courtyard Ruins Conservation Facility Design Sketch © Cui Guanghai
The exterior of the building adopts a double-layer hexagonal grille pattern, which combines the pattern of the three-way six-sided rhombus window of the ancient building with the snowflake pattern of the Winter Olympics to form the aesthetic intention of "snow drifting on the palace wall".
What kind of experience will the park bring to visitors after the Winter Olympics? Zhu Mingxia said that during the tour of the ruins, tourists can visit the South Gate, the city wall, the Shang Food Bureau, the Sleeping Palace and other ruins to understand the culture of the Jin Dynasty Palace. In addition to the distribution range of the site, the site park will also plan the peripheral display site, and the western and northern areas are expected to establish a batting ball experience hall, a hunting and shooting willow experience hall, etc., to provide auxiliary supporting functions such as the traditional sports experience, cultural relics restoration, Liaojin Museum, and winter Olympic history hall after the Winter Olympic Games.
4 The Olympic Games ushered in a new era of cultural relics protection
Chongli is inextricably linked to Beijing.
The Taizicheng River, where the three rivers converge next to the site, flows from east to west into the Chongli Qingshui River, to Zhangjiakou City as the Great Qingshui River, and together with the Yang River and the Sanggan River, it flows into the Yongding River in Beijing. The central axis of Prince Edward City is 22 degrees west-north, and this axis extends south just between Jinzhongdu (present-day Beijing) and the Tomb of the Jin Emperor (present-day Fangshan).
820 years ago, Beijing was the seat of Jinzhongdu, Beijing was the capital city, and Chongli was the palace; at the 2022 Winter Olympics, Beijing was the main venue and Chongli was the sub-venue. This is the fate of Beijing and Chongli.
820 years ago, Taihe Palace witnessed the willingness of the nomadic civilization in the Liao-Jin Dynasty to actively integrate with the civilization of the Central Plains, and witnessed the formation process of the Chinese nation's diversified and integrated pattern. After 820 years, the ruins of Prince Edward City became an important part of building the genealogy of Chinese civilization and telling Chinese stories well, and became a powerful fulcrum for achieving the goal of "focusing on spreading Chinese civilization" for the Winter Olympics.
When the Olympic Games encountered the protection of cultural relics and sites, the two cities once again held hands and entered a new era of cultural relics protection together.
As early as the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Beijing released the "Humanistic Olympic Cultural Relics Protection Plan". During the preparation of the Beijing Olympic Games, the humanistic Olympic concept ran through the theme and actual operation of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and became a unique Olympic heritage, which had a profound impact on the future development of Beijing.
The 2008 Olympic Games "Water Cube" and "Bird's Nest" were originally planned on one line, but in order to completely protect the Beiding Niangniang Temple and its ruins, the "Water Cube" was finally moved 100 meters north.
The construction of the Prince Edward City Archaeological Site Park will also become a new global model for the combination of venue construction and cultural relics protection in the history of the Olympic Games, and show the world the long-standing, broad and profound Chinese civilization.
Uncle Ku welfare
Uncle Ku's book donation activity has always been there! CITIC Publishing Group provided Uncle Ku with 15 copies of Aviation City for enthusiastic readers. Aviation cities drive the future economic layout, and this book uses a forward-looking perspective and practical tools to explore the development value of aviation cities. It helps to understand the competitiveness of the cities of the future and seize new development opportunities from them. Please comment under the article, the top 3 likes (more than 50 numbers) will receive a book donation.