preface
In the Tang Dynasty poet monk Jiaoran's "Poetic Style", there are three thief sayings: stealing words, stealing intentions, and stealing power.
This means that when the Tang Dynasty composed poems, they often referred to the works of their predecessors, and used borrowing, chemical use, and other means to integrate the poems of their predecessors into their own works.
This method, also known as "ancestral narrative", is to imitate the predecessors. Zhou Zizhi of the Southern Song Dynasty said in the "Poetry of Zhupo": Since ancient times, poets and scribes have mostly written the language of their ancestors.
Regarding the three thieves, He Pei discussed it in the "Poetry of the Wine Garden", which is worth learning from the poet.
First, what is the disease of stealing
Stealing, this word is not good, but the "stealing method" is different, the effect is also different, so He Pei said in the "Poetry of the Wine Garden":
Or to say the opposite to see the strange, or to follow the strange and not to understand, if so, why is it sick to steal.
If the works of the predecessors are expounded from the opposite side, or follow the path of the predecessors without inventing the feelings, if they all do this, then "stealing" is not a problem.
He also gave a few examples.
The original sentence is Xie Huilian's "Poem of Pounding Clothes", which says: "The belt is quasi-domain in the past, and I don't know what is right and wrong now." The wife who stayed at home, tailoring new clothes for her husband who was far away, or sewing them according to the original size, I don't know if it is in line with the husband's current size.
Zhang Yuan's "White Silk Song" uses this sentence and changes it to: The length of the tailor cannot be determined, and he holds the ruler of his knife to guqian.
Kyaukgyao white and fresh, will be used as a spring shirt called youth.
The length of the tailor cannot be determined, and he holds the knife ruler to the front of the aunt.
Fu Fear Lan anointed the fingers of the fibrous finger, and often sent the people to collect the fallen.
When the clothes were dressed, they were cold and fed, and they also whipped the white horse with a jade whip.
The woman in Zhang Zhi's pen, before starting to work, because she can't determine the length of the size, so she must first ask her mother-in-law (in the old days, the wife called the husband's mother a sister, such as: Weng Gu, Uncle Gu).
In addition, the Tang Dynasty poet Jin Changxu had "Spring Grievances":
"Pick up the yellow warbler, Mo Jiaozhi cries." When crying, the concubine dreams, and does not get Liaoxi. ”
Li Shangyin's teacher Ling Huchu's poem "Boudoir Giving Away" reads:
"Qi Xi spring sleep, screen window Xiao Wang fans." In the hazy dream, it is like being in Liaoxi. ”
Jin Changxu's woman woke up before she could dream of Liaoxi. And the woman in Ling Huchu's pen has already dreamed of Liaoxi's sweetheart, and after waking up, she is still reminiscing about the residual dream in the haze.
The way Zhang Zhi and Ling Hu chu used the canon is an anti-verbal usage. This usage changes the perspective of the problem. Zhou Zhenfu's "Examples of Poetry" said:
Literati use stories, some directly, and some use them in reverse.
He Pei's "Poetry of the Wine Garden" believes that the use of the verses of the predecessors in this way can be "strange" and "not enlightened", so this way is encouraged.
Second, the theft of the law is inevitable among famous people
In He Pei's "Poetry of the Wine Garden", it is said: The theft of the law is inevitable by famous artists.
The above example is Ling Huchu and Zhang Yuan, both of whom are famous masters. He Pei also gave examples of three poems by Liu Yuxi, Wei Zhuang, and Du Mu.
Liu Yuxi's "Five Titles of Jinling Stone City":
The mountain is surrounded by the homeland, and the tide empties the city and returns to loneliness.
In the old days and months east of Huaishui, the female wall came late at night.
Du Mu "Bo Qinhuai"
"Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night berth Qin Huai near the restaurant."
The merchant girl did not know the hatred of the country, and sang "Backyard Flower" across the river.
Wei Zhuang's "Taicheng":
The river rains and the grass are in unison, and the six dynasties are like dream birds crying in the air.
The most ruthless is Taicheng Willow, still smoke cage ten mile causeway. ”
He Pei believes that although the three poems are about three things, the intentions are actually similar, all of which are lyrical through scenery to care for the present and the past, and sigh at the rise and fall of the Six Dynasties.
He Pei said that if the matter of stealing the law (stealing intentions) cannot but be emulated by the predecessors, it should be like Han Xin's backwater battle (compared to the predecessors generally will not carry water against the enemy) or Yu Xue's increase in the stove (the strategy of reducing the stove for Sun Bin), and win a surprising victory. We must not be like Shao Qing, who mechanically copied the fire bull array, and the result was a complete defeat.
Learn from the experience of previous generations, but be good at flexible use.
In addition, do not be like Huo to the disease, unwilling to learn the ancients, ordinary people do not have the ability to go to the disease, or do not learn to go to the disease.
Although the three poems are each chanted, the meaning is the same. The matter of foolishly stealing the law cannot be avoided, but when it is Han Xin's backwater, it is not for Yu Xue's increase, and it is prudent not to be Shao Qing's fire bull. If Huo huo did not know how to learn the ancient art of war, it was not true. "Poetry of the Wine Garden"
Third, taking the text as poetry and the green is better than the blue
The Sheng Tang poet Li Hua (c. 715-766) wrote in his Hanging Ancient Battlefield Text:
Who has no brothers? Like a hand. Who doesn't have a couple? Feel at home. What is the blame for the birth, and what is the blame for killing? Its existence is unknown to the family. If a man may have a word, he will believe it and doubt it. Be blind and see it.
Soldiers on the battlefield, who does not have family? But the survival or death of the soldiers, the family did not know. There may be rumors, but the family will believe it. Every day I dream, I will also dream of my relatives who are far away from the border.
This passage from the late Tang Dynasty poet Chen Tao (who died around 841) Li Hua was used into a seven-piece poem:
Swearing to sweep away the Xiongnu, five thousand minks mourned the dust.
Poor indeterminate river bones, like people in spring dreams. "Long West Journey"
He Pei believes that this is a case of poetry with literature as poetry. The source of Chen Tao's poem is Li Hua's article, but who can harshly rebuke Chen Tao for attacking others.
Du Mu's poem "Smelling flute on the side":
"Where to blow the flute thin twilight, saiyuan high bird no wolf smoke." Tourists listen to the head white, Su Wu fought for nineteen years! ”
Ling Huchu has another song "Plugged Song", which is also written by Su Wu:
"The moraine is thick with grass, and the twilight smoke on the orange mallet is flying." Looking north of jiaohe to the sky and the sea, Su Wu once returned to The Han Dynasty. ”
The two poems are also written about Su Wu, the first two sentences are all about scenes, the last two sentences are evaluations, but the spirit of evaluation is different. He Pei said: "Du Shi stopped at sighing, so that the fox had the intention of stimulating loyalty, and Du was not as good as it was." ”
Du Mu's poem is only a pessimistic sigh, while Ling Huchu inspires patriotic feelings. Therefore, it is said that Fox Chu has the feeling that blue is better than blue.
The Hermit Quotes commented:
"Poetry and evil follow the meaning of the ancients, but also attack and work, if out of their own, the more refined Gaisi, the deeper the creation of words."
However, there are also cases where blue is not as good as blue, and He Pei's example is Hu Zeng's "Epic Poem Juyan":
Desert flat sand between the blue sky, ask people cloud this is Juyan.
After a pause, Su Wu fought for nineteen years.
He Pei said:
To Hu Zeng whispered that du is a history of yong, no matter whether the attack is shameful, the intention is shallow and straightforward, and it is not enough to say.
Hu once quoted Du Mu's poem, not to talk about the problem of his "stealing words", his intention is too shallow and straight, so it is not worth mentioning.
Conclusion
Finally, to sum up, the use or quotation of previous poems, whether it is stealing words, should pay attention to:
Whoever steals the Dharma is better than using similar sentences to use the opposite.
In addition to changes in sentence meaning, there are also changes in themes, such as poems that overturn cases. Like poets commenting on whether Xiang Yu had crossed Jiangdong, Wang Zhaojun's entanglement with Mao Yanshou often turned over. Interested friends can check it out for themselves.
Regarding stealing power, He Pei said, "In the matter of stealing the law, if it is denigrating it, it is known as stealing power, and if it is beautiful, it is known as ancient times." "It is not surprising that ancient poems are intended to be composed.
@Old Street Taste
In the Imperial Examination of the Tang Dynasty, when composing Gelug poems, were three tails and koi waves allowed?